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Orientador: Newton Cesário Frateschi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T03:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaFilho_Adenirda_D.pdf: 7071967 bytes, checksum: 323c5d4f6939473d571146b5d6531fda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o uso de cavidades ressonantes baseadas em geometrias de bilhares caóticos construídas em meios semicondutores opticamente ativos, visando seu aproveitamento ao sensoriamento. Apesar do comportamento clássico caótico do estádio, a descrição quântica, no limite semiclássico, mostra inesperados acúmulos de densidade de probabilidade sobre muitas trajetórias periódicas fechadas, chamadas cicatrizes. A literatura mostra que o espaço físico das trajetórias relacionadas a cada cicatriz pode ser obtido pela soma da densidade de probabilidade de auto-estados na vizinhança de cada cicatriz. Classicamente, as trajetórias ligadas a cada auto-estado possuem órbitas muito próximas devido a sua instabilidade, e quando misturadas, definem uma órbita de largura não nula. No domínio óptico, isomórfico ao problema quântico descrito acima, as trajetórias vêm de um tratamento de traçado de raios e os auto-estados são os modos eletromagnéticos estacionários. Particularmente, no caso da cavidade dielétrica, o sistema é aberto, uma vez que a luz pode ser transmitida para fora do ressonador. Desta forma, há grande mistura dos modos e uma seleção maior daqueles que podem sobreviver por terem trajetórias com ângulos internos de incidência maiores que o ângulo crítico para reflexão total interna. Em uma trajetória fechada e curta, modos estacionários são definidos e essas trajetórias têm maior probabilidade de serem observadas, em relação a outras possíveis. Quando o ressonador é constituído por um meio ativo opticamente, este confinamento realiza a realimentação óptica do sistema, cujo ganho óptico permite o estabelecimento estável e coerente de tais trajetórias. Estes resultados inspiraram a realização deste trabalho, cuja grande motivação foi investigar o processo de seleção modal e aplicá-lo em dispositivos práticos para sensoriamento em pequenos volumes. Experimentalmente foi desenvolvida uma técnica híbrida de fabricação utilizando um sistema de íons focalizados (FIB) juntamente com técnicas de microfabricação convencionais para a produção de cavidades estádio com meio ativo de poços quânticos de InGaAsP. Finalmente, foram obtidos resultados da emissão espectral com grande concordância com a previsão teórica baseada numa abordagem matemática simples de soma incoerente de cicatrizes. A seleção modal foi demonstrada com a alteração da excentricidade e com a inserção de furos sobre as trajetórias. A aplicação ao sensoriamento foi explorada tanto pela observação do espectro de emissão quanto pela detecção de fotocorrente por estádios emissor e detector integrados. Variações de até 80% de fotocorrente e alterações significativas do espectro foram observadas para detecção de isopropanol e água. Estes resultados mostram possibilidades de sensoriamento prático utilizando os estádios / Abstract: This work presents the development of resonant cavities based on chaotic billiard geometries built with semiconductor active optical medium for sensing applications. In spite of the classically chaotic behavior of the stadium, the quantum description of the problem in the semi-classical limit shows unexpected accumulations of the density of probability on closed periodic paths called scars. The literature shows that the physical space of the paths related to a given scar can be obtained by adding several eigen-states neighboring each scar. Classically, the paths connected to each eigen-state have very close orbits due to their instability which, when mixed, define a non-zero width orbit. In the optical domain, isomorphic to the quantum problem described above, the paths are a result of the ray treatment and the eigen-modes are the stationary electromagnetic modes. Particularly, in the case of a dielectric cavity, the system is open for light can escape the resonator. Therefore, there is a great mixture of modes and a strong selection of modes with paths with incidence angle below the critical angle. In a closed and short path, stationary modes are defined and those paths have larger probability of observation. When the resonator has an optically active medium, the confinement provides optical feedback to the system which with optical gain allows the establishment of coherent and stable scars. These results inspired this work where the process of modal selection was investigated and applied for sensing in small volumes. Experimentally, a hybrid fabrication approach based on Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and conventional micro-fabrication techniques was used to produce stadium optical cavities with InGaAsP quantum well active region. Finally, we obtained the spectral emission of the devices with good agreement with our simulation based on a simple mathematical approach employing the incoherent summation of the scars. The modal selection with the modification of the eccentricity of the cavity and with the insertion of holes along the scars was demonstrated. The application to sensing was explored by the observation of the emission spectrum as well as by measured photo-current on detection between stadia emitter and detector integrated. Photo-current variations of up to 80% and significant changes of the emission spectrum were observed for isopropanol and water detection. These results show possibilities of practical sensing by stadiums / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta alguns estudos experimentais sobre a geração de pulsos óticos curtos com lasers semicondutores e a deteção desses pulsos. Descreve-se inicialmente a geração de pulsos elétricos curtos com geradores a transistor avalanche e chaves fotocondutivas. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de circuito equivalente para lasers multi-modos, que permite simular com precisão a resposta ótica do dispositivo para diferentes condições de alimentação. Foram também desenvolvidos transformadores de impedância de larga banda passante. Linhas de transmissão de diversos tipos e substratos de diferentes constantes dielétricas foram empregados. Comprovou-se experimentalmente a melhoria da resposta ótica do laser a pulsos curtos de corrente com o uso desses transformadores, comparada com os arranjos convencionais. Mostrou-se também experimentalmente que os transformadores aqui desenvolvidos proporcionam um aumento significativo na largura de banda de sistemas de fotodetetores rápidos. São apresentados resultados experimentais de geração de pulsos óticos curtos com lasers semicondutores, usando-se as técnicas de mode-locking e chaveamento de ganho. Finalmente são sugeridas algumas técnicas alternativas para a medição indireta dos pulsos gerados pelo processo de mode-locking, e são mostrados alguns resultados preliminares. / [en] This work presents experimental studies on the generation of short duration optical pulses with semiconductor lasers and the detection of these pulses. The generation of high- speed electrical pulses with avalanche transistors and photoconductive switches is described. An equivalent circuit model for multimode lasers was developed, which permits simulating accurately the optical response of the devide under various bias conditions. Impedance transformers of large bandwidth were also developed. Transmission lines of several types and substrates with various dielectric constants were employed. A significant improvement of the optical response of the laser to short duration current pulses was experimentally observed with the use of the transformers, compared to conventional arrangements. It was also observed a significant increase in the bandwith of high- speed photodiode systems. Results are describe on the generation of short duration optical pulses with semiconductor lasers, using the techniques of mode-locking and gain switching. Finally, alternative high-speed techniques are suggested for the measurement of the pulses generated by mode-locking, and preliminary results are presented.

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are complex multi-layer structures whose operating characteristics are highly sensitive to variations in layer thickness and composition. They contain an active region of one or more quantum wells sandwiched between highly reflecting mirrors. Non-destructive optical characterisation techniques including reflectance spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and photomodulated reflectance have been used to examine these structures and various components of them. In addition, the relatively novel technique of photomodulated spectroscopic ellipsometry has been examined in comparison with photomodulated reflectance in the characterisation of bulk, multi-layer and quantum well material. The distributed Bragg reflectors of VCSELs provide the high reflectance required over a selected wavelength range. Optical measurements were used to determine important information concerning layer thicknesses and compositions, which were confirmed with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The techniques were also used to provide important information concerning growth and uniformity, which could be readily applied for feedback to growers or for device fabrication. Novel reflectance and photomodulated reflectance measurements made on a range of laser structures designed to operate over a range of wavelengths from 650 nm to 1 ?m were used to examine the characteristics of the reflectors and the active region of the lasers. The cavity mode observed clearly indicates the lasing wavelength, and the interaction of the cavity and quantum well has been interpreted using new lineshapes. The cavity mode and quantum well resonance observed in photomodulated reflectance has been shown to provide a clear indication of where devices can be fabricated successfully from non-uniform material. The identification of the cavity and quantum well features has also enabled important information concerning the changes in structure and therefore in device performance with temperature and pressure. Measurements have also been able to provide important information to explain the variation in performance of some devices.

This research investigates characteristics of PT (parity-time) symmetry breaking in a system of two optically-coupled, time-delayed semiconductor lasers. A theoretical rate equation model for the lasers’ electric fields is presented and then reduced to a 2x2 Hamiltonian model, which, in the absence of time-delay, is PT-symmetric. The important parameters we control are the temporal separation of the lasers (τ), the frequency detuning (∆ω), and the coupling strength (κ). The detuning is experimentally controlled by varying the lasers’ temperatures, and intensity vs. ∆ωbehavior are examined, specifically how the PT-transition and the period and amplitude of sideband intensity oscillations change withκandτ. Experiments are compared to analytic predictions and numerical results, and all are found to be in good agreement. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and exceptional points of the reduced Hamiltonian model are numerically and analytically investigated, specifically how nonzero delay affects existing exceptional points.