1 |
Combining ideas in written text : cognitive aspects of a writing processJeffrey, Gaynor C. January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
|
2 |
The Relation Between Phonological Working Memory and Sentence Production in School-Aged ChildrenMettler, Heidi Michelle, Mettler, Heidi Michelle January 2017 (has links)
Research has revealed a relation between phonological working memory (PWM) and language abilities, showing that children with language-learning impairments have poorer PWM than their typically-developing peers (Montgomery et al., 2010). Limited work has examined PWM in relation to sentence production abilities in school-aged children. We hypothesized that PWM abilities would predict performance on the Formulated Sentences (FS) subtest of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals – IV, of typically-developing and language-learning impaired school-aged children (N=273). Additionally, we hypothesized that the children's PWM abilities would correlate with characteristics of their correct formulated sentences, measured by lexical diversity, length, and complexity (hypothesis 2), and that PWM would correlate with processing fluency, measured by mazes (hypothesis 3) and pauses (hypothesis 4). For our fifth hypothesis, we predicted there would be group differences in PWM and sentence characteristics when comparing the typically-developing children to children with language-learning impairment. We examined these hypotheses with data from a subset of 27 children with language-learning impairment and 27 typically-developing peers. Results support our first and third hypotheses and partially support our fifth hypothesis but not our second or fourth hypotheses. These results suggest that PWM can be used to predict FS scores and that PWM may be more closely related to the types of errors in children’s sentences. Furthermore, results from our fifth hypothesis suggest that deficits in PWM and sentence production may simply co-occur but not interact in children with language-learning impairment.
|
3 |
英日話し言葉翻訳のための漸進的文生成手法松原, 茂樹, Matsubara, Shigeki, 渡邊, 善之, Watanabe, Yoshiyuki, 外山, 勝彦, Toyama, Katsuhiko, 稲垣, 康善, Inagaki, Yasuyoshi 07 1900 (has links)
No description available.
|
4 |
The effects of verb network strengthening treatment on sentence production in individuals with aphasiaEdmonds, Lisa Anna Marie 19 January 2011 (has links)
Some persons with aphasia exhibit a selective verb deficit, which results in a reduced ability to produce verbs in most contexts. A functional level (Bock & Levelt, 1994) impairment may result in impaired sentence production because the verb serves as the semantic-syntactic interface of a sentence. This interface is related to a verb’s relationship with its arguments/thematics. Arguments fill the syntactic slots of subject and object, and those same words serve as thematic roles by referring to who does what to whom. The current study investigates the effect of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) on sentence production using a single subject experimental design across subjects in 4 participants, 2 with nonfluent aphasia and 2 with fluent aphasia. Participants received semantic treatment aimed at re-strengthening the connections between a verb (e.g., measure) and related thematic pairs that refer to the doer and receiver of the action (e.g., carpenter/lumber, chef/sugar). The ability to produce thematic role pairs for trained verbs was tested during treatment while generalization to the ability to produce sentences containing a subject, verb, and object in a picture description task with trained verbs (e.g., The carpenter is measuring the stairs.) and semantically related untrained verbs (e.g., The nurse is weighing the baby.) was monitored. In addition, pre- and post-treatment single word retrieval of verbs (The Northwestern Verb Production Battery (NVPB) (Thompson, 2002)) and nouns (The Boston Naming Test (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1983)) was examined as well as sentence production abilities in unrelated picture description (NVPB) and constrained connected speech tasks. All participants met treatment criteria and exhibited generalization to sentence production with sentences containing trained and semantically related untrained verbs. Participants 1, 2, and 3 exhibited improvements on all pre- and post-treatment measures, including connected speech. Participant 4 exhibited gains on multiple measures but did not show improvement in connected speech. These findings indicate that treatment aimed at strengthening the verb network results in improved word retrieval in naming and sentence production across multiple tasks. Theoretical and clinical implications regarding the impact of using VNeST on rehabilitation of sentence production deficits in aphasia are discussed. / text
|
5 |
Teacher Scaffolding of Oral Language ProductionGeorge, May January 2011 (has links)
This research involved two observational studies. It explored the scaffolding processes as part of classroom pedagogy. The research shed light on the way a teacher's instructional methodology took shape in the classroom. The target event for this study was the time in which a novice learner was engaged publically in uttering a sentence in Arabic in response to a task posed by the teacher. The central question was: What does the teacher do to assist and support this interactive sentence production process? It was decided to label this assistance and support as "scaffolding," i.e., temporary support to help a learner accomplish a challenging task slightly beyond his or her current level of proficiency. The research involved detailed descriptions and analysis of videotaped classroom episodes conducted in first-year Arabic language classrooms at a private liberal arts college during a three-month period. A central finding in this study was that oral Arabic sentence production was achieved through several related steps. These steps involved providing the students a pattern to follow, subsequently removing the pattern, and asking the students to produce sentences after explaining the grammatical rules. The teachers differed in the extent to which they launched models and patterns for students to follow.
|
6 |
The Influence of Lexical Characteristics on Sentence Production in Younger and Older AdultsCupit, Jennifer 06 August 2010 (has links)
In the study of language production in aging, an important question relates to the relationship between lexical retrieval and syntactic production. Studies have reported changes in syntactic production across the lifespan, but their underlying cause remains unclear. In younger adults, it has been suggested that lexical factors, such as an item‟s semantic or phonological representation influence syntactic production; however, the full nature of this influence remains unclear. Studies investigating the type of sentence produced have found semantic facilitation and phonological interference (e.g., Bock, 1986, 1987), but studies investigating response time (e.g., Meyer, 1996) have found the opposite effects.
This investigation sought to examine the influence of lexical level information on sentence production in younger and older adults. This was accomplished by concurrently examining reaction time and sentence type effects.
In Experiment 1, 61 adults (mean age: 21.8 years) were presented with pictures and distractor words (unrelated, or semantically or phonologically related). Three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) were used (-1000ms, -150ms and 150ms). Participants were required to describe each picture. Using an analysis of variance, response time was compared across the different conditions and using generalized estimating equations, the type of sentence produced and the position of the primed word were compared. In Experiment 2, phonological distractors were excluded, and one SOA (-150ms) was used. Testing involved 83 younger adults (mean age: 22.9 years) and 56 older adults (mean age: 74.7 years).
In Experiment 1, semantic distractors resulted in related nouns being produced more often in the subject position. This effect was observed in the analysis of the position of the target noun, but not in the analysis of the type of sentence produced. There were no effects of phonological distractors. In Experiment 2, semantic distractors influenced the type of sentence produced for both age groups. The groups differed only in error production. No reaction time effects were observed in either experiment.
This investigation successfully demonstrated an influence of lexical level information on the syntactic productions of younger and older adults. The two groups were similar in their productions, suggesting that aspects of syntactic production are preserved in older adults.
|
7 |
The Influence of Lexical Characteristics on Sentence Production in Younger and Older AdultsCupit, Jennifer 06 August 2010 (has links)
In the study of language production in aging, an important question relates to the relationship between lexical retrieval and syntactic production. Studies have reported changes in syntactic production across the lifespan, but their underlying cause remains unclear. In younger adults, it has been suggested that lexical factors, such as an item‟s semantic or phonological representation influence syntactic production; however, the full nature of this influence remains unclear. Studies investigating the type of sentence produced have found semantic facilitation and phonological interference (e.g., Bock, 1986, 1987), but studies investigating response time (e.g., Meyer, 1996) have found the opposite effects.
This investigation sought to examine the influence of lexical level information on sentence production in younger and older adults. This was accomplished by concurrently examining reaction time and sentence type effects.
In Experiment 1, 61 adults (mean age: 21.8 years) were presented with pictures and distractor words (unrelated, or semantically or phonologically related). Three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) were used (-1000ms, -150ms and 150ms). Participants were required to describe each picture. Using an analysis of variance, response time was compared across the different conditions and using generalized estimating equations, the type of sentence produced and the position of the primed word were compared. In Experiment 2, phonological distractors were excluded, and one SOA (-150ms) was used. Testing involved 83 younger adults (mean age: 22.9 years) and 56 older adults (mean age: 74.7 years).
In Experiment 1, semantic distractors resulted in related nouns being produced more often in the subject position. This effect was observed in the analysis of the position of the target noun, but not in the analysis of the type of sentence produced. There were no effects of phonological distractors. In Experiment 2, semantic distractors influenced the type of sentence produced for both age groups. The groups differed only in error production. No reaction time effects were observed in either experiment.
This investigation successfully demonstrated an influence of lexical level information on the syntactic productions of younger and older adults. The two groups were similar in their productions, suggesting that aspects of syntactic production are preserved in older adults.
|
8 |
EFFECTS OF RESPONSE ELABORATION TRAINING ON SENTENCE PRODUCTION OF PERSONS WITH CHRONIC AGRAMMATIC APHASIAHusak, Ryan S. 01 January 2012 (has links)
Purpose: Response Elaboration Training (RET) is a treatment program for increasing the amount of information contained in the speech of individuals with aphasia. This study employed a sentence production task (SPT) to examine whether RET will (1) generalize to a task not worked on in treatment and (2) affect syntactic performance.
Methods and Procedures: Three adults with chronic non-fluent Broca’s aphasia received RET in this prospective, repeated case study. The dependent variable was a SPT requiring the participant to put a verb in a sentence. Changes in the syntactic performance of the participant’s sentence productions were classified across three parameters: (1) syntactic structure, (2) grammatical completeness, and (3) semantic appropriateness.
Results: Findings of this study indicate that RET improves the syntactic performance of individuals with chronic Broca’s aphasia and generalizes to a task not worked on in treatment. Participant responses to the SPT showed increased complexity in syntactic structures, improved grammaticality, and improved topic relevancy. In addition, qualitative improvements were seen in 5 randomly selected verbs for each participant. These improvements included increased length of sentences and fewer false starts, interjections, and disfluencies. Finally, improvements on the Western Aphasia Battery and two picture description tasks were evinced for two participants.
|
9 |
[en] PROCESSING OF SUBJECT-VERB NUMBER AGREEMENT IN SENTENCE PRODUCTION / [pt] PROCESSAMENTO DA CONCORDÂNCIA DE NÚMERO ENTRE SUJEITO E VERBO NA PRODUÇÃO DE SENTENÇASERICA DOS SANTOS RODRIGUES 14 September 2006 (has links)
[pt] O processamento da concordância de número sujeito-verbo na
produção de
sentenças por falantes do dialeto culto do português
brasileiro é investigado. A
dissertação focaliza os chamados erros de atração e seu
principal objetivo é identificar os
fatores que interferem no processamento da concordância e
prover uma explicação
psicolingüística que seja compatível com pressupostos do
Programa Minimalista da
Lingüística Gerativa. Mais especificamente, busca-se
examinar: i) as condições que
favorecem os erros e as propriedades sintáticas que levam
um núcleo interveniente a ser
tomado como o controlador da concordância; ii) a
interferência de informação
morfofonológica de número dos elementos que integram os
modificadores do DP sujeito;
iii) a interferência de informação semântica de número no
estabelecimento da
concordância. Ainda como objetivo específico busca-se
distinguir em termos estruturais
os DPs responsáveis pelos erros de atração daqueles que
licenciam uma forma singular ou
plural do verbo - as chamadas construções partitivas.
Aplica-se uma tarefa
psicolingüística envolvendo julgamento de gramaticalidade
a fim de investigar diferenças
de processamento da concordância entre as construções
partitivas e os DPs complexos. A
relevância dos tópicos investigados se deve ao fato de
estes permitirem uma discussão
mais ampla acerca da autonomia do formulador sintático.
Parte-se de vasta revisão da
literatura, na qual se reportam interferências sintáticas,
semânticas e morfofonológicas no
processamento da concordância em diferentes línguas.
Explicações apresentadas por
modelos de produção interativos e não-interativos são
discutidas. Inclui-se ainda uma
caracterização da concepção minimalista de língua, com o
tratamento da concordância
como processo de valoração de traços formais, e um modelo
de produção de natureza
serial, não-interativo, que incorpora um parser-
monitorador funcionando paralelamente à
formulação dos enunciados - modelo PMP (produção
monitorada por parser). Em
seguida, reportam-se 5 experimentos com falantes de
português. Os resultados indicaram
efeito de marcação e de distância linear entre o núcleo do
sujeito e o verbo, com mais
erros para núcleo do sujeito não-marcado (singular) e
linearmente distante do verbo, e
efeito de posição estrutural do núcleo interveniente, com
maior incidência de erros para
os núcleos hierarquicamente próximos do nó mais alto do DP
sujeito e núcleos inseridos
em PPs argumentos. Um efeito semântico de distributividade
associado a efeito de
marcação também foi obtido. Quanto a fatores
morfofonológicos, a informação de
número no determinante (e não no nome) mostrou-se crucial
para a identificação do
número do DP sujeito. É proposta uma versão ampliada e
revista do modelo PMP que
unifica explicações para os erros de concordância em
termos de uma escala de
acessibilidade da representação do DP sujeito pela memória
de trabalho e que leva em
consideração as expectativas do parser como possível fator
de interferência em erros de
atração. Essa interferência ocorreria após o parsing do
primeiro DP e afetaria a
codificação morfofonológica do verbo. Em suma, a tese aqui
veiculada é a de que os erros
de concordância não ocorrem na computação sintática e que
o formulador sintático atua
de forma autônoma. / [en] The processing of subject-verb number agreement in
sentence production by
speakers of the standard dialect of the Brazilian
Portuguese is investigated. The
dissertation focuses on attraction errors and its main aim
is to identify the factors that
interfere in agreement processing and to provide a
psycholinguistic account, which is
compatible with assumptions of the Minimalist Program of
Generative Linguistics. This
work examines, in particular: i) the conditions that favor
attraction errors and the
syntactic properties which make an intervenient head to be
considered as the agreement
controller; ii) the role of morphophonological information
on number provided by the DP
subject modifiers; iii) the interference of conceptual
number in agreement. Additionally,
the work intends to distinguish, in structural terms, the
DPs responsible for attraction
errors from those DPs that allow a singular and a plural
form of the verb - the so-called
partitive constructions. A psycholinguistic procedure of
grammaticality judgment is
conducted in order to verify agreement processing
differences between partitive
constructions and complex DPS. The relevance of these
topics is due to the fact that they
enable a more comprehensive discussion on the autonomy of
the syntactic formulator in
language production. An extensive review of the existing
literature was carried out and
results are reported, concerning the interference from
syntactic, semantic and
morphophonological factors on agreement processing in
different languages.
Explanations provided by interactive and non-interactive
models are discussed in this
work. The minimalist conception of language is presented
according to which agreement
is described as a feature valuation process and a serial
non-interactive production model
is characterized, which incorporates a monitoring-parser
that works in parallel with
speech formulation - PMP model (parser monitored
production). A total of 5
experiments with Portuguese speakers are reported. The
results show an effect of
markedness and linear distance between the subject and the
verb, with more errors
caused by non-marked (singular) subject heads that are
linearly distant from the verb, and
an effect of the structural position of the intervenient
head, with a large number of errors
for intervenient heads that are near to the upper phrasal
marker of the DP and for heads
which are inserted in PP arguments. A semantic effect of
distributivity associated with an
effect of markedness was also obtained. As far as
morphphonological factors, number
information of the determiner (and not of the noun) has
shown to be critical to subject
number identification. A revised and improved version of
the PMP model is proposed
that unifies possible explanations for agreement in terms
of on an accessibility scale of
the DP subject representation in the working memory and
that takes into account parser
predictions as a possible factor of interference in
attraction errors. This interference
would occur after the parsing of the DP and would affect
the morphophonological
encoding of the verb. In sum, the main argument of the
thesis is that agreement errors do
not occur in the syntactic computation and that the
syntactic formulator works
autonomously.
|
10 |
A Developmental Analysis of Sentence Production Errors in the Writing of Secondary School StudentsStromberg, Linda J. (Linda Jones) 12 1900 (has links)
This study measured the effect of mode of discourse and developmental factors on composition length, syntactic complexity, and sentence-production error rate in the writing of secondary school students. The study also included a descriptive analysis of syntactic and logical patterns found in the sentence production errors. The 297 students whose writing samples provided the data for this study were enrolled in grades 7, 9, and 11. The students were divided into low and high within-grade developmental groups. Each student wrote two compositions, one in the descriptive mode and one in the persuasive mode.
|
Page generated in 0.1538 seconds