The 19th century saw great changes occurring in the political organisation as well as the demographical distribution of the people living within southern Africa. These changes would lead to the creation of the ikhanda (plural amakhanda) settlement form which was unique in both its organisation and demographic composition. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the study of settlements within southern Africa, with the main settlement model, the Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) coming under continued criticism. The aim of this study was to create a structural model for the organisation of an ikhanda settlement by drawing from ethnographic, historical and archaeological sources. This model was then compared with homesteads (imizi) within Kwa-Zulu Natal in order to determine whether an ikhanda can be distinguished from an umuzi, archaeologically. This study identified a number of differences which would potentially enable archaeologists to distinguish between amakhanda and other settlements. This model indicated that an ikhanda was organised into three structural sections namely the central enclosure, regimental housing and isigodlo; each of which was used for very specific purposes. Additionally, this study was able to identify and explain the functionality of previously unexplained features observed in the original excavations at uMgungundlovu. Despite sharing many similarities with settlements constructed according to the CCP model, the ikhanda’s unique organisation and function illustrate the limitations of using the CCP model as an umbrella term for all southern African settlements. The simultaneous existence of CCP-based imizi alongside amakhanda undermines the static nature that southern African settlements are believed to have had; indicating that superficial physical appearances may actually hide significant social, demographic and structural differences. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria,2015. / Anthropology and Archaeology / Unrestricted

Archaeological surveys using the subsurface testing method known as “shovel-testing” have been performed sporadically across the Bienville National Forest in central Mississippi. However; no research-oriented analysis has ever been performed for this area. The Bienville National Forest is located primarily in two physiographic regions: the Jackson Prairie and the Southern Pine Hills. These two regions are distinctly different in topography, soils, and vegetation. No settlement pattern study has been performed in the Jackson Prairie and it has been viewed as an area of low probability. Soils in this region are often heavy clays with high shrink/swell capabilities and poor drainage. In this thesis, I attempt to construct an initial analysis by looking at the duration of occupations and their placement in the landscape through time in order to determine whether the Jackson Prairie played any important role in the choice of habitation locations by prehistoric populations.

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No / The loch-side settlement of Druim nan Dearcag has been shown by excavation to date to the 16th-17th centuries AD, when it formed part of a dispersed settlement pattern in north-west North Uist. Elements of this settlement system were subsequently truncated by ridge-and-furrow cultivation associated with the cleared township or 'baile' of Foshigarry. The site produced rare structural and artefactual evidence for this period of Hebridean history and may help shed some light on the development of settlement patterns, house types and land use in the late medieval and post-medieval periods.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Umeå, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 280-285).