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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Regulation of chromosome segregation by Shugoshin and protein phosphatase 2A in budding yeast

Clift, Dean January 2010 (has links)
The accurate distribution of genetic information (chromosomes) during cell division is essential for the growth and proliferation of all living organisms. Errors in chromosome segregation in humans have been linked to cancer progression, infertility and developmental diseases. In my PhD I study how chromosome segregation is regulated in the genetically amenable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since the mechanisms of chromosome segregation are highly conserved amongst eukaryotes, studies in yeast will provide a fundamental understanding of this process. Sgo1 is the budding yeast member of a highly conserved family of shugoshin proteins, which play a key role in chromosome segregation. My work characterizes a previously unidentified role of Sgo1 in inhibiting separase; an enzyme that triggers chromosome segregation by cleaving the cohesin protein complex that holds replicated chromosomes together. I demonstrate that this novel function of Sgo1 requires a specific form of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2ACdc55), an enzyme that itself is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes. I propose that PP2ACdc55 is a separase inhibitor that is employed by Sgo1 when sister chromatids are not under tension. Finally, I go on to initiate preliminary studies into the mechanism whereby PP2ACdc55 inhibits separase. In sum, this study uncovers an additional layer of separase regulation mediated by Sgo1 and PP2ACdc55 and therefore makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the all-or-nothing nature of chromosome segregation.
2

Characterization of sister chromatid cohesins having overlapping function and the role of separase, AtESP1, in controlling sister chromatid cohesion in Arabidopsis

Liu, Zhe. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2005. / Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [3], vi, 124 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references.
3

Characterization of sister chromatid cohesins having overlapping function and the role of separase, AtESP1, in controlling sister chromatid cohesion in Arabidopsis

Liu, Zhe 12 December 2005 (has links)
No description available.
4

Mathematical modelling of mitotic controls

Rata, Scott January 2018 (has links)
The mitotic cell cycle is fundamental to eukaryotic life. In mitosis, replicated chromosomes are segregated to form two new nuclei. This is essential to ensure the maintenance of chromosome number between parent and daughter cells. In higher eukaryotes, numerous cytological changes occur to facilitate the separation of the genetic material: the nuclear envelope breaks down, the mitotic spindle assembles, and the cell rounds-up. There is a well-conserved control network that regulates these processes to bring about the entry into mitosis, the separation of the genetic material, and the reversal of these processes during mitotic exit. To build a coherent model of these regulatory networks requires us to write the biochemical reactions in mathematical form. The work in this Thesis pertains to three fundamental switches: entry into mitosis, the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and exit from mitosis. I present three studies from a systems-level perspective. The first investigates a novel bistable mechanism controlling mitotic entry/exit in vitro using purified proteins. Dephosphorylation of Greatwall kinase by the phosphatase PP2A-B55 creates a double negative feedback loop that gives a bistable system response with respect to cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activity. The second looks at hysteresis between mitotic entry and mitotic exit in HeLa cells. Hysteresis persists when either of the regulatory loops of Cdk1 or its counter-acting phosphatase PP2A-B55 is removed, but is diminished when they are both removed. Finally, the regulation of separase in the metaphase-to-anaphase transition is analysed. Separase that is liberated from securin inhibition is isomerised by Pin1 into a conformation that can bind to cyclin B1. This binding peaks after separase has cleaved cohesin and initiated anaphase.
5

Meiosis-specific Regulation of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex / Meisis-spezifische Regulation des Anaphase-Promoting Complex

Oelschlägel, Tobias 02 March 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle, which generates haploid gametes from diploid parental cells. During meiosis one round of cohesion establishment during premeiotic DNA replication mediates two rounds of chromosome segregation. During meiosis I homologous chromosomes separate, whereas sister chromatids segregate during the second meiotic division without an intervening round of DNA replication. Both rounds of chromosome segregation are triggered by an ubiquitin ligase called the Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C-dependent destruction of securin/Pds1 is required to activate separase, a thiol protease that mediates chromosome segregation by cleavage of the cohesin complex. The first meiotic division is preceded by an extended prophase I, during which maternal and paternal chromatids undergo recombination. The persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I is essential for recombination and both meiotic nuclear divisions. In order to prevent premature loss of cohesion, the APC/C has to be inactivated during early meiosis. How the APC/C is kept inactive during premeiotic S- and prophase I was unknown. This question has been addressed by studying the APC/C subunit Mnd2 from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work demonstrates that Mnd2 is required for the persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I. Mnd2 prevents premature activation of the APC/C by the meiosis-specific substrate recognition factor Ama1. In cells lacking Mnd2, the APC/C-Ama1 enzyme triggers premature ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Pds1, which leads to premature separation of sister chromatids due to an unrestrained activity of separase. Thus, chromosome segregation during meiosis depends on both inhibition of a meiosis-specific APC/C and timely activation of APC/C- dependent proteolysis. / Die Meiose ist ein spezialisierter Zellzyklus, der zum Ziel hat haploide Gameten aus diploiden Vorläuferzellen zu produzieren. Dafür erfolgen nach der prä-meiotischen DNA Replikation zwei aufeinanderfolgende Kernteilungen. In der ersten meiotischen Teilung erfolgt die Trennung der homologen Chromosomen. In einer zweiten meiotischen Teilung werden dann die Schwesterchromatiden getrennt. Die Trennung der Chromosomen wird durch den Anaphase-Promoting Complex oder Cyclosome (APC/C), einer Ubiquitin Ligase, reguliert. Der APC/C initiiert den Abbau von Securin/Pds1, einem Inhibitor der Thiol-Protease Separase, welche für die Trennung der Chromosomen zum Beginn der Anaphase verantwortlich ist. In einer im Vergleich zur Mitose extrem langen meiotischen Prophase I findet Rekombination zwischen maternalen und paternalen Chromosomen statt. Für diesen Vorgang, sowie für die beiden folgenden meiotischen Teilungen, wird Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden benötigt. Ein frühzeitiger Verlust der Kohäsion führt zur frühzeitigen Trennnung der Schwesterchromatiden, wodurch aneuploide Gameten produziert werden können. Daher muss die Aktivität des APC/C während der meiotischen Prophase I inhibiert werden. Wie der APC/C während der Prophase I inaktiviert wird, war bisher unbekannt. Einsicht in dieses Problem ergab sich aus der Untersuchung der APC/C Untereinheit Mnd2 aus der Bäckerhefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Es wird gezeigt, dass Mnd2 für den Verbleib der Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I benötigt wird. Während dieser Phase verhindert Mnd2 die frühzeitige Aktivierung der Meiose-spezifischen Form des APC/C-Ama1. In meiotischen Zellen, die kein Mnd2 besitzen, löst das APC/C-Ama1 Enzym die Ubiquitin-abhängige Zerstörung von Pds1 aus. Dies führt zu einer frühzeitigen Aktivierung von Separase, welches die Trennung der Schwesterchromatiden schon während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I zur Folge hat. Die korrekte Verteilung der Chromosomen hängt daher sowohl von der Inhibierung als auch der Aktivierung des APC/C ab.
6

Meiosis-specific Regulation of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex

Oelschlägel, Tobias 29 March 2006 (has links)
Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle, which generates haploid gametes from diploid parental cells. During meiosis one round of cohesion establishment during premeiotic DNA replication mediates two rounds of chromosome segregation. During meiosis I homologous chromosomes separate, whereas sister chromatids segregate during the second meiotic division without an intervening round of DNA replication. Both rounds of chromosome segregation are triggered by an ubiquitin ligase called the Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C-dependent destruction of securin/Pds1 is required to activate separase, a thiol protease that mediates chromosome segregation by cleavage of the cohesin complex. The first meiotic division is preceded by an extended prophase I, during which maternal and paternal chromatids undergo recombination. The persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I is essential for recombination and both meiotic nuclear divisions. In order to prevent premature loss of cohesion, the APC/C has to be inactivated during early meiosis. How the APC/C is kept inactive during premeiotic S- and prophase I was unknown. This question has been addressed by studying the APC/C subunit Mnd2 from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work demonstrates that Mnd2 is required for the persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I. Mnd2 prevents premature activation of the APC/C by the meiosis-specific substrate recognition factor Ama1. In cells lacking Mnd2, the APC/C-Ama1 enzyme triggers premature ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Pds1, which leads to premature separation of sister chromatids due to an unrestrained activity of separase. Thus, chromosome segregation during meiosis depends on both inhibition of a meiosis-specific APC/C and timely activation of APC/C- dependent proteolysis. / Die Meiose ist ein spezialisierter Zellzyklus, der zum Ziel hat haploide Gameten aus diploiden Vorläuferzellen zu produzieren. Dafür erfolgen nach der prä-meiotischen DNA Replikation zwei aufeinanderfolgende Kernteilungen. In der ersten meiotischen Teilung erfolgt die Trennung der homologen Chromosomen. In einer zweiten meiotischen Teilung werden dann die Schwesterchromatiden getrennt. Die Trennung der Chromosomen wird durch den Anaphase-Promoting Complex oder Cyclosome (APC/C), einer Ubiquitin Ligase, reguliert. Der APC/C initiiert den Abbau von Securin/Pds1, einem Inhibitor der Thiol-Protease Separase, welche für die Trennung der Chromosomen zum Beginn der Anaphase verantwortlich ist. In einer im Vergleich zur Mitose extrem langen meiotischen Prophase I findet Rekombination zwischen maternalen und paternalen Chromosomen statt. Für diesen Vorgang, sowie für die beiden folgenden meiotischen Teilungen, wird Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden benötigt. Ein frühzeitiger Verlust der Kohäsion führt zur frühzeitigen Trennnung der Schwesterchromatiden, wodurch aneuploide Gameten produziert werden können. Daher muss die Aktivität des APC/C während der meiotischen Prophase I inhibiert werden. Wie der APC/C während der Prophase I inaktiviert wird, war bisher unbekannt. Einsicht in dieses Problem ergab sich aus der Untersuchung der APC/C Untereinheit Mnd2 aus der Bäckerhefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Es wird gezeigt, dass Mnd2 für den Verbleib der Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I benötigt wird. Während dieser Phase verhindert Mnd2 die frühzeitige Aktivierung der Meiose-spezifischen Form des APC/C-Ama1. In meiotischen Zellen, die kein Mnd2 besitzen, löst das APC/C-Ama1 Enzym die Ubiquitin-abhängige Zerstörung von Pds1 aus. Dies führt zu einer frühzeitigen Aktivierung von Separase, welches die Trennung der Schwesterchromatiden schon während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I zur Folge hat. Die korrekte Verteilung der Chromosomen hängt daher sowohl von der Inhibierung als auch der Aktivierung des APC/C ab.
7

controle de la transition meiose I/meiose II et role de DOC1R au cours de l'arret CSF lors de la maturation meiotique chez la souris

Terret, Marie-Emilie 02 July 2004 (has links) (PDF)
La maturation méiotique des vertébrés diffère de la mitose par plusieurs aspects. J'ai étudié deux de ces particularités. 1) En méiose I, les chromosomes homologues sont ségrégés, en mitose, les chromatides sœurs sont séparées. En mitose, un mécanisme de contrôle bloque la cellule en métaphase en inhibant l'APC/C tant que tous les chromosomes ne sont pas correctement alignés sur le fuseau. En méiose I, des résultats contradictoires existent selon les espèces quant à l'existence d'un mécanisme de contrôle de ce type. J'ai montré que l'activité séparase (activité indirectement régulée par l'APC/C) est requise pour effectuer la transition métaphase/anaphase en méiose I, suggérant qu'un mécanisme de contrôle de ce type est requis chez la souris, organisme proche de l'homme. 2) A l'issue de la maturation méiotique, l'ovocyte reste bloqué en métaphase de méiose II en attendant la fécondation, alors que la mitose s'achève toujours. Ce blocage est dû à l'activité CSF et requiert la voie Mos/.../MAPK. J'ai montré que DOC1R, un nouveau substrat des MAPK, contrôle l'organisation des microtubules au cours de l'arrêt CSF. Ces résultats font évoluer la vision de l'arrêt CSF qui était considéré comme une voie linéaire aboutissant à la stabilisation du MPF. L'arrêt CSF est une voie non linéaire contrôlant aussi la morphologie de l'ovocyte.
8

STUDIES ON ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS REQUIRED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND RELEASE OF SISTER CHROMATID COHESION

BOATENG, KINGSLEY A. 23 July 2007 (has links)
No description available.

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