A mina de carbonatito de Cajati contém mineralização de apatita, utilizada na fabricação de ácido fosfórico, que é aplicado a matéria-prima carbonática para obtenção de foscálcio, suplemento mineral em rações animais. Dentre as unidades litológicas em lavra destacam-se as Zonas de Xenólitos, formadas pela interação da rocha encaixante com o magma carbonatítico. São constituídas de fragmentos do jacupiranguito de dimensões métricas distribuídos de forma aparentemente errática na massa carbonatítica e zonas de reação centimétricas, compostas por minerais carbonáticos e silicáticos neoformados. Essas regiões apresentam apatita e constituem significativa parcela dos recursos minerais da jazida, porém devido à abundância de minerais silicáticos, essencialmente flogopita, diopsídio, forsterita e tremolita, seus teores de MgO e SiO2 são elevados e lhe conferem características distintas das unidades carbonatíticas, interferindo no processo de beneficiamento. Visando fornecer subsídios para o desenvolvimento de processos que otimizem o aproveitamento das Zonas de Xenólitos como minério de fosfato foram realizados ensaios de separação em escala de caracterização utilizando o Frantz de Barreiras (modelo LB-1). O procedimento objetivou o conhecimento do comportamento magnético dos silicatos em oposição ao da apatita e dos carbonatos; para o que foram coletadas amostras volumétricas em diferentes pontos da mina. Os silicatos, todos portadores de MgO, mostraram variações de cores e de composição química além de distribuição peculiar em cada litotipo componente das Zonas de Xenólitos. Diopsídio ocorreu principalmente no litotipo jacupiranguito, enquanto flogopita, forsterita e tremolita foram mais abundantes na zona de reação. Esses minerais ocorreram em intervalos de campo magnético bem definidos, concentrando-se principalmente entre 0,25 e 0,75 A (equivalentes a 2.800 e 8.800 Gauss, respectivamente), e distintos da fluorapatita e dos carbonatos, minerais predominantemente diamagnéticos. Para campo magnético da ordem de 13.800 Gauss obteve-se um produto com 95,2% do P2O5 total contido no intervalo granulométrico adotado para o ensaio e apenas 1,0% de SiO2 associado. Aplicando-se um campo magnético de menor intensidade (aproximadametne 5.700 Gauss) o conteúdo de P2O5 aumenta (97,4%) assim como o de SiO2 (11,1%). Assim mostrou-se viável a utilização de separação magnética como método complementar no beneficiamento de fluorapatita proveniente das Zonas de Xenólitos, desde que o campo magnético aplicado tenha um gradiente de campo adequado para melhor seletividade entre o mineral de minério e os silicatos. Os trabalhos de caracterização desenvolvidos também mostraram uma outra possibilidade de aproveitamento da unidade litológica, a partir da classificação granulométrica após a britagem secundária. Nessa etapa observou-se tendência à segregação dos litotipos, com geração de um material fino (abaixo de 12,7 mm) enriquecido em P2O5 (2,48 a 4,08%) que contém de 26,4 a 59,8% do P2O5 total da amostra. / The Cajati carbonatite mine produces apatite used for phosphoric acid manufacturing. This material is added to carbonatic raw material in order to obtain phoscalcium (foscálcio), used as mineral supply for animal feeding. Among the exploited lithological units there are the Xenolithic Zones, which are generated by assimilation process between the host rock and the carbonatitic magma. They are constituted by jacupiranguite blocks (metric sizes) of random distribution within the carbonatitic matrix and by the reaction zones (centimetric thickness), composed by neoformed carbonatic and silicate minerals. These regions show apatite mineralization and represent a significant part of the mineral resources of the deposit. However their abundance of silicate minerals, essentialy phlogopite, diopside, forsterite and tremolita, leads to high MgO e SiO2 contents, which implies in distinct characteristics from carbonatites, interfering on the concentration plant process. Intending to support the development of new processes seeking the utilization of the Xenolithic Zones as phosphate ore, a laboratory study of mineral separation was taken at the Barrier Frantz Magnetic Separator (model LB-1). Such procedure aims the characterization of magnetic behavior of silicates versus apatite and carbonates, using bulk samples collected in different parts of the mine. Silicates, all Mg-bearing, showed color and chemical composition variations with non-systematic distribution within each lithotipe comprising the Xenolithic Zones. Diopside occurred mainly in the jacupiranguite, while phlogopite, forsterite and tremolite were most abundant in the reaction zone. These minerals occurred in well defined magnetic field intervals, specially between 0,25 and 0,75 A (equivalent to 2.800 and 8.800 Gauss, respectively), and distinct from fluorapatite and carbonates, which are mainly diamagnetics. For magnetic field around 13.800 Gauss a product with 95,2% of total P2O5 content was obtained in the granulometric interval used for the separation procedures with 1,0% of SiO2 associated. Using a lower intensity magnetic field (around 5.700 Gauss) the P2O5 content rises (97,4%) as well as the SiO2 (11,1%). Thus the use of complementary magnetic separation procedures was proved to be a practicable method for beneficiation of fluorapatite from the Xenolithic Zones by applying a magnetic field with adequate field gradient for the selectivity of ore mineral and silicates. Another possibility for utilization of the lithological unit showed by the characterization studies was the grain-size classification after secondary crushing. In this stage a lithotipe segregation was observed and generation of fine material (below 12,7 mm) P2O5 enriched (2,48 to 4,08%), with 26,4 to 59,8% of total P2O5 content in the sample.

The nucleus is a mesoscopic system that retains features from both the quantum and macroscopic worlds. A basic property of a macroscopic body is its shape. Nuclear shapes can be deduced from experimental data as they influence the excitation mode of the nucleus and hence the energies and lifetimes of its excited levels. Various short-lived nuclei were created in fusion-evaporation experiments performed at international heavy-ion accelerator facilities. The emitted γ rays and, in some experiments, also the charged particles and neutrons emitted in the reactions were detected. The studied neutron-deficient isotopes were either selected by the type and number of particles emitted in the reactions, or by using their characteristic decays. The excited states of the different isotopes were extracted from the γ-ray analyses. Spectroscopic properties, such as the lifetimes of the excited states or the angular distribution of the emitted γ rays were measured when possible. The experimentally obtained level schemes together with the other spectroscopic information were used to deduce the excitation modes and the shapes of the studied nuclei. The detector systems are described in the first chapter and in the second chapter some techniques used to extract information from the experimental data are explained. Finally, a brief theoretical overview on the nuclear models which were used to interpret the experimental results is given. / QC 20100621

Korean coals are typically high rank anthracite characterized by high ash content and difficult cleaning characteristics. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of treating various size fractions within the coal using an assortment of physical coal cleaning technologies. Dry cleaning is preferred due to the friability of the coal. As such, three pneumatic processes were tested including Ore Sorting for the plus 10 mm material, Air Table Separation for 10 x 1 mm fraction and Tribo-electric Separator for - 1 mm fraction. The Dense Medium Cyclone is known to be one of the most efficient separation processes and thus was evaluated for the cleaning of 10 x 1 mm coal. To realize the optimum performances from the Air Table and Rotary Tribo-electric Separator, their operational variables were systematically studied using a parametric experimental design. In addition, the dense medium cyclone and X-ray Transmission Sorting trials were performed under various medium densities and separation settings, respectively. A comparison of the cleaning performance revealed that the Dense Medium Cyclone and X-ray Transmission Sorting proved to provide the most effective results with maximum ash rejection and combustible recovery. The tribo-electric separation process was ineffective while the air table provided modest ash reduction potential.

This thesis is concerned with the efficient computation of Jacobian matrices of nonlinear vector maps using automatic differentiation (AD). Specifically, we propose the use of two directed edge separator methods, the weighted minimum separator and natural order separator methods, to exploit the structure of the computational graph of the nonlinear system.This allows for the efficient determination of the Jacobian matrix using AD software. We will illustrate the promise of this approach with computational experiments.

[pt] O petróleo tem importância inegável nos tempos atuais. Junto com outros combustíveis fósseis, representa uma considerável parcela da matriz energética da sociedade. Porém esta é uma fonte de energia não renovável. Por isso a medida que o petróleo é produzido em regiões de fácil acesso, sua fonte vai se esgotando e criando a necessidade de se explorar em regiões cada vez mais inóspitas. Diante deste cenário o processamento submarino na produção de óleo e gás tem grande relevância ao permitir a produção de petróleo em regiões onde não seria possível a produção sem esta opção. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar 2 sistemas de processamento submarino, um com bomba multifásica e outro com separador submarino, visando identificar as oportunidades de aplicação para cada sistema e o estado da arte atual de cada tecnologia. O grande salto do processamento submarino será um futuro de produção sem o uso de plataformas. Cenário este que já se observa nos dias de hoje em alguns campos de gás. O campo de gás foi o primeiro a apresentar a possibilidade de produção sem o uso de plataforma por possuir energia suficiente para escoar por distâncias maiores sem necessidade de incremento artificial de pressão. Porém com o avanço da tecnologia da bomba e dos separadores submarinos, o futuro indica a aplicação deste processo também em campos de óleo. Este trabalho disponibiliza uma ferramenta simplificada para análise de escoamento multifásico de fácil acesso que permite o cálculo sem a necessidade de softwares avançados e de difícil acesso. Apesar de ser uma ferramenta simplificada é de grande utilidade para cálculos rápidos sem necessidade de detalhamento. / [en] Oil has undeniable importance in modern times. Along with other fossil fuels, represents a considerable portion of the energy matrix of society. However this is non-renewable energy source. As the oil is been produced in areas of easy access, its source is being exhausting and creating the need to explore in inhospitable regions. Looking to this scenario subsea processing of oil and gas has great importance to allow oil production in regions where the production would not be possible without this option. The objective of this study is to compare two subsea processing systems, one with a multiphase pump and other with a separator and a monophase pump, identify opportunities of each system and the current state of the art of each technology. The leap of subsea processing will be a future of production systems without the use of platforms. This scenario already being felt today in some gas fields. The gas field was the first to present the possibility of production without the use of the platform due to the fact that gas fields has enough energy to flow over large distances without the need of artificial lifting. However, with the advancement in pump technology and subsea separators, the future indicates the application of this procedure also in oil fields. This paper provides a simplified calculation tool for multiphase flow of easy access that allows the calculation without the need of advanced commercial software. Despite being a simplified tool is useful for quick calculations.

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2016-05-11T13:46:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis-1994-Jacob.pdf: 26119019 bytes, checksum: b8e19fd69a5cb720e5071df7ae1b03bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2016-05-11T14:21:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis-1994-Jacob.pdf: 26119019 bytes, checksum: b8e19fd69a5cb720e5071df7ae1b03bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T14:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis-1994-Jacob.pdf: 26119019 bytes, checksum: b8e19fd69a5cb720e5071df7ae1b03bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / A dual phase gas diffusion-FIA system containing a tubular PTFE-membrane was studied as a mean of producing gas samples for routine 15N/14N isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. The method is based on Rittenberg's reaction; the ammonium sample is injected into a liquid alkaline stream containing hypobromite and the N2 gas produced in the reaction diffuses across a PTFE-membrane into a helium carrier stream which carries it to the detector. Initially here, the use of a tubular microporous PTFE-membrane as a device for the preconcentration of samples in aqueous solutions was investigated. The performance of such a membrane was studied under a variety of operating conditions. A qualitative model of the membrane mechanism was developed based on the diffusion transport of vapour away from the contained liquid surface through the connected pore space. The dispersion undergone by the sample in the GD-FIA system containing this preconcentration unit was also studied and this FIA system was applied as a practical device for the determination and speciation of aluminium in a river water sample. The procedure for generating nitrogen gas involved optimisation of the system parameters including the oxidation reaction step and the production on-line of the chemicals used. The nitrogen gas was generated easily and rapidly, allowing a sample throughput capability of the order of 20 h-1. The system was applied to the determination of total nitrogen content in agricultural sample prepared by the Kjeldahl digestion. The method offered precision and accuracy comparable to those of the standard distillationtitration procedure. Isotope ratios were determined with good precision and means for obtaining accuracy comparable with established techniques were developed. It was also shown that the DPGD-FIA system can be readily adapted to enable different forms of nitrogen e. g. N02-, N03- and NH4+ to be determined.

Une Pile à Combustible Microbienne (PCM) convertit l’énergie chimique issue de l’oxydation de la matière organique directement en énergie électrique. L’oxydation du combustible est assurée par un biofilm dit « électroactif » se développant à la surface de l’anode et jouant le rôle de catalyseur microbien. L’anode microbienne formée à partir d’un consortium bactérien, issu dans cette étude de terreau de jardin, est associée à une cathode à air abiotique à la surface de laquelle se produit la réduction de l’oxygène. L’assemblage d’une anode microbienne et d’une cathode à air abiotique pour construire une PCM est un réel challenge tant les conditions optimales de chacune sont différentes. Ces travaux de thèse ont donc pour objectif d'anticiper le fonctionnement global de la PCM pour concevoir une anode microbienne et une cathode abiotique capables de fonctionner ensemble de façon optimale. Une partie expérimentale conséquente vise à concevoir une PCM optimale en menant des essais sur différents designs de réacteur. Un modèle numérique, basé sur l’expérimentation et calculant les distributions secondaires de courant et de potentiel au sein de la PCM, vient compléter l’étude expérimentale afin d’optimiser l’architecture de la PCM et maximiser les performances délivrées. La configuration « Assemblage Séparateur-Electrodes » consiste à intercaler le séparateur entre la bioanode et la cathode à air dans le but de diminuer la résistance interne du système. Ce design a permis de concevoir des PCMs délivrant d’excellentes performances jusqu’à 6.42 W.m-2. In fine, le prototype « Bioelec », utilisé comme modèle de démonstration, est réalisé à l’échelle du laboratoire avec un assemblage en série et en parallèle de plusieurs PCMs élaborées avec cette configuration « ASE ». / A Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) can convert the chemical energy contained in low-cost organic matter directly into electrical energy. The oxidation of organic matter is performed by a biofilm known as “electroactive” that develops on the anode surface and acts as a microbial catalyst. The microbial anode, formed from indigenous bacteria of compost leachate, is combined with an abiotic air-cathode catalyzing the reduction of oxygen. The association of a bioanode and an abiotic air-cathode in an MFC is a major challenge as their optimal conditions are so divergent. The purpose of this PhD work is to anticipate the global mechanisms of an MFC in order to develop a microbial anode and an abiotic air-cathode able to operate together in an optimal way. A consequent experimental part aims to develop an optimal MFC by carrying out tests on several reactor designs. A numerical model, based on the experimental results, calculates the secondary distributions of current and potential in the cell. The model supports the experimental study and is used to optimize the MFC architecture and maximize the delivered performances. The configuration “Separator-Electrodes Assembly” consists of sandwiching the separator between the bioanode and the air-cathode in order to decrease the internal resistance of the system. This design provided excellent results as MFCs delivered great power densities up to 6.42 W.m-2. Finally, a prototype “Bioelec”, used as a demonstrative model, was built with several MFCs connected in series or in parallel, each of them designed with the “ASE” configuration.

The aim of the study was to compere the reactor with sludge cloud and external separator biomass in different modes. This typ of reactor is principally used in wastewater treatment and in this work was designed for production of biogas from biosmass, commonly used in agricultural biogas plants. The reactor assembly was prepared in the laboratory of the available glass flasks, connected by rubber tubing and mixing pump. The entire device was immersed in a water bath heated thermostat. For the purpose of this work was used samples from biogas Týnec near Dobrovice at Mladoboleslavko. The reaktor was injectable liquid portion, formed after adjusment method IFBB (Integrated Generation of Solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass). The principle of this method consists in separating the liquid and solid components of biomass. Operation of the reactor was carried out in three stirring models: without stirring, medium stirring, intensive stirring. Further, the operation was compared at 40°C and 53 °C in a mode without stirring. This monitoring is carried abut for five hours. The specimens was taken every hour and after drying to COD (determine chemical oxygen demand), which expresses the degree of degradation of organic matter. The results show that the laboratory devie model stirring does not show. However, the temperature change from 40°C to 53°C showed an increased degradation of organic matter.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaRFC_DISSERT.pdf: 3052706 bytes, checksum: 187fb21e02f9cda7fb573aba65cc8c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / A polui??o das ?guas decorrentes do contato com os derivados de petr?leo em postos de combust?vel tem se apresentado como um problema agravante. Cada vez mais estudos relacionam problemas ambientais com essas situa??es e procuram propor algumas solu??es para o tratamento das ?guas e solos que s?o contaminados pelos compostos org?nicos: benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos - BTEX, TPH e HPA S presentes nesses derivados de petr?leo. As t?cnicas eletroqu?micas vem tomando lugar de destaque nesse cen?rio, pela sua efici?ncia, baixo custo e por n?o gerar res?duos. O presente trabalho visa caracterizar o efluente proveniente de caixas separadoras de ?gua e ?leo de postos de combust?veis, bem como analisar a efici?ncia de remo??o de compostos org?nicos com diferentes tipos de pares de eletrodos sendo eles: Ti/Pt e Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5a fim de comprovar, qual par de eletrodo desempenham melhor essa fun??o. As an?lises de Carbono Org?nico Total (COT), Demanda Qu?mica de Oxig?nio (DQO), Cromatografia Gasosa (CG) e Teor de ?leos e Graxas (TOG), na amostra de ?gua coletada na sa?da caixa separadora confirmou a presen?a de compostos org?nicos em altas concentra??es no efluente, bem como comprovou a remo??o dos mesmo ap?s as 4 horas de tratamento com varia??es de corrente de 10,20,30 mA/cm2 efetuadas nesse trabalho, foi poss?vel constatar em alguns casos remo??o superiores a 99,36%

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação das características operacionais de um reator UASB sem o dispositivo de coleta de gás (separador trifásico) e sem o anteparo retentor de escuma posicionado próximo à canaleta de coleta do efluente. A motivação para esta pesquisa foi o interesse manifestado pelas companhias de saneamento em aplicar esta simplificação, que poderá implicar em economia na implantação dos reatores e praticamente na eliminação da necessidade de remoção de escuma. Utilizou-se um reator UASB com tais simplificações com volume útil de 24,5 m3 e estabeleceu-se uma estratégia operacional com aumento gradual da vazão de alimentação, compondo quatro fases de operação, com tempos de retenção hidráulica respectivamente de 16, 12, 10 e 8 horas. As vazões foram mantidas constantes em cada fase, com exceção da última, em que se impôs dois picos de vazão ao longo dia. O reator manteve-se operando com eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total, respectivamente, de 65,9%, 60,3%, 48,7% e 15,0%. De modo geral, pode-se afirmar que o reator piloto não apresentou o desempenho esperado, em termos de remoção de matéria orgânica, para TDH de 8 horas. Quanto ao perfil de sólidos no manto de lodo, nas duas primeiras etapas (TDH de 16 e 12 horas), o teor de sólidos daquele foi elevado, mas reduziu-se drasticamente a partir da etapa com TDH de 10 horas. Na última etapa, o comportamento da manta de lodo foi pouco previsível, observando-se progressivo arraste de sólidos do reator. Em função da grande perda de sólidos, acredita-se que o artifício empregado possa ser utilizado com melhor desempenho com a implantação de um decantador a jusante do reator ou mediante a aplicação de um pós-tratamento que garanta a recuperação dos sólidos perdidos (por exemplo, lodos ativados). Outra alternativa é a própria substituição do UASB pelo decantador primário antes de um pós-tratamento aeróbio. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational characteristics of a UASB reactor without the gas collection device (three phase separator) and without the scum retainer screen positioned near the effluent collection channel. The motivation for this research was the interest shown by sanitation companies to apply this simplification, which can result in savings in the implementation of the reactors and practically in eliminating the need of scum removal. An UASB reactor was used with such simplifications with a volume of 24.5 m3 and an operational strategy was established with gradual increase of the feed flow, consisting of four operating phases, with hydraulic retention times, respectively, of 16, 12, 10 and 8 hours. The flows were kept constants at each operating phase, except the last, which was imposed two peak flows throughout the day. The reactor was kept operating with efficiency of COD removal, respectively, of 65.9%, 60.3%, 48.7% and 15,0%. Generally, the pilot reactor had not the expected performance in removal of organic matter, with hydraulic retention time of 8 hours. In the first two fases (HDT of 16 and 12 hours), solid\'s content in sludge blanket was high, but had reduced significantly from the second fase, with 10 hours of HDT. In the last fase, the sludge blanket behavior was bit predictable, with progressive drag of solids from reactor. Because of high solids loss, it is believed that the applied device can be used with better performance with the implantation of a settler after the reactor or a post-treatment that ensures the lost solids recovery (for example, activated sludge). Another alternative is the replacement of UASB by the primary clarifier before aerobic post-treatment.