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The present research was a theory building endeavor which utilized the concept of occupational community. This study had a dual focus, causes of occupational communities and occupational solidarity. The causes of occupational communities (work groups which have distinct work and leisure overlap, occupationally based reference groups, and strong sense of separation from outsiders) were specified through an examination of sociological literature on eighteen occupations. The most notable finding from this was that causes of occupational communities were such that we can expect these work structures to emerge well into the future. The second aim was to generate theory about occupational solidarity. Causal factors were integrated into a constructive typology which theorized that solidarity and control were major social facts in occupational communities. Solidarity was seen serving to bind workers to one another, while control secured workers into work roles. Control could be internal or external to the occupational community, depending upon whether or not the workers in the community had power and autonomy to regular their work and enforce boundaries. Solidarity was theorized to be either dynamic or static. Dynamic solidarity was seen as dialectically related to control forces, that is, sometimes conflicting with control, or at least in a state of "anxiety." Static solidarity, the opposite of dynamic, was a type coterminous with control forces and did not offer any resistance. The main conclusion was that the dynamic-static solidarity, internal-external control theory may be applicable to all occupations within a capitalist economic structure. / Ph. D.

This thesis attempts to perform a comprehensive review on central place theory, a theory which describes the formation and distribution of cities and other settlements in the modern urban world. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Thesis (MAcc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to a number of legislative changes, the tax treatment of pension interest at divorce has become a complicated issue, as it is not only affected by the Income Tax Act, but also by the Pension Funds Act as well as the Divorce Act. Because these changes are still fairly new to the industry, there are still a couple of technical issues on which the industry is not clear. In practice there are many articles and writers trying to give some form of guidance regarding the technical issues of pension interest at divorce. The study will refer to case law that affected the changes made to the Pension Funds Act, which led to the institution of the “clean-break” principle. Some of the technical issues with regard to a payment of an award made to a non-member spouse by a divorce order will be included along with a discussion on difficulties and uncertainties arising from the “clean-break” principle. The focus of the study will then be directed towards changes made to the Income Tax Act. Specific reference will be made to the tax on an award made to a non-member spouse by a divorce order. In some cases the tax on such an award will be recovered from the member spouse. The Income Tax Act does however provide for a right of recovery, which will be discussed. The payment of the tax from the member’s individual reserve however constitutes an additional accrual according to the Income Tax Act, which leads to a tax-on-tax issue. A discussion on GN33 will be included, as GN33 addresses the tax-on-tax issue. A chapter on preservation funds is included, as it is important to understand the working of these funds on when a non-member spouse has the option to transfer his/her pension interest to such a fund. The study will then look at an inequitable position in which the member finds him/herself when party to a divorce order made before 13 September 2007. Due to the changes made to the Income Tax Act, a situation arose where the member spouse looses out on all or part of his/her R300 000 tax free benefit as allowed by the Income Tax Act for withdrawals from his/her retirement funds. The study will include considerations for financial planning. The industry is placing more and more emphasis on sound financial planning, and it is therefore important to understand the key considerations, which an advisor or a party to a divorce should consider. The study will include a discussion on some of the outstanding issues, which the industry expects the legislature to address in the near future. As the changes to the Income Tax Act are ever changing and the discussion on pension interest at divorce is still a new topic under discussion, the industry is keeping an eye on the expected changes from the finance ministry and the legislature. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van ’n aantal veranderinge in wetgewing, het die belastinghantering van pensioenbelang by egskeiding ’n ingewikkelde kwessie geword, aangesien dit nie net deur die Inkomstebelastingwet beïnvloed word nie, maar ook deur die Pensioenfondswet sowel as die Egskeidingswet. Die studie sal verwys na regspraak wat aanleiding gegee het tot die veranderinge wat in die Pensioenfondswet gemaak is en wat gelei het tot die instelling van die “skoon-breuk”-beginsel. Sommige van die tegniese vrae wat betref die betaling van ’n toekenning aan ’n nie-lid-gade by ’n egskeidingsbevel sal ingesluit word saam met ’n bespreking van probleme en onsekerhede wat uit die “skoon-breuk”-beginsel voortspruit. Die fokus van die studie sal dan gerig word op veranderinge wat in die Inkomstebelastingwet aangebring is. As gevolg van veranderinge in wetgewing op spesifieke datums, word ’n toekenning wat aan ’n nie-lid-gade gemaak is in terme van ’n egskeidingsbevel belas onder drie verskillende belastingregimes, afhangende van die datum van die egskeidingsbevel. Daar sal spesifiek verwys word na die belasting op ’n toekenning aan ’n nie-lid-gade. In sommige gevalle sal die belasting op so ’n toekenning verhaal word van die lid-gade. Die Inkomstebelastingwet maak egter voorsiening vir ’n verhalingsreg wat ook bespreek sal word. Die betaling van die belasting vanuit die lid-gade se minimum individuele reserwe word egter erken as ’n addisionele toevalling in terme van die Inkomstebelastingwet wat lei tot ’n belasting-op-belasting kwessie. GN33 sal bespreek word aangesien hierdie algemene nota die kwessie aanspreek. ’n Hoofstuk oor bewaringsfondse word ingesluit, aangesien dit belangrik is om die werking van hierdie fondse te verstaan wanneer ’n nie-lid-gade die opsie het om sy/haar pensioenbelang na so ’n fonds oor te dra. Die studie sal dan kyk na ’n onbillike posisie waarin die lid hom/haarself bevind as hy/sy party was by ’n egskeiding voor 13 September 2007. As gevolg van die veranderinge wat in die Inkomstebelastingwet aangebring is, het ’n situasie ontstaan waar die lid eggenoot ’n gedeelte van sy/haar R300 000 belastingvrye voordeel vir onttrekkings van sy/haar aftreefonds, verloor. Die studie sal oorwegings vir finansiële beplanning insluit. Die bedryf plaas al meer klem op omvattende finansiële beplanning en dit is dus belangrik om die deurslaggewende oorwegings waarmee ’n adviseur of ’n party by ’n egskeiding moet rekening hou, te verstaan. Ten slotte sal die studie ’n bespreking insluit van sommige uitstaande kwessies wat die industrie verwag die wetgewer in die toekoms moet aanspreek.

Shallow foundations rested on Leda clay that are widely distributed in Eastern Canada exhibit shrinkage characteristics and are prone to differential settlements. Due to this reason, significant repairs are necessary to the foundations and basements of residential structures constructed in Leda clay deposits. Differential settlements are commonly attributed to the changes in the natural water content of soils associated with water infiltration, evaporation or plant transpiration (i.e., tree-roots-suction). Various research studies have been undertaken to estimate the possible settlements of shallow foundations associated with the water infiltration or evaporation. Several thumb rules have been proposed through research studies, providing recommendations with respect to the distance at which trees must be planted as a function of their heights at maturity such that differential settlements can be avoided. However, limited studies have been carried out to estimate or model the settlements of shallow foundations taking into account the influence of tree-roots-suction. In the present research program, a comprehensive experimental study regarding the deformation characteristics of a sandy loam soil from Ottawa due to tree-root-suction is undertaken, using specially designed equipment. The study has been undertaken using a sandy loam soil so that the testing program can be conducted in a shorter period of time. An artificial rooting system (ARS) was designed and placed in a specially designed tank at the University of Ottawa to simulate tree-roots-suction and measure soil surface settlements associated with a decrease in natural water content (or increase in soil suction) using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The ARS consists of an artificial root, suction generator, matric suction and volumetric water content monitoring devices. The variation of matric suction and volumetric water content are monitored at various depths using the instrumentation of the ARS. Based on the results of the experimental studies, a methodology is proposed to model the settlement behaviour of sandy loam soils due to suction from ARS, using commercial finite element software, SEEP/W and SIGMA/W (i.e. software package of GeoStudio 2007). The study offers a reasonably good comparison between the measured surface settlements and those estimated using the finite element modelling analysis. The modelling methodology presented in this thesis is promising and may be extended for estimating the settlement behaviour associated with the tree roots suction of Leda clay deposits and to other soils.

by Lam Heung Sang. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves [175]-[183]

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2007. / Apartheid land policy and its constitution as a whole conceptualized and structured South African in a way that encouraged inequalities in terms of land ownership, job opportunities and access to education and recreational facilities. The privileged few (whites and a few black elites and whosoever summarized with the former apartheid regime) got richer and richer while the less privileged people, (in this case, the majority of the black people of South Africa) got poor. They were even denied reasonable access to land and quality education. This investigative study examines the state in which they lived and how they are still living in Squatter Camp as an attempt to make qualitatively justifiable recommendations. Informal settlement is as old as the origin of urban settlement, which existed through industrialization process worldwide. A need for peace, jobs, security, housing and land ownership resulted in the establishment of informal settlement near big towns and mines. The most disadvantaged people, those characterized by poverty due to unemployment, lack of land ownership due to one reason or another move to informally settle nearer to areas in which there are possibilities for employment opportunities and better standard of living. Specifically, this study examines the deficiencies associated with the existing informal settlement through its assessment and evaluation. In this regard all aspects of assessment techniques of the way in which inhabitants of Disteneng informal settlement live i.e. interviewing processes (both structured and informal), observation through site visit, checking of documented information with regard to informal settlement etc have been used. The gaps that exist between urban life and the living conditions of people from squatter camp have been investigated and reflected.

Shallow foundations rested on Leda clay that are widely distributed in Eastern Canada exhibit shrinkage characteristics and are prone to differential settlements. Due to this reason, significant repairs are necessary to the foundations and basements of residential structures constructed in Leda clay deposits. Differential settlements are commonly attributed to the changes in the natural water content of soils associated with water infiltration, evaporation or plant transpiration (i.e., tree-roots-suction). Various research studies have been undertaken to estimate the possible settlements of shallow foundations associated with the water infiltration or evaporation. Several thumb rules have been proposed through research studies, providing recommendations with respect to the distance at which trees must be planted as a function of their heights at maturity such that differential settlements can be avoided. However, limited studies have been carried out to estimate or model the settlements of shallow foundations taking into account the influence of tree-roots-suction. In the present research program, a comprehensive experimental study regarding the deformation characteristics of a sandy loam soil from Ottawa due to tree-root-suction is undertaken, using specially designed equipment. The study has been undertaken using a sandy loam soil so that the testing program can be conducted in a shorter period of time. An artificial rooting system (ARS) was designed and placed in a specially designed tank at the University of Ottawa to simulate tree-roots-suction and measure soil surface settlements associated with a decrease in natural water content (or increase in soil suction) using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The ARS consists of an artificial root, suction generator, matric suction and volumetric water content monitoring devices. The variation of matric suction and volumetric water content are monitored at various depths using the instrumentation of the ARS. Based on the results of the experimental studies, a methodology is proposed to model the settlement behaviour of sandy loam soils due to suction from ARS, using commercial finite element software, SEEP/W and SIGMA/W (i.e. software package of GeoStudio 2007). The study offers a reasonably good comparison between the measured surface settlements and those estimated using the finite element modelling analysis. The modelling methodology presented in this thesis is promising and may be extended for estimating the settlement behaviour associated with the tree roots suction of Leda clay deposits and to other soils.

&lsquo / Bag&rsquo / settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and reciprocally interact with Anatolian towns throughout centuries. This thesis presents the transforming setting of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements related to changing values and meanings through an ontological assessment. Therefore, the thesis assumes that the main values of spatial organization, farmland pattern, ecological formation, settlement character, socio-cultural structure and lifestyle of the inhabitants constitute the unique entity of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. In time, the pressures of changing socio-economic conditions have destroyed the interaction between Anatolian towns and &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. The thesis explains the changing role of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements, changing and conflicting land uses and the loss of unique &lsquo / bag&rsquo / character in the case of Mugla-Karabaglar. Karabaglar is a &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlement in the southwestern Turkey, where Mugla town residents live seasonally. It is a third grade natural site, the unique character, the natural and cultural assets and the lifestyle of which must be preserved. However, with transformation of the main values, meanings and practices, Karabaglar could no longer perpetuated its initial existence of being. Karabaglar is significant for two reasons: it has natural and cultural beings that need to be conserved, and as it still goes through a transformation process. The master&rsquo / s thesis of the author evaluated conservation plan of Karabaglar. Differently, this doctoral thesis evaluates the dynamics of the spatio-temporal transformation process in Karabaglar. It presents the changing role and significance of Karabaglar within the town-country continuum. This situation brings forward the conservation problematic of the character, landscape and uniqueness of Karabaglar. Within this respect, the thesis contributes to the literature of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements in terms of defining their being and changing role throughout the history.

This thesis recognises that quantitative research distances the researcher from the people who form part and parcel of squatter settlements. Therefore, in the course of analysing whether upgrading is a realistic option for the Ntchaweni squatter settlement, this qualitative study has not concerned itself with the activities of the inhabitants alone, or only with the buildings which house squatters, but investigates those units of experience within which physical form, activities and the degree of attachment that squatters have for the settlement of Ntchaweni are amalgamated to form place. A contention of this thesis if we are to plan successfully for squatter areas, it is necessary to understand that squatters have the potential to think and plan ahead for themselves. Squatter settlements are not necessarily the domain of criminals and unemployed people. The Ntchaweni squatter settlement is a complex place in which the inhabitants exhibit a strong attachment to the place.This validates the methodological emphasis on a people-place study of the squatter settlement, as does the acknowledged importance of community participation in upgrading schemes. In contrast, the "top-down" re-organising of squatter settlements into idealistic settlements conforming rigidly to some grand theory developed by technocrats cannot possibly help to alleviate the severe physical and social problems experienced in squatter areas. It is therefore necessary to arrive at a realistic option for the improvement of the Ntchaweni squatter settlement by analysing what the squatters perceive to be a suitable living environment. Any upgrading option for the Ntchaweni squatter settlement must also take into account the system which perpetrated the poor conditions evident in the study area. Within this context, the areal expansion of the Ntchaweni squatter settlement into its present size qualifies the notion that this place has an important function from a social, cultural and economic perspective. The historical development and the present political situation in the study area are both important considerations in a study which aims at investigating the betterment options for the area, be it site and service schemes or in situ upgrading. In order to gain a better understanding of squatter settlements, we must record both objective and subjective aspects of place. Together, these investigations put us into a position to discuss the possibilities for generating realistic options for designing and producing places suitable for human habitation in Ntchaweni. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1992.