This Master's Thesis "The Role of a Nurse in the Care of a Patient's Nutrition" is written in a purely theoretical plane, deals with the basic pillar of the existence of the human organism the correct and sufficient nutrition of a human, and studies the extent of an involvement of the general nurse in satisfying biological, psychological aspects of patient's nutrition in the nursing process. The topic of nutrition plays an important part of the complete spectrum of each medical expertise. The satisfaction of patient's need for nutrition in all of the stages of his life is a part of a nurse's job in a nursing process not only in Intensive Care Units, Resuscitation Care Units and Standard Care Departments, but even in Geriatric Units and Social Care Institutes. The thesis is methodically divided into separate parts, each logically following its preceding one. In the Introduction we define malnutrition as a global medicinal and social problem, introduce principles and theoretical starting points of an organisation of an optimal nutrition care and introduce international activities, which contribute to creating guidelines using the Evidence Based Practice method, and implementation of effective methods in providing complex care of a patient's nutrition in medical facilities and institutes of social care. We follow with the summarisation of basic nutrients, emphasising their importance for the right function of a human body, and negative effects of their insufficiency in the food intake. The thesis presents an algorithm of an evaluation of a patient's nutrition state in a nursing process, comparing available screening standardised questionnaires, which are usable in detecting sings of a malnutrition. We present the possibilities of food fortification, specify targets of nutritional support in medical facilities, focusing on indications, benefits, risks and paths of application of enteral and parenteral nutrition, and provide complete summary of nutritional interventions in the context of nursing care, which is oriented on ensuring the food intake. In the Conclusion, we identify those aspects of the patient's nutrition care, which are hard to fulfil and realise, and those psychological and social-cultural aspects, which the nurse can in the nursing process satisfy only when using holistic and empathetic approach. The altruistic, but controversial and ethical-philosophical topic represents not initiating or ending the interventions of nutritional support, where this decision respects principles of beneficence and non-maleficence of The Hippocratic Oath, the quality of a patient's life and human dignity.

Nursing has been perceived as an inseparable part of our lives since time out of mind. Its development and the difficulties that its supporters had to face are historically demonstrable facts, which influenced the overall perception of nursing through various periods of the human race development. The historical view of nursing is important from the point of view of the understanding to nursing, its concept and namely its mission. The thesis "The Changing Concept of Nursing" has a theoretical character and its aim is to analyse the concept of nursing across history and to highlight its importance. The thesis is conceived as an analytical study with consequent elaboration of an interpretative text.

Hirudotherapy is one of the alternative methods that is nowadays being experienced again. It is a very old method that was used in the Middle Ages, when healers placed a leech on the wound. The European medicinal leeche is used because its saliva contains many bioactive substances that help with vascular diseases, affect stomach secretion, and break down blood clots. Among other things, saliva of this leech has antibacterial, antibiotic and anticoagulant effects. The main aim of this thesis was to increase the awareness of people about hirudotherapy and its beneficial influence on the human organism. From this main goal, we set four other objectives, namely to map the opinions of respondents on hirudotherapy, then to map the effect of hirudotherapy on the health of respondents. The third one was to find out what information is required by respondents undergoing hirudotherapy and find out what knowledge and skills a nurse must have as a hirudotherapy therapist. The first part of the diploma thesis is theoretical, where we focus on definitions of individual terms, i.e. hirudotherapy, alternative medicine, etc. The latest news in this area are added in the individual chapters. In the research part of the thesis we evaluate the interviews conducted with the patients who have undergone hirudotherapy. The work is supplemented by individual case reports of patients and photographic documentation of each case. In addition, we are attempting to summarize the latest findings and trends in hirudotherapy with the intention of motivating the reader to believe that real scientific progress is taking place in this area, from which a positive shift in hirudotherapy can be derived in the future. The research part of the thesis was realized on the basis of a qualitative survey. Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews. Interviews with patients were conducted in three stages. In the first stage, we interviewed patients before hirudotherapy. The second stage was focused on interviews with patients during hirudotherapy, where we asked about the patient's concerns and feelings and informed about regimens after therapy. At the last stage after the end of the application, we evaluated the effect of hirudotherapy on the organism, whether the problem had improved and if so, whether to continue in hirudotherapy. The results of the survey show that in most cases, hirudotherapy patients were positively affected. Each patient experienced some improvement in health. If the problem had not been solved with hirudotherapy, we managed to improve something else in these patients. Surprisingly, most patients were actively seeking information about this issue before completing hirudotherapy. The results of this thesis point to the fact that hirudotherapy is largely unknown to most of the population. Most of the participating patients learned about hirudotherapy from us. For example, many of them thought that the leech only sucked blood and did not know its main function. Another important finding was that hirudotherapy should be performed by an experienced hirudotherapy therapist, in the best case a trained medical practitioner. In case of allergic reactions to hirudotherapy and high bleeding, various complications could be avoided.

From the nursing care point of view, health represents one of the most basic terms. Many authors claim as priority, that nurse is endowed with knowledge concerning health, illness, patients' as well as her own values on the understanding effective managing of the skills from the fields of systematic observation, effective communication, the ability to show willingness to help and permanent recording of patients´ state of health. As well as many theoreticians, every individual recalls something else under the term "health". Therefore, it is needed to be patterned on the definition of health, helping to understand human actions and human own health. Aim of the research method was to find out, what specific interventions can be used by nurses in the field of the hospitalised patients' health on the basis of this value disruption. To reach this aim, it was necessary to divide the research into several fields, namely how the value of health is perceived by the hospitalised patients, what is their scale of values when they are hospitalised, what values were significant for the patient before his hospitalisation and how does the hospitalisation affect the patients´ scale of values during the hospitalisation in view on the future life after the discharge. From the patients´ point of view, it was crucial to recognize, what aspects within nurses´ nursing activity are the most essential in connection with hospitalisation and his state of health and also what options nurse has got to saturate the value of health. The other group of respondents was concentrated on nursing staff. Crucial intention was to discover, how do the nurses perceive possible affection of patients´ scale of values in connection with hospitalisation and how do they perceive their own possibilities in saturation of this value. Methodology: For the research method, the method of qualitative research and data analysis has been chosen by using half-structured interviews. The first part of the interviews was aimed at patients, who have been admitted on surgical, rehabilitation and traumatological ward without any even more specific determination. The second parts of the interviews were held with nurses in same wards. The data collecting took place in January and February 2018 directly in medical facility. After data satiety, categorisation has been proceeded by using opened coding namely by method "paper-and-pencil". Results: On the basis of qualitative method of research, several interesting findings came out. Only one respondent perceives his health from a holistic point of view, as being stated in the worldwide respected WHO definition of health. It was also confirmed, that the value of health is not for every patient the priority value in comparison with other values. Also the value of health perception from time point of view relates to it. It has been proved, that the hospitalisation on its own or development of problems leading to hospitalisation, has caused a change in a positive way in perceiving the value of health within almost one half of the respondents. But there were individuals among the respondents, who do not feel any difference and do not assume one. Asked patients have also proved that the hospitalisation is a crucial event, leading them to being aware of the circumstances causing the hospitalisation. Consequences of the experienced emotions are different expectations from themselves and nurses. It was also discovered, that the patients demand different approach and interest of the nurse, so that the most effective saturation of value of health can be achieved. Nurses did acknowledge the value of health as priority, even though they could not find any feasible solution, how to attend properly to this value also in practice. Although they perceive the value of health a

This thesis focuses on the fluid replacement therapies and the use of blood products in intensive care which is part of the daily routine for the mutidisciplinary team on intensive care including the intensive care nursing staff. These therapies span wide array of functions, including but not limited to fluid status management, electrolyte replacement and optimisation, therapeutic purposes and the delivery of nutritional requirements. The administration of blood products is vital in modern day medicine, partyicularly in the intensive care setting, and although there has been significant improvements in the standard of safety it is not completely without risk. The role of the intensive care nurse is vital not only in the preparation and administraton of blood products but also to watch for potential complications and side effects that may arise. They are also responsible for meticulous care of venous access ports as these are frequently used in the intensive care setting and must be well looked after to ensure patency and to prevent infection. This thesis is divided into parts in an attempt to cover the main issues surrounding fluid managemnet and the administration of blood products. The first part aims to summarise the relevant physiology underlying fluid balance, transfusion medicine and homeostasis. Next, based on reviewing the current literature, we aim to describe the current terminology approaches to fluid management and summarise the most commonly used products. The following sections are written with a focus on nursing care the tasks involved and their responsibilities and an overview of the possible complications that may arise with fluid replacement strategies. The important aspects of transfusion medicine are described by first defining the available blood products commonly used on intensive care followed by the basic principles underpinning the indications for their usage. We go on further to highlight the possible complications of these respective therapies and what nursing staff should be vigilant for when involved in the care of patients receiving blood products. We also address the role of the nurse in the care of the patient in hypovolemic shock. This encompasses the principles and therapies previously described in an acute setting. We describe the principles of management of such patients together with the clinical implications and practical considerations that need to be taken into account. We also focus on the particular responsibilities of the nurse in the care of such patients on intensive care. At the end of this thesis we summarised the safe concept of intravenous therapy. The second aim of this paper was based on the literature search to summarise and compare modern trends in fluid management.

The diploma thesis titled " Child palliative care from a child nurse's perspective" responds to the current state of child palliative care in society. The aim of the work was to map childhood palliative care from the viewpoint of child nurses based on theoretical background. The thesis was elaborated as theoretical using the method of synthesis, explanation and comparison. The chapter titled Child Palliative Care has described what child care palliative care is and what it does. In addition, there have been described diseases that can be found in palliative care, as well as principles, levels and forms of child palliative care, pain, dying and death. However, the child's family in palliative care and the nurse's role in this care have not been omitted. In the second chapter entitled Child Palliative Care in the Czech Republic, the current state of child palliative care in our country, obstacles and accessibility were described,. Further, all three conferences that took place in our country and all the hospices that specialize in children and their visions in our country were described in the chapter. In the last chapter entitled Child Palliative Care in the World, the development of the hospice movement in the world, the development and the current state of child palliative care outside the territory of the Czech Republic were described. The work could serve as a comprehensive source of information on child palliative care. It could also serve as a basis for creating articles, new research or new theories.

This thesis focuses on general nurses' knowledge of dietary and fluid restrictions in haemodialysis patients. It consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. Theoretical part overviews the kidney anatomy, physiology, renal failure, education, psychosocial circumstances, current options of haemodialysis treatment, dietary and fluid restrictions in haemodialysis patients. The information in the theoretical part comes from the National Medical Library's resources as well from the electronic sources obtained via Medline, PubMed and Web of Science. Quantitative research in the form of voluntary, anonymous questionnaire using polar questions was used for the elaboration of the practical part of the thesis. In total, 200 questionnaires were distributed. 162 of them were returned and 12 of these were discarded for incompleteness. Respondents were recruited among general nurses from haemodialysis centres and intensive care units. Five hypotheses were stated prior to the statistical processing of the data and the results are evaluated in the discussion section. The aim of the thesis was to assess the level general nurses' knowledge in the area of dietary and fluid restrictions in haemodialysis patients. The patients' options for acquiring information on this topic as well as who is the most common...

The main diploma thesis purpose is mapping of current nurse social and professional status from nurse point of view in scope of their subjective sensation of occupation prestige. Mainly we are speaking about monitoring of their work contents changes as well as their bossiness position changes and also community position changes.

This survey assignment is orientated towards subjects closely linked to each other to establish how NHS nurses in the Czech Republic perceive ethnic minorities. What are the opinions on tuition of multicultural nursing and if there are any differences between university and college educated nurses? It was established that the better-educated influences viewed an importance in multicultural nursing. The next aim of this research was to monitor knowledge of nurses working in areas of multicultural nursing and how they prepare to meet their clients. Also if introduction of carer models is needed in preparation. Multicultural education has already been introduced in colleges, but is lacking evidence how effective this is in practice. Even though nurses are dissatisfied with the obligatory lifelong education (mainly because it is an involuntary system), this is still a necessary way to complete their training, especially the older nurses. The last phase of study was investigating the knowledge of nurses caring for clients from China and their awareness of the Chinese culture. Again, the differences between university and college educated nurses was evaluated. The second hypothesis determined that the level of education did not play a role in this survey, the nurses had no particular knowledge of Chinese clients or any special care that would be needed. Collecting of all information was carried out by the usual method of survey forms. Rating the statistically important results was achieved by using the ``Pearsons {$\omega$}- square test{\crqq}. This is a method of maximum credibility and a ``Fishers exact test{\crqq}. The statistic analyses proved that the first hypothesis did not confirm the second hypothesis. This survey assignment showed the importance of introducing multicultural education at college level and no later, And also the importance of stimulating students in taking more interest in other cultures. My work on this subject revealed that there is no awareness of specific care required when dealing with Chinese clients, hypothetically because of the lack of exact and scientific literature of this minority living in Czech Republic.

This work is focusing on questions of for-social behavior and altruism of nurses. For-social behavior is an important social phenomenon, such an antipole of non-provoked agresivity and probably of all other bad behavior (asocial, antisocial) . It is such behavior that keeps social bindings and that makes us closer one another. For-social behavior is characterized by acts done in favor of others without expectation of reward (financial, material) or social approval. In the first part of the diploma paper, there is outlined question of for-social behavior at theoretical level. Here is defined the term of for-social behavior, altruism, empathy with effort to answer the question why we help others, under what conditions, circumstances and to whom. The intention of this work consists in exploration-description of for-social behavior of nurses. The work deals with scale of empathy, altruism and affiliation of nurses in comparison with women non-working in helping professions. Furthermore, there is investigated the ability of nurses to cope with stress and that is measured by means of optimism scale. I did four hypotheses, all of which proved to be right. I used a method of questionnaire in terms of quantified research. Each hypothesis was based on its own separate questionnaire in question form. It was 200 question forms in total, 100 forms for nurses and the same for women non-working in helping professions as a control group. 174 filled forms were given back. The basic group was formed by 88 nurses and the control group by 86 non-nurses. The outcome of questionnaire research is that nurses show higher measure of empathy, altruism and affiliation than women non-working in helping professions. The nurses were also proved to be less adaptable to stress than non-nurses.