朱歧祥. / 手稿本, 複本據稿本影印. / Thesis (Ph.d.)--香港中文大學中國語文學部. / Shou gao ben, fu ben ju gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 769-801). / Zhu Qixiang. / Thesis (Ph.d.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue Zhongguo yu wen xue bu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 何謂對貞 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二節 --- 對貞的位置 --- p.17 / Chapter 甲 --- 龜甲的對貞位置 --- p.17 / Chapter 乙 --- 牛胛骨的對貞位置 --- p.20 / Chapter 第三節 --- 對貞的句型 --- p.24 / Chapter 甲 --- 單句的對貞句型 --- p.24 / Chapter 乙 --- 複句的對貞句型 --- p.34 / Chapter 第四節 --- 對貞卜辭詞類的分析條例 --- p.51 / Chapter 第二章 --- 對貞卜辭否定詞斷代研究 --- p.120 / Chapter 表一 --- 殷墟卜辭中否定詞的斷代用例總表 --- p.122 / Chapter 表二 --- 殷墟卜辭中否定詞的斷代用例統計表 --- p.163 / Chapter 第一節 --- 說不 --- p.166 / Chapter 甲 --- 五期卜辭中不字的用法 --- p.166 / Chapter 乙 --- 由不雨一文例討論對貞中的詞類 --- p.178 / Chapter 第二節 --- 說亡 --- p.188 / Chapter 甲 --- 五期卜辭中亡字的用法 --- p.188 / Chapter 乙 --- 五期卜辭中亡字與其他否定詞的關係　 --- p.196 / Chapter 第三節 --- 說弗 --- p.206 / Chapter 甲 --- 五期卜辭中弗字的用法 --- p.206 / Chapter 乙 --- 比較弗不二否定詞的異同 --- p.216 / Chapter 第四節 --- 說勿 --- p.233 / Chapter 甲 --- 五期卜辭中勿的用法 --- p.233 / Chapter 乙 --- 比較勿與不的異同 --- p.238 / Chapter 丙 --- 釋勿同字 --- p.252 / Chapter 第五節 --- 說弜 --- p.264 / Chapter 第六節 --- 不隹勿隹 --- p.280 / Chapter 第七節 --- 說 --- p.289 / Chapter 第八節 --- 說毋 --- p.297 / Chapter 第九節 --- 說非 --- p.303 / Chapter 第十節 --- 由對貞論《甲骨文合集》中□組、子組、午組卜辭的斷代 --- p.305 / 結語 --- p.317 / Chapter 第三章 --- 對貞卜辭句型變異之一──省文 --- p.366 / Chapter 第一節 --- 省主詞 --- p.368 / Chapter 甲 --- 省略殷王稱謂 --- p.368 / Chapter 乙 --- 省略貴族邦國稱謂 --- p.370 / Chapter 第二節 --- 省賓詞 --- p.377 / Chapter 甲 --- 省間接賓詞 --- p.377 / Chapter 乙 --- 介詞、間接賓詞兼省 --- p.382 / Chapter 丙 --- 省直接賓詞 --- p.385 / Chapter 丁 --- 直接、間接賓詞兼省 --- p.389 / Chapter 第三節 --- 省動詞 --- p.392 / Chapter 甲 --- 一般動詞的省略句型 --- p.392 / Chapter 乙 --- 複合動詞的省略句型 --- p.396 / Chapter 丙 --- 呼屬句動詞的省略句型 --- p.399 / Chapter 第四節 --- 省形容詞 --- p.406 / Chapter 第五節 --- 省介詞 --- p.409 / Chapter 甲 --- 省介詞于 --- p.409 / Chapter 乙 --- 兼省介詞于和賓詞 --- p.411 / Chapter 丙 --- 省介詞在 --- p.414 / Chapter 第六節 --- 省時間副詞 --- p.416 / Chapter 第七節 --- 省疑問副詞 --- p.426 / Chapter 第八節 --- 省方位副詞 --- p.428 / Chapter 第九節 --- 省數詞 --- p.430 / Chapter 第十節 --- 省發語詞 --- p.432 / Chapter 第十一節 --- 省主、賓詞 --- p.434 / Chapter 第十二節 --- 省主、動詞 --- p.438 / Chapter 第十三節 --- 省動、賓詞 --- p.441 / Chapter 第十四節 --- 省主、動、賓詞 --- p.444 / Chapter 第十五節 --- 省複合句中的主句 --- p.449 / Chapter 第十六節 --- 省複合句中的補充詞 --- p.457 / Chapter 第十七節 --- 省文句型的影響 --- p.460 / Chapter 甲 --- 省主詞 --- p.460 / Chapter 乙 --- 省賓詞 --- p.466 / Chapter 丙 --- 省動詞 --- p.470 / Chapter 丁 --- 省動、賓詞 --- p.477 / Chapter 戊 --- 省主、賓詞 --- p.479 / Chapter 己 --- 省介詞 --- p.479 / 結語 --- p.482 / Chapter 第四章 --- 對貞卜辭句型變異之二 ──移位 --- p.529 / Chapter 第一節 --- 主詞移位 --- p.531 / Chapter 甲 --- 主詞移後 --- p.531 / Chapter 乙 --- 主詞移尾 --- p.532 / Chapter 第二節 --- 賓詞移位 --- p.533 / Chapter 甲 --- 賓詞移首 --- p.533 / Chapter 乙 --- 介、賓詞移首 --- p.536 / Chapter 丙 --- 賓詞移前 --- p.539 / Chapter 丁 --- 賓詞移後 --- p.541 / Chapter 第三節 --- 動詞移位 --- p.543 / Chapter 甲 --- 動詞移首 --- p.544 / Chapter 乙 --- 動詞移尾 --- p.545 / Chapter 丙 --- 動詞移後 --- p.549 / Chapter 第四節 --- 時間副詞移位 --- p.550 / Chapter 甲 --- 時間副詞移首 --- p.550 / Chapter 乙 --- 時間副詞移尾 --- p.551 / Chapter 丙 --- 時間副詞移後 --- p.553 / Chapter 第五節 --- 介詞移位 --- p.556 / Chapter 第六節 --- 數詞移位 --- p.558 / Chapter 第七節 --- 否定副詞移位 --- p.560 / Chapter 甲 --- 不的移位 --- p.560 / Chapter 乙 --- 勿的移位 --- p.562 / Chapter 丙 --- 弗的移位 --- p.563 / Chapter 第八節 --- 代詞移位 --- p.564 / Chapter 第九節 --- 形容詞移位 --- p.567 / Chapter 第十節 --- 連詞移位 --- p.568 / Chapter 第十一節 --- 補充句移位 --- p.570 / Chapter 甲 --- 補充句移首 --- p.570 / Chapter 乙 --- 補充句移前 --- p.570 / Chapter 第十二節 --- 移位句型的影響 --- p.572 / Chapter 甲 --- 主詞移位 --- p.572 / Chapter 乙 --- 賓詞移位 --- p.573 / Chapter 丙 --- 動詞移位 --- p.587 / Chapter 丁 --- 數詞移位 --- p.588 / 結語 --- p.590 / Chapter 第五章 --- 對貞卜辭句型變異之三　── 加接 --- p.627 / Chapter 第一節 --- 句組加接 --- p.628 / Chapter 第二節 --- 詞組加接 --- p.644 / Chapter 第三節 --- 正反加接 --- p.651 / Chapter 第四節 --- 加接句型的影響 --- p.662 / Chapter 甲 --- 詞組加接 --- p.662 / Chapter 乙 --- 句組加接 --- p.665 / 結語 --- p.667 / Chapter 第六章 --- 對貞卜辭句型變異之四 ── 複合詞 --- p.678 / Chapter 第一節 --- 複合動詞 --- p.679 / Chapter 第二節 --- 說呼令 --- p.694 / Chapter 第三節 --- 複合主詞 --- p.702 / Chapter 第四節 --- 複合賓詞 --- p.706 / Chapter 第五節 --- 複合詞的影響 --- p.712 / Chapter 甲 --- 複合主詞 --- p.712 / Chapter 乙 --- 複合賓詞 --- p.715 / Chapter 丙 --- 複合動詞 --- p.716 / 結語 --- p.725 / Chapter 第七章 --- 對貞卜辭句型變異之五 ── 類同 --- p.733 / Chapter 第一節 --- 賓詞類同 --- p.734 / Chapter 甲 --- 平衡或類同 --- p.734 / Chapter 乙 --- 包孕或類同 --- p.738 / Chapter 第二節 --- 主詞類同 --- p.742 / Chapter 第三節 --- 數詞類同 --- p.745 / Chapter 第四節 --- 方位詞類同 --- p.747 / Chapter 第五節 --- 複合句中主句類同 --- p.749 / Chapter 第六節 --- 複合句中補充句類同 --- p.751 / Chapter 第七節 --- 類同句型的影響 --- p.753 / 結語 --- p.756 / 總論 --- p.763 / Chapter 附一 --- 本文引用甲骨書目簡稱 --- p.769 / Chapter 附二 --- 參考書目類別舉要 --- p.773 / Chapter 附三 --- 期刊論文舉要 --- p.789

The main aim of my thesis is to develop an analysis of current legislation governing alternative sentences, their possibilities and limits comparing it with other European Union countries. The thesis also examines the proposals de lege ferenda that could be used as a benchmark and a guide for future amendments to the current regulation. The notion of alternative sentencing became a global trend in the last two to three decades; this is the result of, inter alia, of continuous increase in the number of inmates, prison overcrowding and congestion of the judicial apparatus. Crescent crime and new forms of crime (especially economic) hit the Czech Republic as a former socialist country in the post-revolutionary times, very assertive. The results of studies and language experts warn against lax approach in the form of increased storage imprisonment and criminal policy tightening. There is also talk about crisis imprisonment. It is clear that an unconditional sentence of imprisonment has its benefits, such as preventive effect, in my opinion, however, the left especially serious crime offenders and recidivist behavior: "Nesit summum malum dolor, malum certe est." Instead of intramural prison environment with significant social and deviant subculture find great potential in alternative prison sentences, which are...

O presente trabalho apresenta a análise de orações que contêm a preposição para acompanhada de verbos no infinitivo (para+infinitivo), iniciando orações subordinadas em discursos proferidos por alemães residentes em São Paulo, com o intuito de estabelecer se todas as orações, de fato, constituem a ideia de finalidade, ou se apresentam diferentes valores semânticos. O corpus é constituído por ocorrências retiradas de entrevistas com os referidos alemães feitas por mim. São entrevistas de caráter informal sem tema preestabelecido. A estrutura para+infinitivo foi utilizada em contextos semânticos que põem em dúvida seu valor de finalidade, sendo ambíguos ou apresentando desbotamento semântico. Esses outros sentidos, mais abstratos, indicam um processo de gramaticalização na língua portuguesa falada por esses alemães. A estrutura final na língua alemã apresenta variações: um...zu e damit. Além dessas estruturas, a forma zu+verbo no infinitivo responsável, segundo o Hochdeustch (alemão padrão), por indicar verbos no infinitivo, simplesmente, ou orações subordinadas reduzidas de infinitivo, também se apresentou em contextos que geraram dúvidas quanto à sua significação, sendo, por isso, considerada ambígua. Esse fato apontou para um processo de gramaticalização também na língua alemã. Por haver mais de um elemento na língua alemã traduzido para a língua portuguesa com o significado da preposição para, utilizei traduções (para o alemão) do corpus, bem como dados retirados de blogs alemães e jornais digitais alemães, a fim de estabelecer comparações para o desenvolvimento das análises. Este trabalho, dada sua natureza, pode ser uma relevante contribuição para a compreensão do processo pedagógico de ensino-aprendizagem da língua alemã enquanto L2, demonstrando que pode haver diferentes percepções semânticas de estruturas sintáticas tanto por parte dos alunos quanto dos professores ao produzirem discursos em L1 e em L2. / This work presents the analysis of sentences that contain the preposition to (para) accompanied of verbs in the infinitive (to+infinitive), beginning subordinate sentences in speeches uttered by resident Germans in São Paulo, with the intention of establishing if all the sentences, in fact, constitute the idea of purpose, or if they have different semantic values. The corpus is constituted by occurrences that came from interviews with the referred Germans done by me. They are interviews of informal character without a preestablished theme. The structure to+infinitive was used in semantic contexts that question its purpose value, being ambiguous or presenting semantic fading. Those other meanings, more abstract, indicate the grammaticalization process in the Portuguese language spoken by those Germans. The final structure in the German language presents variations: um...zu and damit. Besides those structures, the form zu+verb in infinitive, according to Hochdeutsch (pattern German), for indicating verbs in the infinitive, simply, or subordinated sentences reduced of infinitive, also came in contexts that generated doubts about its significance, being, for that, considered ambiguous. That fact appeared for a grammaticalization process also in the German language. For there being more than an element in the German language translated for the Portuguese language with the meaning of the preposition to, I used translations (for German) of the corpus, as well as data of German blogs and German online newspapers, in order to establish comparisons for the development of the analyses. The purpose of this work is to contribute in the pedagogic process of teaching-learning of the German language while L2, demonstrating that there can be different semantic perceptions of syntactic structures not only of the students but also of the teachers when they produce speeches in L1 and in L2.

Sentencing reform and "tough on crime" policies have assisted in the inflation of the United States' prison population by nearly 400% over the last 50 years. In 2003, justice reinvestment was conceptualized as a way to decrease recidivism and remedy the exorbitant correctional spending by reinvesting funds on rehabilitation and reentry assistance to those leaving custodial institutions. Early implementations of justice reinvestment in Connecticut and Texas achieved both savings and reductions in prison populations. This led to the creation of the Justice Reinvestment Initiative by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance in 2010. Officials of the Justice Reinvestment Initiative sought states who were willing to achieve bi-partisan agreements on reform and reinvestment strategies to assist in the creation and implementation of this new policy. The State of Oregon began this process in early 2012 and completed the process with the enrollment of HB 3194 in July of 2013. Despite the implementation of this policy in 17 states, few evaluations have been performed on the effectiveness of justice reinvestment policy. This study employs a quasi-experimental time series analysis of corrections data from the State of Oregon, the high usage county, medium usage county, and the low usage county proxies to assess the effectiveness of the law. Counties were selected as proxies for levels of justice reinvestment grant usage. These data include prison admissions (June 2010-July 2016), probation admissions (June 2010-July 2016), and the number of individuals on community supervision (July 2010-December 2015). Analyses reveal significant changes in all measures. The results of this study have several implications for current and future implementations of justice reinvestment.

It is generally agreed that a criminal justice system reflects the values of the society within which it exists. The presence of patriarchal social values will likely affect the response of the criminal justice system to intimate violence. While the perpetration of violence against another is a violation of an important social norm, patriarchal values may function to discount the seriousness of such an act, if the violence is perpetrated by a man against his girlfriend or wife. This discount of seriousness may lead to less severe punishment for men who assault their intimates than to men who assault nonintimates. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that men who are convicted of committing serious assaults against female intimates receive more lenient punishment than men who are convicted of committing serious assault against nonintimates. Punishment was defined as sentencing outcomes, i. e. type and length of sentence. The sentences of offenders convicted of felony assaults as the major offense and subject to sentencing guidelines in Oregon in 1993 were examined. Chi-square tests were used to compare the sentence types of intimate and nonintimate violence offenders. Two-tailed !-tests and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between victim-offender relationship and length of sentence. It appears that the presence of Oregon's sentencing guidelines, rather than victim-offender relationship, had the greatest effect upon the severity of punishment. This finding suggests that the guidelines may be responsible for minimizing the impact of patriarchal values on sentencing decisions in serious assault cases.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / This research focuses on the application of the double jeopardy principle in labour law, section 188(1)(a (b) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, (herein the LRA) which provides that the dismissal is unfair if the employer fails to prove that the reason for the dismissal is fair and was effected in accordance with a fair procedure. The first point which I would explain is the meaning of double jeopardy and whether it is applicable in labour law. The research articulates that the double jeopardy principle applies to labour law and enumerates ways it can be applied. The South African courts, in particular, the Labour Court and the Labour Appeal Court have delivered several judgements on the double jeopardy principle. These cases will be critically discussed in detail. Comparison will be made with foreign labour law jurisprudence on the double jeopardy principle, particularly in Australia and the United States of America.

The purpose of this study is to present a contrastive analysis of the different types of interrogative sentences in English and Vietnamese including their structures and meanings. It is also hoped that the result of this study will be of some use to English teachers in Vietnam in their classroom teaching and in their preparation of teaching materials. It may also be useful to Vietnamese students who are learning English, especially when learning the English interrogative mood. Hitherto, there have been different models of description of language, but the systemic model is considered to be one of the most comprehensive, since it is able to bring out the functional uses of language and can be used to describe any language. For this reason, the systemic model is adopted in this paper to describe the two systems of the English and Vietnamese interrogative mood. The varieties of the two languages, English and Vietnamese, from which examples are taken for analysis in this paper, are Southern British Standard and Standard Vietnamese ranging from colloquial to literary. Throughout each chapter, the examples are numbered in consecutive order. Examples in Vietnamese are presented with a slash mark ( / ) placed between lexical items to facilitate the matching of Vietnamese with the literal English translation which follows. The literal translation is followed by a freer English translation enclosed in quotation marks. The study consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, the author begins by summarizing different views on the nature of language and their applications in language teaching and learning, and then presents a short introduction to systemic linguistics and a brief sketch of systemic grammar. The second chapter is about the English interrogative mood. This description of the English interrogative mood is largely based on the ideas on Mood presented by D. J. Young, lecturer in English in the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology in Britain. In the third chapter, an attempt is made to provide a detailed description of the different types of interrogative sentences in Vietnamese. Chapter four moves to a contrastive analysis which consists of a textual and then a systemic comparison and contrast of the two interrogative mood systems in English and Vietnamese. A recapitulation of what has been done in the previous chapters and some suggestions for the preparation of teaching material and the teaching of English interrogative sentences to Vietnamese students are presented in chapter five, which is the last chapter of the study.

This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.

This thesis has explored the effects of sentence combining on the writing of English-speaking Freshman writing students at Taylor University, Upland, Indiana, to establish local base-line data for future research with sentence combining on ESL students. Under the assumption that regular practice in sentence combining would result in improved ability in written communication, four classes of students at two levels were pre-tested using the cloze procedure on three short passages of college-entrance-level reading material. Two classes were taught sentence combining techniques through the semester, one exclusively and one as an adjunct to other rhetorical. concerns. Two were taught with an emphasis on global writing processes. All were again post-tested using the cloze procedure at the end of the semester and asked to write a time-limited essay.An analysis of covariance was done to purge the residual scores of the pretest influence since random assignment of experimental and control groups was not possible. Statistically significant improvement among those taught sentence combining was noted.Having established statistical validity among a native, English-speaking control population the implication for ESL would be that the assumption now needs to be taken to the next level, applying the form and techniques of this study to an ESL population.In order to prepare for such a further step in research, some restructuring of materials would be necessary. The cloze tests (3 pre- and 3 post-tests) from this study need to be re-scored by acceptable answer as well as exact answer scoring procedure. Frequency lists of acceptable answers for each blank need to be established. For the pre- and posttests of the ESL population, the same cloze test passages could be used and scored by clozentropy -- weighing acceptable answers according to their frequency in the native speaker pretest. Then statistical significance of the technique on the teaching of writing in ESL by means of the technique of sentence combining could be determined either verifying or nullifying the hypothesis that the same conclusions would be reached with ESL students.Were similar findings to be reached in research with an ESL population, the importance of practice in sentence-level manipulation practice in techniques of sentence-combining would appear to be worth noting, Incorporation of sentence combining into a teaching of writing syllabus would seem to be a logical, pedagogically sound practice.

In an effort to establish a clearer understanding of the sentencing of sexual assault offenders, this study analyzes data generated from a content analysis of sexual assault cases, using feminist theory as a backdrop for the analysis. The sample consists of ninety-seven sexual assault cases from across Canada for the period of August 15, 1992 through August 15, 1993. Using a statistical analysis, the data were analyzed for evidence of whether certain factors aggravated or mitigated sentence length. The findings indicate that factors not affecting sentence length include breach of trust, sex of the judge, sex of the complainant, plea and show of remorse. Factors that work to mitigate sentence length include the youth or old age of an offender. Finally, variables that, when present, aggravate an offender's sentence length are prior offences, force, sexual intercourse and psychiatric considerations. These findings indicate that while there has been some response to feminist concerns regarding criminal justice processing of sexual assault, some of the myths that have been traditionally associated with its victims and offenders are still influencing the judiciary.