No description available.

No description available.

This study examines the evidence for later prehistoric and Romano-British settlement in the four counties of north east England. The aim is to explore the ways in which landscape archaeology can be used to gain an understanding of social interaction. The work is essentially a theoretical study although it derives from a comprehensive survey of the empirical evidence. It stresses the importance of the conceptual framework within which archaeological research is undertaken and aims to show that approaches currently employed in this area fail to explore the full potential of the existing data set. The survey therefore begins with a critical assessment of that data set and the factors both natural and anthropogenic which have affected the existing record. Comprehending the use of space is seen as fundamental to understanding past society. An initial analysis of settlement morphology is developed into a series of studies examining spatial patterning on a variety of scales. Quantitative techniques for the analysis of patterning at inter and intra-site levels are introduced. The observed patterns are seen to relate to social organisation and different social formations across space and time are identified. The idea that the environment and hence the economy, played a deterministic role in the settlement history of this area is rejected. The environmental background and its economic potential are examined in some detail and it is suggested that economic activity was directed by social relations. Observed differences in farming practice throughout the region are discussed in terms of social relations of production and the groupings which emerge show a strong correlation with the social formations identified by spatial analysis. The results of this work serve to build up a picture of the organisation of social groups at the settlement level and their interaction with neighbouring groups. Possible directions for further work are suggested.

There is a dominant theoretical perception that squatter settlements in cities of most developing countries result from the mass migration of the poor, rural population to urban areas where they mostly end up squatting. Many observers believe most squatters to be new, rural to urban migrants who fail to earn enough to support themselves - especially within urban legal or formal housing markets. Such a belief also often prompts government authorities to take firm action against squatter settlers. The action is often forceful and cruel, like squatter demolition and eviction, and can even extend to governments restricting movement from rural to urban areas through their migration policies. The aim of this study is to test the above conceptual views through an examination of squatter settlements in Phnom Penh city. It is based on the two hypotheses that the main reason for squatting is for reasons other than searching for cheaper accommodation; and secondly that most squatters are not poor, new, rural to urban migrants. In other words, there is no relationship between squatting and the status of squatters' migration and level of wealth. Unlike the dominant theoretical views mentioned earlier, the findings of this study shows that in the case of squatter settlements in Phnom Penh city most squatters are long-term and not necessarily the poorest residents compared to slum dwellers and even the rest of the urban population. Thus, new rural-Phnom Penh migrants are not the main cause of the existence and growth of the city's squatter settlements. It further shows that most squatters are only the indirect squatters (rented tenants and buyers), which implies that squatter landlords invade the land for mere commercial purposes rather than in a search for cheaper accommodation. The study therefore suggests that the widely criticised government policies of demolition and eviction hardly touch the problems and only have effect on the indirect squatters. The direct squatters or land invaders, however, enjoy almost immunity of prosecution by land owners and the government and even if there is squatter evacuation programme, they do not suffer from such legal action since they have already made enough profits from selling and renting properties to the second squatter settlers (or indirect squatters).

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the causes and consequences of intra-urban relocation of squatter settlements. The process of removal and resettlement of land invasions is analyzed in the light of past and contemporary experiences within the context of the developing countries, and a theoretical background is presented as a support for the main argument of the study. The urban network of Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, was selected as case study to illustrate the use of resettlement as a planning instrument and to discuss the impact that such undertakings bring upon the relocated communities. The study demonstrates how the development style adopted by the local government, which combines clearance and relocation of squatter settlements with a strong emphasis on peripheral development, has resulted in the formation of a highly dissociating environment, in which the practice of land invasion has become the primary strategy of poor dwellers to achieve land tenure.

Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (doctoral)--Christian-Albrecht-Universität zu Kiel.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of London, 1940. / Reprint of original ed., Kuala Lumpur, 1947.