AFRIKAANS: Hierdie studie het die eerste fase van die ontwikkeling van toetsmateriaal vir die evaluasie van gehoorgestremde Xhosa-sprekendes behels. In die Iig van die Suid¬Afrikaanse klimaat van kulturele- en taaldiversiteit is 'n behoefte aan kultuurgeldige toetsmateriaal binne die veld van oudiologiese rehabilitasie geïdentifiseer. Vorige navorsing het uitsluitlik op die samestelling van woordelyste gefokus. Hierteenoor verskaf sinsmateriaal hoë-vlak kontekstuele Iinguïstiese inligting. Die geldigheid van die evaluasieproses word gevolglik verhoog aangesien die individu se vermoë om residuele gehoor te gebruik, binne 'n meer verteenwoordigende luisteromgewing geëvalueer word. Gedurende die ontwerpfase van die studie is die Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) Sentence Lists deur 'n moedertaalspreker van Xhosa vertaal. Twee komitees was onderskeidelik vir die grammatikale en kulturele korreksie en die oorsig oor die ouderdomstoepaslikheid van die vertaalde sinslyste verantwoordelik. Aanpassings is op grond van die komitees se aanbevelings gemaak, waarna die sinslyste aan Studie A van die ontwikkelingsfase onderwerp is. Met die oog op die evaluasie van die kulturele-, dialektiese- en ouderdomstoepaslikheid van die woordeskat, is sestig proefpersone geselekteer. Daar is gepoog om 'n balans te verkry ten opsigte van geslag, ouderdom (8-15 jaar en 18-25 jaar) en gebied (stad en platteland). Analise van variansie ontledings het geen statisties beduidende veskille tussen die onderskeie sinslyste aangedui nie. Ten einde die betroubaarheid van metings te verhoog, is die volledige stel sinne vervolgens aan 'n rekenaarprogram onderwerp met die oog op die samestelling van 'n finale stel sinslyste wat gebalanseer is ten opsigte van foneeminhoud. Tien Iyste bestaande uit tien sinne elk is uiteindelik saamgestel en aan Studie B van die ontwikkelingsfase onderwerp. Met die oog op die kontrolering van die ekwivalensie van saamgestelde sinslyste is sestien proefpersone vir hierdie Studie geselekteer. Die finale stel van tien sinslyste is teen 'n vasgestelde sein-tot-ruis verhouding aan hierdie proefpersone aangebied en response is statisties ontleed. Die Tukey Groeperings het by 'n 95% vertrouensinterval bevestig dat sinslyste 6 en 10 beduidend van die ander Iyste verskil het ten opsigte van moeilikheidsgraad. Hierdie Iyste is uit die toetsmateriaal weggelaat. Die laaste hoofstukke van die studie behels 'n kritiese evaluering van die studie asook voorstelle vir verdere navorsing met die oog op standaardisasie van hierdie materiaal. ENGLISH: This study involved the first phase of the development of evaluation material for the assessment of hearing-impaired Xhosa speakers. In light of the present South African climate of cultural and language diversity, the need for culturally valid evaluation material in the field of audiological rehabilitation, was identified. Previous research focused exclusively on the compilation of wordlists. Sentences, however, provide high level contextual linguistic information. The validity of evaluation is thus increased as a result of evaluating the individual within a more representative listening environment. During the design phase of the study, the Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) Sentence Lists were translated by a mothertongue Xhosa speaker. Two committees were responsible for the grammatical and cultural correction as well as an overview of the age appropriateness of vocabulary. Based on the committees' recommendations certain adaptations were made before subjecting the material to Study A of the development phase. In order to evaluate the cultural-, dialectal and age appropriateness of the vocabulary, sixty subjects were selected. Subjects were balanced in terms of gender, age (8-15 years and 18-25 years) and geographical area (urban and rural). Statistical analysis of variance indicated no significant difference amongst the sentence lists. In order to increase the reliability of measurements, the entire set of sentences were subject to a computerized programme to compile phonemically balanced lists. Ten lists of ten sentences each were compiled and implemented in Study B of the development phase. Sixteen subjects were selected to participate in this study in order to verify the equivalency of the ten lists. The final set of ten lists was presented at a fixed signal-tonoise ratio and subjects' responses were analysed statistically. The Tukey Grouping confirmed at a 95% confidence interval, that Lists 6 and 10 were significantly different in terms of difficulty. These lists were omitted from the final material. The last chapters of the dissertation included a critical evaluation of results as well as recommendations for future research aimed at standardisation of the material. / Dissertation (MA (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Moreira Almeida-Verdu / Resumo: A deficiência auditiva sensorioneural, de grau severo-profundo, bilateral e pré-lingual pode comprometer a aquisição de repertórios verbais. O implante coclear (IC) é um dispositivo auditivo que habilita o acesso aos sons da fala e permite a aprendizagem de habilidades de ouvinte e de falante. Estudos entre a Fonoaudiologia e a Análise do Comportamento têm adotado o modelo das relações de equivalência e investigado as condições de ensino sob as quais essa população aprende as habilidades auditivas e as relações que o ouvir estabelece com o falar, de palavras às sentenças. O procedimento de matching to sample (MTS) tem sido utilizado para ensinar relações condicionais entre estímulos. Procedimentos associados ao MTS minimizam a ocorrência de erros durante a aprendizagem do reconhecimento auditivo de sentenças, como o fading out. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi controlar o efeito do procedimento de fading out no ensino de discriminações condicionais entre sentença de quatro termos ditadas e figuras de ações, de modo a verificar qual rotina de ensino (fading blocado ou fading randomizado) é mais eficaz. Foram avaliados também os efeitos desses procedimentos sobre a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes, a precisão da fala na nomeação de figuras e os desempenhos recombinativos. Participaram duas alunas, com idade entre sete e nove anos, com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural, bilateral, de grau moderado a profundo, e usuárias de IC. As sentenças foram organizadas em ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sensorineural hearing loss, severe-profound, bilateral and pre-lingual, can compromise the acquisition of verbal repertoires. The cochlear implant (CI) is an auditory device that enables access to speech sounds and allows the learning of listening and speaking skills. Studies between Speech-Language Pathology and Behavior Analysis have adopted the equivalence relations model and investigated the teaching conditions under which this population learns the auditory skills and the relationships that listening establishes with speaking, from words to sentences. The matching to sample (MTS) procedure has been used to teach conditional relations between stimuli. Procedures associated with the MTS minimize the occurrence of errors during the learning of auditory recognition of sentences, such as fading out. The general objective of this research was to control the effect of the fading out procedure in the teaching of conditional discriminations between sentences of four dictated terms and action figures, in order to verify which teaching routine (blocked fading or randomized fading) is more effective. The effects of these procedures on the formation of equivalent stimulus classes, the accuracy of speech in the naming of figures and the recombinative performances were also evaluated. Two students participated, aged between seven and nine years, with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, of moderate to profound degree, and CI users. The sentences were organized in two matrices (Sets 1 ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The main objective of the current study is to investigate L2 Japanese learners' ability to segment complex sentences from aural input. Elementary- and early-intermediate level L2 learners in general have not developed the ability to use syntactic cues to interpret the meaning of sentences they hear. In the case of Japanese, recognition of inflectional morphemes is crucial for the accurate segmentation of complex sentences, as they signal the end of each clause. However, recognition of inflectional morphemes was found to be challenging for low proficiency learners because they are often fused in natural speech; thus, they are low in salience. To assist L2 learners in finding meaningful chunks, namely clauses within a complex sentence, the current study attempted to focus their attention on inflectional morphemes in aural input. During the experiment, learners were asked to repeat complex sentences as accurately as possible. Half of the stimuli were accompanied by pictures that corresponded to the activities described in these complex sentences. The study hypothesized that visualized chunks would reduce L2 learners' cognitive load and enable them to pay closer attention to syntactic elements; thus, learners would reconstruct complex sentences better with the pictorial information support. It was also hypothesized that the ability to reconstruct elements that are low in salience would account for L2 learners' receptive proficiency. The results revealed that L2 learners' reconstruction of complex sentences improved significantly with the support of visualized chunks. However, it became evident that learners' reconstruction of an inflectional morpheme to which they had not been fully exposed in class did not improve with the pictorial support. Such a tendency was particularly obvious when the inflectional morpheme was located in a sentence internal position. Additionally, the study found that L2 learners' ability to reconstruct an inflectional morpheme declined when it was void of communicative value. In terms of receptive proficiency, the results indicate that L2 learners' ability to reconstruct syntactic elements that are low in salience is a reliable predictor of their receptive proficiency.

It is generally agreed that a criminal justice system reflects the values of the society within which it exists. The presence of patriarchal social values will likely affect the response of the criminal justice system to intimate violence. While the perpetration of violence against another is a violation of an important social norm, patriarchal values may function to discount the seriousness of such an act, if the violence is perpetrated by a man against his girlfriend or wife. This discount of seriousness may lead to less severe punishment for men who assault their intimates than to men who assault nonintimates. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that men who are convicted of committing serious assaults against female intimates receive more lenient punishment than men who are convicted of committing serious assault against nonintimates. Punishment was defined as sentencing outcomes, i. e. type and length of sentence. The sentences of offenders convicted of felony assaults as the major offense and subject to sentencing guidelines in Oregon in 1993 were examined. Chi-square tests were used to compare the sentence types of intimate and nonintimate violence offenders. Two-tailed !-tests and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between victim-offender relationship and length of sentence. It appears that the presence of Oregon's sentencing guidelines, rather than victim-offender relationship, had the greatest effect upon the severity of punishment. This finding suggests that the guidelines may be responsible for minimizing the impact of patriarchal values on sentencing decisions in serious assault cases.

French cleft sentences and their counterparts in Czech and in Spanish The aim of this thesis is to describe the impact of the thematic-rhematic structure to the occurrence of cleft sentences in French language using the theory of functional sentence perspective, also, this thesis searches possible Czech and Spanish equivalents of this structure in literature. In both of these languages exist cleft sentences, however we can also find other ways in how to divide the sentence to the theme and rheme parts, which, also means various ways on how to translate this French structure. Within the theory of functional sentence perspective we will describe the differences between the syntax of these three languages which imply the use of different linguistic resources to connect the language utterance to the context and also to emphasize one constituent of the sentence. One of the aims of this thesis is to find and describe actually used translations of this structure from French language to Czech language and to Spanish language, their variability, frequency depending on the type of text and last but not least, other factors affecting the choice of the translation. The thesis is aiming to connect the findings from theoretical and practical part so we can find out which language resources are possible to be...

Different from Generative Grammar which sees grammar as a formal system of how words are put together to form sentences, Construction Grammar suggests that grammar is more than just rules and surface forms; instead, grammar includes many form-and-meaning pairings which are called constructions. For years, Construction Grammarians have been investigating constructions with various approaches, including corpus-linguistics, pedagogical, second language acquisition and so on, yet there is still room for exploration. The present paper aims to further investigate the [V the Ntaboo-word out of]-construction (Hoeksema & Napoli, 2008; Haïk, 2012; Perek, 2016; Hoffmann, 2020) (e.g., I kick the hell out of him.) and propose a new umbrella construction, “X the Y out of Z” (XTYOFZ) construction, for it. Another aim is to examine the usage and comprehension of the XTYOFZ construction by English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as Native Language (ENL) speakers. The usage context, syntactic and semantic characteristics of the XTYOFZ construction were examined through corpus linguistic methodology. Furthermore, processing and understanding of the construction by ESL and ENL speakers were tested via an online timed Lexical Decision Task as well as an online follow-up survey consisting of questions on English acquisition and usage, and a short comprehension task on the XTYOFZ construction. Corpus data shows that in general, the combination of non-motion action verbs (e.g., scare, beat) as X and taboo terms (e.g., shit, hell) as Y was the most common. Also, it was found that the construction occurs mostly in non-academic contexts such as websites and TV/movies. On the other hand, results from the Lexical Decision Task show that ESL speakers access constructional meaning slightly more slowly than ENL speakers. The follow-up survey also reflects that ESL speakers seem to have a harder time to produce and comprehend the construction compared to ENL speakers. By investigating the features of a relatively less-discussed construction and its usage by ESL speakers, this study hopes to increase the knowledge base of Construction Grammar and ESL construction comprehension and usage, particularly on the constructions that are mainly used in more casual settings.

The practice of polygamy among the Mormons during the nineteenth century was vigorously prosecuted by the federal government in response to the demands of those whose political and economic goals could best be served through exploitation of the national attitude toward polygamy. Hundreds of men served prison terms for practicing what they believed was their religious obligation. This study of the sentences from the prison admission records has focused on the comparative severity of the judges, examines age as an influencing factor in sentencing, and compares the sentences of the polygamists with those for crimes against person and property.The results show which judges were most severe; that some deference was shown the aged, and that judges who gave severe maximum sentences to polygamists did not give such sentences in equal proportion to those convicted of crimes against person and property. The major influence appears to be the selection of the judge in the first place, to be severe or lenient, in response to national attitude against, or influential sympathy for the Mormons.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2012-2013. / Ce mémoire s'intéresse à l'histoire du condamné. Celle qui débute à l'issue d'un procès pénal international, lorsque le verdict de culpabilité tombe. Longtemps réservée aux juridictions nationales, la lutte contre l'impunité, qui a pour objectif de sanctionner les auteurs des pires violations des droits humains, s'inscrit désormais dans un cadre international. Contrairement aux instances nationales qui peuvent compter sur l'existence d'un système carcéral pour la mise en oeuvre de leurs condamnations, les tribunaux pénaux internationaux ne disposent d'aucune infrastructure pour la détention prolongée de leurs condamnés. Les régimes des instances ad hoc pour l'ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda et celui de la Cour pénale internationale s'en remettent à la volonté des États disposés à accueillir des condamnés. Cette décentralisation de l'exécution de la peine fait apparaître la question de l'inégalité de traitement des condamnés qui sont soumis à différents régimes nationaux. La première partie de ce mémoire examine la procédure de désignation de l'État chargé de l'exécution de la peine. Ensuite, les seconde et troisième parties proposent une étude des conditions de détention et des remises en liberté qui nous amène à constater qu'il existe des inégalités de traitement entre les condamnés. Enfin, la dernière partie de ce mémoire présente une étude favorable au développement d'un principe d'égalité de traitement des personnes condamnées au terme d'un procès pénal international. Ce mémoire prend en compte les développements juridiques intervenus jusqu'au 3 octobre 2012.

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付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第24033号 / 情博第789号 / 新制||情||134(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 河原 達也, 教授 楠見 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM