published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Specification of a germ cell lineage and appropriate maturation are essential for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. Germ cells form from pluripotent precursor cells that migrate into the gonadal ridge and undergo commitment to either the female or male lineage. In the fetal ovary, germ cells enter meiotic prophase I, then arrest at the diplotene stage; in the testis germ cells do not begin meiosis until puberty. Abnormal differentiation of germ cells can result in malignant transformation. Somatic cells play a key role in modulating the developmental fate of the germ cells. Research into germ cell development during fetal life has almost exclusively focused on studies in rodents, but we, and others, have reported several fundamental differences in the expression of germ cell specific markers in the human compared with the mouse. The studies described in this thesis have investigated germ cell-specific gene expression and the possible impact of the somatic cells during development. This was achieved by studying human fetal gonads obtained during the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy and through the use of both wild-type and mutant mouse ES cell lines. Studies on germ cells in the human fetal testis have extended the findings of others, and confirmed that germ cell populations at different stages of maturation co-exist in the human fetal testis, a situation that is in contrast to that in rodents. For example expression of M2A and AP2γ was restricted to the OCT4-positive gonocyte population, while VASA and NANOS1 were localised exclusively to the to the OCT4-negative prespermatogonia. DAZL was expressed in both populations. Analysis also revealed that both the gonocyte and prespermatogonial populations proliferate throughout the 2nd trimester. Recent studies have implicated retinoic acid (RA) in the control of meiotic entry in germ cells of the fetal mouse ovary. In this study we demonstrated for the first time that two genes implicated in the action of RA in mouse gonad, STRA8 and NANOS2, are also expressed in a similar sexspecific- manner in the human fetal gonads, and that the RA receptors are present in both somatic and germ cells suggesting that RA may regulate germ cell function in the human as well as the mouse. However, whilst the mesonephros appears to be the primary site of RA synthesis in the mouse our initial studies indicate that in the human the gonad itself may be a more likely site of RA biosynthesis. In the fetal mouse testis, RA is degraded by the enzyme Cyp26b1 present in the somatic cells and germ cells do not enter meiosis, our novel findings suggest that CYP26B1 is more abundant in the human fetal ovary than the testis, suggesting that meiotic entry may be controlled by an alternative signalling pathway in the human. One of the methods that can aid our understanding of somatic cell gene expression in the gonad is in vitro culture. To date, there have been no published reports of the successful in vitro culture of somatic cells from the human fetal testis. In the current study, populations of human somatic cells were dissociated and maintained in vitro and characterised. Analysis demonstrated that cells expressing mRNAs characteristic of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and peritubular myoid (PTM) cells were present initially, but long-term culture resulted in downregulation in expression of mRNAs specific for Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, suggesting that these cells either failed to survive or underwent alterations to their phenotype. In contrast PTM/fibroblast cells proliferated in vitro and initially maintained androgen receptor expression. These cultures therefore hold promise for studies into the signalling or cell-cell interactions in testicular somatic cells especially those relevant to the PTM population. Several studies have claimed differentiation of putative germ cells from ES cells. In the current study, analysis of mouse ES cell lines has expanded on results showing that ES cells and early germ cells express a number of genes in common. Kit signalling was shown to be important for ES cell survival as they differentiate although expression of Kit was heterogeneous. We also demonstrated that ES cells that did not express Kit displayed a decreased expression of the early germ cell genes Blimp1, Fragilis and Stella, implicating Kit signalling in the control of germ cell-associated gene expression in ES cells. This may be important to future studies optimising germ cell derivation from ES cells. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated important differences in protein expression patterns in germ cells of the human fetal testis compared to the mouse, and has raised questions about whether the proposed mechanism controlling meiotic entry of germ cells in the mouse can be applied to the human. The establishment of a system for culturing human fetal gonadal somatic cells may lead to further understanding of gene expression and development in the human fetal testis, and data suggest that the Kit/Kitl signalling system may influence germ cell gene expression in mouse ES cells.

Resumo:Estudar o desenvolvimento das gônadas, permite entender alguns fatores que podem interferir no seu desenvolvimento e futuramente no perfil reprodutivo do animal na vida adulta. Considerando a influência da condição corporal e fisiológica das vacas sobre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos fetais durante a gestação, este trabalho avaliou o desenvolvimento morfológico testicular e ovariano de fetos bovinos da raça Nelore e comparou-os com a condição corpórea materna (revestimento de gordura - RGC; e peso da carcaça - PC; idade, população folicular ovariana total - PFOT; e antral - PFOA). Foram coletados 372 fetos (210 fêmeas e 168 machos), com idade gestacional de 3 a 8 meses, de bovinos da raça Nelore, abatidos em frigorífico da região de Araçatuba, SP. Amostras de sangue das vacas foram coletadas para quantificação de leptina, insulina e progesterona plasmática. O peso (g) e o volume (mm³) das gônadas fetais foram mensurados. As gônadas fetais foram processadas com técnica de histologia clássica e foram feitos cortes histológicos de 3 μm de espessura, em intervalos médios de 210 μm. Durante toda a gestação o peso e o volume total dos ovários dos fetos apresentam correlação positiva com a quantidade de folículos ovarianos fetais (QFOF) (r=0,78, p<0,0001 e r=0,80, p<0,0001) e o peso e volume testicular com a quantidade de células de Sertoli (CS; r=0,84, p<0,0001 e r=0,92, p<0,0001), de Leydig (CL; r=0,80, p<0,0001 e r=0,90, p<0,0001) e germinativas (CG; r=0,84, p=<0,0001 e r=0,93, p<0,0001). A idade materna foi correlacionada com a quantidade de folículos ovarianos primários (r=0,14, p=0,05) e de CG nos testículos fetais (r=0,10, p=0,04). A PFOT foi correlacionada negativamente nas fêmeas com a QFOF (r=- 0,31, p=0,001) e nos machos com a quantidade de CS nos testículos (r=0,18 e p=0,03), e a insulina das vacas com a QFOF (r=-0,18 e p=0,02) e com...(Resumo Completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:The study of gonadal development allows to understand some factores that can interfere in its development and futurely, in animal reproductive profile, in adult life. Considering the cows body condition and physiological influences on the development of fetal organs during the pregnancy, This experiment aimed to evaluate the fetal testicular and ovarian morphological development in beef cattle of Nelore breed and compare it to maternal body condition (carcass weight - CW, carcass yield grade - CYG, age and antral follicle counts - ACF). There were collected 372 bovines fetus from Nellore cows (210 females and 162 males), aging between 3 and 8 months, obtained from a slaughterhouse in Araçatuba region - SP. Blood samples from the cows were collected to leptin, insulin and progesterone plasmatic quantification. The gonadal weight (g) and volume (mm³) were measured. The fetal gonads were submitted to classical histology proceedings and 3 μm thickness were cut, in 210 μm intervals. During gestation, both fetus ovarian weight and volume were correlated with the number of ovarian follicles (NOF) (r=0,78, p<0,0001 and r=0,80, p<0,0001) and in male, both testicular weight and volume were correlated with Sertoli cells count (CS; r=0,84, p<0,0001 and r=0,92, p<0,0001), Leydig cells count (LC; r=0,80, p<0,0001 and r=0,90, p<0,0001) and germ cells count (GC; r=0,84, p=<0,0001 and r=0,93, p<0,0001). Maternal age was correlated with primary follicles count (r=0,14, p=0,05) in the fetal ovaries...(Complet4 abstract click eletronic acess below) / Orientador:Guilherme de Paula Nogueira / Banca:Manoel Francisco de Sá Filho / Banca:Flávia Lombardi Lopes / Mestre

O hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH) produz um efeito dual sobre o potencial de membrana das células de Sertoli, com uma fase inicial rápida, que compreende uma hiperpolarização, por um período de segundos e uma fase de despolarização, que ocorre mais lentamente, por um período de minutos. A fase de despolarização envolve um mecanismo relacionado à entrada de cálcio estimulada pelo FSH. O Isoproterenol, um agonista de receptores β-adrenérgicos, induz uma hiperpolarização imediata e prolongada na membrana de células de Sertoli de ratos imaturos. Este efeito é provavelmente resultante da queda de [ATP]i a qual libera a inibição exercida pelo nucleotídeo sobre o canal de K+ATP. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estudar a ação do Isoproterenol sobre o potencial de membrana das células de Sertoli para melhor avaliar o componente hiperpolarizante produzido por FSH nas células de Sertoli, além de estudar a captação de Ca2+ estimulada pelo FSH e pelo isoproterenol. O potencial de membrana foi registrado utilizando túbulos seminíferos isolados de testículos de ratos Wistar machos de 15 dias de idade. O registro intracelular da célula de Sertoli foi realizado utilizando microcapilares preenchidos com KCl 3mmol/L acoplados a um eletrômetro. Foi realizada a aplicação tópica isolada de FSH (4mU/mL) e Isoproterenol (2μM). Depois, em experimentos individuais, foram aplicados topicamente, FSH e isoproterenol, 5 minutos após a aplicação tópica da Tolbutamida (10μM) e Glibenclamida (10μM), sulfonilureias de ação hipoglicemiante, que exercem efeito de fechamento dos canais de K+ATP. A Tolbutamida (10μM), ainda, foi perfundida 15 minutos antes da aplicação do Isoproterenol, a fim de testar se esta sulfoniluréia impediria de forma mais significativa a ação deste. Na técnica de captação de Ca2+, utilizou-se FSH e isoproterenol com toxina pertussis (PTX), bloqueador da subunidade Gi da proteína G para avaliar o seu envolvimento na captação de Ca2+ nas células de Sertoli de ratos imaturos. Utilizou-se a toxina colérica, estimulador da proteína Gs, para avaliar o envolvimento do AMPc na captação de Ca2+ nas células de Sertoli de ratos imaturos. Fez-se uso de SQ22536, inibidor da enzima adenilato ciclase, para avaliar o envolvimento dessa enzima na ação estimulante do FSH nas células de Sertoli de ratos imaturos. Os resultados foram dados como média ± SEM. Os dados da variação do potencial de membrana foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas com o pós-teste de Bonferroni. O FSH teve sua hiperpolarização inibida quando foi aplicado tolbutamida (10μM) anteriormente. O SQ22536 também aboliu a hiperpolarização causada pelo FSH. O Isoproterenol, quando aplicado isoladamente produziu uma resposta hiperpolarizante sobre o potencial de membrana, alterando de – 32,4mV ± 1,32 mV para -40,0 ± 0,78 mv, aos 60 segundos após a sua aplicação (*p<0,001) (n=6 células de Sertoli). A aplicação tópica de Tolbutamida (10 μM) bloqueou a ação do Isoproterenol (2μM), causando uma despolarização de –41,0± 0,47mV variou até -39,0 ± 2,02mV, aos 120 segundos após a aplicação do Isoproterenol (p>0,05) (n=6 células de Sertoli). A perfusão com Tolbutamida foi mais eficaz no bloqueio da resposta beta-adrenérgica, causando uma despolarização de -41,6 ±1,21 mV para -35,4 ± 0,98 mV, aos 120 segundos após a aplicação tópica do Isoproterenol (p>0,05) (n=9 células de Sertoli). A aplicação tópica de Glibenclamida (10μM), a qual é um inibidor do canal de k +ATP, bloqueou a ação do Isoproterenol (2μM), causando despolarização, demonstrando que a hiperpolarização do isoproterenol está relacionada com a abertura desses canais. A tolbutamida (10μM), quando aplicada topicamente, impediu a fase de hiperpolarização característica causada pelo FSH (4mU/mL), causando despolarização do potencial de membrana das células de Sertoli de ratos imaturos. O Isoproterenol apresentou uma resposta hiperpolarizante rápida sobre o potencial de membrana, causada, provavelmente, por uma abertura dos canais de K+ATP na membrana das células de Sertoli de testículos de ratos imaturos. PTX quando aplicada topicamente e anteriormente à aplicação de isoproterenol não impediu a hiperpolarização característica causada por isoproterenol. A ação hiperpolarizante de isoproterenol independe de proteína Gi. PTX não impede a captação de 45Ca2+ estimulada pelo isoproterenol. A toxina colérica, que estimula proteína Gs, não estimula a captação de 45Ca2+ nas células de Sertoli de ratos imaturos. / Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produces a dual effect on the membrane potential of Sertoli cells, with an initial rapid phase, which comprises a hyperpolarization for a period of seconds and a depolarization phase, wich occurs more slowly, within minutes. The depolarization phase involves calcium entry stimulated by FSH. Isoproterenol, an agonist of β-adrenergic receptors, induces an immediate and prolonged hyperpolarization on the membrane of Sertoli cells from immature rats. The aim of this work is to study the involvement of K+ATP channels in the hiperpolarization effect of isoproterenol on the membrane of Sertoli cells. This work also aimed to study the action of Isoproterenol on the membrane potential of Sertoli cells to better understanding the hyperpolarizing component produced by FSH in Sertoli cells, in addition to study the Ca2+ uptake stimulated by FSH and by isoproterenol. Membrane potential was recorded using isolated seminiferous tubules of testes of 15 days-old rats. The record of intracellular Sertoli cell was performed using microcapillary filled with KCl3 mmol/L coupled to an electrometer. We performed a single topical application of FSH(4mU/mL) and Isoproterenol (2μM). Then, inindividual experiments were applied topically, FSH and isoproterenol, 5 minutes after topical application of Tolbutamide (10μM) and glibenclamide(10μM), sulfonylurea a hypoglycemicaction, exercising effect closing of K+ channels ATP. The Tolbutamide (10μM) also was infused 15 minutes before application of Isoproterenol in order totest whether this would prevents ulfonylurea most significantly to the action of isoproterenol. In the technique of 45Ca2+ uptake, we used FSH and isoproterenol with pertussis toxin (PTX), blocking the G protein subunit Gi to evaluate its involvementon Ca2+ uptake in Sertoli cells from immature rats. We used the cholera toxin, a stimulator of Gs protein, to evaluate the involvement of AMPc on Ca2+ uptake in Sertoli cells from immature rats. SQ22536, an inhibitor of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, was used to evaluate the involvement this enzyme in the stimulatory action of FSH in Sertoli cells from immature rats. The results were given as mean ± SEM. The data of the change in membrane potential were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures with Bonferroni post-test. The hyperpolarization produced by FSH was inhibited when tolbutamide was applied (10μM). The SQ22536 also abolished the hyperpolarization caused by FSH. The Isoproterenol when used alone produced a hyperpolarizing response on the membrane potential , changing from -32.4mV±1.32 mV to -40.0±0.78 mV at 60 seconds after its application (*p<0.001) (n=6Sertoli cells). Topical application of Tolbutamide (10μM) blocked the action of Isoproterenol (2μM), causing a depolarization of -41.0±0.47 mV ranged up to-39.0± 2.02 mV at 120 seconds after application of Isoproterenol (p>0.05) (n=6Sertoli cells). The Tolbutamide infusion was more effective inblocking beta-adrenergic response, causing a depolarization of -41,6 ±1,21 mV to -35,4 ± 0,98 mV at 120seconds after the topical application of Isoproterenol (p>0.05) (n=9Sertoli cells). Isoproterenol produces a rapid hyperpolarization on membrane potential of Sertoli cells. This effect was blocked by tolbutamide, indicating that the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors involves opening of K+ATP channels in the membrane of Sertoli cells from immature rat testes. PTX,when applied topically prior to application of isoproterenol did not prevent the characteristic hyperpolarization caused by isoproterenol. The hyperpolarizing action of isoproterenol is independent of Gi protein. PTX does not prevent the uptake of 45Ca2+ stimulated by isoproterenol. The cholera toxin, which stimulates Gs protein, does not stimulate 45Ca2+ uptake in Sertoli cells from immature rats.

Androgens are essential for the maintenance of male health and wellbeing. A disturbance in androgen signalling has been associated with a number of clinically relevant disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and metabolic disorders as well as infertility. Primarily produced in the testis in males, the actions of androgens are mediated through binding to androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. The somatic cells of the testis are known to have a number of key roles in both testis function and development and the Sertoli, Leydig and Peritubular Myoid cells are known to express AR in adulthood. It is through AR that some testicular functions are mediated; for example, the Sertoli cells support of complete spermatogenesis with Sertoli cell androgen receptor knockout (SCARKO) testis demonstrating a halt of spermatogenesis before meiosis. However, how androgen signalling is impacting testicular function through each of the somatic cell types is not yet fully understood. Currently, treatments for male reproductive disorders such as hypogonadism (low androgens) and infertility are limited to treatment of the symptoms; using androgen replacement therapy and in vitro fertilisation techniques. This has been, up until recently, a result of a lack of understanding of the causes of these conditions and a lack of resources able to treat them, with research suggesting that a genetic component may be responsible in a number of cases. However, due to the limited genetic investigation diagnosis of men with male reproductive disorders, the wider understanding of the genetics underpinning male hypogonadism and infertility is incomplete. Developments in technology for the investigation and editing of the genetic code are triggering a surge in the exploration of genetic disorders and, in parallel, into the fields of gene delivery vectors and editing technologies. These technologies will allow an expansion into the knowledge and understanding of genetic disorders whilst simultaneously affording the opportunity to exploit this understanding for the development of therapeutics. There have been a small handful of previous studies using technologies such as viral vectors to target the testicular somatic cells and deliver exogenous transgenes with the purpose of both gene editing and repair, all with varying degrees of success. Here, techniques to introduce and target the Leydig and Sertoli cells were investigated to determine the most appropriate methodology for gene delivery to and manipulation of the testis. Refinement of injections into the interstitial compartment were carried out before introducing lentiviral vectors and targeting of Leydig cells was validated and optimised. Lentiviral vectors are able to permanently integrate into the host cell. Surprisingly, analysis of testis post lentiviral injection determined that the lentiviral targeted Leydig cells began to undergo apoptosis one week post injection and were subsequently cleared from the testis after ten days. Contrastingly, this was not the case when adenoviral vectors were introduced into the interstitial compartment, with Leydig cells continuing to express the delivered reporter transgene and, importantly, not expressing markers of apoptosis, ten days post injection. This would suggest that using adenoviral vectors to target the Leydig cell population in the adult testis would be more appropriate than using lentiviral vectors. Previous studies have successfully used lentiviral vectors to target the Sertoli cells in the adult testis via the introduction of the particles through the efferent duct. However, this can result in damage to efferent duct, resulting in blockages and subsequently the seminiferous tubules. To circumvent this, introduction of the lentiviral particles through the rete compartment of the testis at a range of lower injection pressures was examined and injecting at a lower pressure through the rete testis was found to reduce the likelihood of introducing negative impacts on testicular histology when targeting the seminiferous tubules. Using these refined methods of introducing lentiviral vectors, targeted Sertoli cells stably expressed the delivered transgene for up to one year post injection. Using viral vector delivered transgenes for both the investigation of testicular genetic disorders and for the development of therapeutics has great potential. To explore this potential, we first generated a mouse model in which AR was ablated from both the Leydig and Sertoli cells using Cre/LoxP technology, termed the SC-LC-ARKO. Alongside providing a potential model to 'repair' with viral vectors, the SC-LC-ARKO model also provided an additional model for comparison with other models exhibiting ablation of AR from both single somatic cell types and double somatic cell types. This further enabled a characterisation of the roles of AR in adult testicular function, with results suggesting that loss of AR from more than one cell type results in an additive phenotype when compared to single cell knock outs. Despite providing further insight into the roles of AR in the testis, further analysis of the Cre line used to generate the SC-LC-ARKO model indicated that a small number of Leydig cells were expressing the Cre recombinase, resulting in only a small population of Leydig cells with ablated AR. Considering this, to explore the potential of rescuing Sertoli cell AR using lentiviral vectors, we then utilised an already well characterised Sertoli Cell AR knockout (SCARKO) model. Lentiviral vectors expressing mouse AR and monomeric GFP (moeGFP) downstream of a CMV promoter were generated and injected into the rete testis of WT and SCARKO adult (day 100) males at low pressure. The contralateral testis was injected with a lentiviral vector expressing moeGFP alone (also downstream of a CMV promoter) using the same technique. Analysis of testis sections revealed a reintroduction of AR to Sertoli cells in 100% of SCARKO testis injected with lentivirus expressing mouse AR. As a result of this re-expression of AR in Sertoli cells, 66% of the testis injected with lentivirus expressing mouse AR had evidence of morphologically mature elongated spermatids, indicative of ongoing spermatogenesis. These results suggest that a rescue of the infertility phenotype reported in previous studies of SCARKO testis. Also demonstrated is the reversal of the SCARKO testicular phenotype in tubules targeted by the mAR expressing lentiviral vector. This suggests that absence Sertoli cell AR throughout development does not have a permanent impact on the Sertoli cells capacity to support spermatogenesis in adulthood following rescue of SC AR expression in adulthood. In summary, the results of these studies have provided a refinement in the methodologies for targeting the Sertoli and Leydig cells of the adult testis with viral vectors as well as demonstrating successful rescue of a previously reported mouse model exhibiting infertility through reintroduction of a functional gene. Alongside this, comparisons of AR knockout models have afforded insight into maintenance of testis function through AR.

Orientador: Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano / Banca: Flávia Karina Delella / Banca: Glaura Scantamburlo / Resumo: A infertilidade acomete 10-15% dos casais em idade reprodutiva e o fator masculino pode ser responsável por 30-50% dos casos. A fertilidade masculina e o processo de espermatogênese estão diretamente relacionados à capacidade das células de Sertoli em produzir fatores determinantes para o desenvolvimento das células germinativas. Apenas as célulasde Sertolipossuem receptores paratestosteronaeFSHe, portanto, estascélulassão as principais reguladoras da espermatogênese. Estudos sugerem que 60-70% dos casos de infertilidade masculina são considerados idiopáticos, uma vez que os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na espermatogênese ainda são desconhecidos. Estudos recentes relatam que homens oligozoospérmicos apresentam mudança no padrão de metilação do DNA nos espermatozoides,nas regiões que controlam a expressão dos genes regulados por imprintingH19 e IGF-2. Um dos grandes responsáveis para a alteração do padrão de metilação desses genes são os fatores ambientais, especialmente compostos orgânicos de alta toxicidade, como o 2,3,7,8- Tetraclorodibenzo-p-dioxina (TCDD). Modelos experimentais de exposição (camundongos) demonstraram que o TCDD ocasiona baixa contagem espermática e atraso na puberdade. O presente estudo correlacionou a ação do composto TCDD sobre as células de Sertoli humanas (in vitro) e sua ação na região controladoras de imprinting (ICR1) dos genes H19 e IGF-2. Inicialmente foi realizada a caracterização da amostra em estudo e foi constatado que esse tipo celular apresentrameilação entre 0 a 25% e é homozigota para os sítios polimórficos dos SNPsrs2839704 e rs10732516. Após 48 de exposição ao TCDD obervou-se tendência de aumento da metilação global do DNA da linhagem HSeC e discreto aumento da metilação dos sítios 4 e 7 de ligação do fator CTCF. A análise da expressão dos genes H19 e IGF2 deve ser finalizada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Infertility affects 10-15% of couples on reproductive age and male factor may be responsible for 30-50% of cases. Male fertility and the spermatogenesis process are directly related to the ability of Sertoli cells to produce factors for germ cells development. Only Sertoli cells have receptors for testosterone and FSH, and therefore, these cells are the main regulators of spermatogenesis. Studies suggest that 60-70% of male infertility cases are considered idiophatic, once molecular mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis are still unknown. Recent studies report that oligozoospermic men showed an alteration of the DNA methylation pattern in the sperm, specifically in regions that control gene expression of genes regulated by imprinting: H19 and IGF2. Largely responsible for changing the methylation pattern of these genes are environmental factors, specialy organic compounds with high toxicity, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD). Experimental models of exposure (mice) showed that TCDD causes low sperm count and delayed puberty. This study correlated the action of the compound TCDD on human Sertoli cells (in vitro) and its action on imprinted control region region (ICR1) of H19 and IGF-2 genes. It was initially performed the sample characterization and it was found that this cell type shows methylation between 0-25% and it is homozygous for the polymorphic sites of SNPs rs2839704 and rs10732516. After 48h of exposure to TCDD we observed a trend to increase global DNA methylation in HSEc lineage and also a slight increase in methylation status in the CTCF binding sites 4 and 7. Analysis of H19 and IGF2 expression must be completed to the best correlation between changes in the DNA methylation pattern and expression of these genes. Despite the important results obtained in this work, it is necessary to deepen the studies involving toxic agents such as TCDD and changes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Abstract not available

The Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ) of the seminiferous epithelium is important for the developmental process of spermatogenesis as it separates germ cells in the seminiferous tubules from the general circulation in the testicular interstitium. Absence of the TJ leads to spermatogenic arrest and infertility. TJs form at puberty as circulating gonadotrophins luteinising hormone/testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone increase. Several studies have demonstrated hormonal regulation of the two major TJ proteins, claudin-11 and occludin, and also of TJ function in vitro and in vivo. Men with low levels of circulating gonadotrophins exhibit an immature and dysfunctional TJ phenotype, which is reversed upon the exogenous application of gonadotrophins. This thesis hypothesises that claudin-11 and occludin are the major contributors to TJ function, and that gonadotrophins regulate TJ function and structure via these two proteins in several species including humans. This PhD was divided into four separate studies to address these hypotheses. The first study selectively silenced the genetic expression of claudin-11 and occludin with small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cultured immature rat Sertoli cells to determine their contribution to Sertoli cell TJ function in vitro. siRNA treatment against either protein significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced TJ function by ~50% as assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance. Immunocytochemistry displayed marked reductions in the localisation of these proteins to the TJ after siRNA treatment. It was concluded that both proteins significantly contributed to TJ function in vitro. The second and third studies then aimed to study hormonal regulation of the TJ in vivo. Weekly injections of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist acyline were used to suppress circulating gonadotrophins and spermatogenesis in adult rats. Acyline treatment disrupted i) the localisation of occludin to the TJ and ii) TJ function as shown by permeability to a biotin tracer, which was impermeable to TJs in controls. Short-term hormone replacement partially restored the effects of gonadotrophin suppression. It was concluded that gonadotrophins regulate the maintenance of the TJ in rats in vivo. The third study used the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse, which is a naturally occurring model of gonadotrophin deficiency with inactive spermatogenesis. Claudin-11 in hpg mice was not localised at the TJs, and these were dysfunctional as shown by permeability to biotin. Following hormone treatment, TJs were structurally and functionally competent, demonstrating that gonadotrophins also regulate the formation of TJs in vivo. The fourth study subsequently analysed TJs in gonadotrophin suppressed men, and it was found that claudin-11 staining was reduced from continuous bands in control men, to punctate staining in gonadotrophin-suppressed men, demonstrating that gonadotrophins also regulate the localisation of claudin-11 to the TJ in men in vivo. In summary, it is concluded that the Sertoli cell TJ is hormonally regulated, and that the major contributors to TJ function in vivo and in vitro are claudin-11 and occludin. It is hypothesised that the reduction of claudin-11 localisation to the TJ in men may also result in a loss of human Sertoli cell TJ function, suggesting that the TJ may be a potential target of hormonal contraception in men.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 138-155) Also available in print.