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Cultural adaptation and rural migrant housingVarela-Michel, Manuel. January 1997 (has links)
The present study approaches Third World urbanization through a critical analysis of the cultural adaptation process of rural migrants (CAP). Social scientists identify the CAP as a transitional situation in which people must learn to function simultaneously in different cultural systems, typically circumscribed into a dual categorization: 'the traditional' versus 'the modern'. Taking place between these two conditions, the CAP is influenced and constrained by socio-economic macrostructures and processes that define cultural change. This thesis explores rural migrants' CAP by analyzing the material culture of Chalco, a squatter settlement located in the outskirts of Mexico City. / Self-help transformations of migrant housing produce a unique phenomenon. House forms and the selection of building materials, for instance, are defined not only by spatial or functional needs, but also by social priorities for adaptation. Preconceived aspects of housing evolution such as comfort or the reproduction of rural life are not necessarily priorities for migrants. On the contrary, the informants in Chalco favor the use of distinctive material signs that may help them to create their identity as urbanites. Hence, it is essential to view rural migrant housing as a physical expression of both residents' attempts to adapt to the urban culture (i.e., to participate in social mobility) and of the reproduction of social inequalities resulting from the nature of urbanization and development processes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Regularizing informal settlements for sustainable housing development for the urban poor : the case of Nairobi, Kenya.Diang'a, Stephen Onyango. January 2011 (has links)
In Kenya, as in most developing countries, the provision of adequate housing for the urban
poor has been an elusive exercise for the past five decades. Since the early 1960s when
serious concerns were raised over housing provision for low income groups and the
proliferation of slums and informal settlements, various intervention strategies have been
applied without much success. The failure of these interventions has been attributed to
high costs of implementation hindering their replication, and displacement of targeted
beneficiaries by better endowed income groups upon their completion. As a result, the
realised moderate density housing has been transforming into multi-storey housing with
intense densification. Housing and the built environment in general are realised within the
prevailing systems of social, physical, and economic, settings and are influenced by
development and urbanization trends. The purpose of this study therefore was to identify,
account and document the prevailing systems of settings and the embedded systems of
activities in the informal settlements that determine and sustain them in the city of Nairobi,
Kenya. The study analysed these systems at the city, the neighbourhood, and the dwelling
levels with the objective of establishing relevant systems of settings and their embedded
systems of activities appropriate for adaption in the regularization of informal settlements
for sustainable housing development for the urban poor in Nairobi.
Both qualitative and quantitative research methodology was utilised in this explorative
study. The research methodology applied entailed questionnaires, interviews, observations
and discussions. Three case study areas were selected representing three different settings
for informal settlements namely; informal settlement on government land with minimal
level of interventions; community based informal settlement upgraded for rental housing;
and site-and-service settlement informally transforming into multi-storey tenements.
Theories and concepts that informed this study include Environment-Behaviour Relations,
Environment-Attitude Relations, Sustainable Livelihoods, Social, and Market Theories.
The study was conducted in Mathare Valley informal settlement of Nairobi which is
located approximately six kilometres from the city centre. The settlement was selected
because of the varied informalities it hosts in addition to being the oldest informal
settlement in the city.
The findings of the study show that the social, economic and physical systems of settings
are crucial determinants of housing outcomes and determine the location, nature and
characteristics of these settlements including the activities they embody at the city, the
neighbourhood and the dwelling levels. Similarly, the study shows that the dwellers adapt
to the prevailing systems of settings in response to their livelihood constraints,
opportunities and capabilities. As a consequence, limitations arising from economic
constraints have led to the predominance of rental housing over owner-occupied housing.
Limited access to land has led to crowding and densification. Poverty and unemployment
has led to uncontrolled commercial activities within residential neighbourhoods.
The study recommends that intervention approaches spearheading regularization of
informal settlements commence by considering the problem of informal settlements at city
level where their recognition and acceptance is important. This should then be related to
job opportunities, ease of access to work, and other social amenities. At the
neighbourhood and dwelling levels where the two are intertwined, emphasis should be
given to maximum utilization of land and development of housing typologies that evolve
with economic improvement of the nation. The government and local authorities should
still be responsible for infrastructure development whereas private investors encouraged to
develop rental housing targeting the low-income groups and on land designated for such
purpose by the government. Market forces should be allowed to determine rent levels. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
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Network as a survival strategy : an ethnographic study of the social manoeuvres employed by a sample of twenty-five African men and women living in a core city informal settlement.Hirsch, Kirsty Louise. January 2002 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
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Traditional and nucleated settlements in Inkanyezi : a socio-economic evaluationShongwe, John Pempela. January 1987 (has links)
An attempt is made in this dissertation to evaluate the
quality of life of communities living in traditional
settlements and planned betterment schemes.
A comprehensive socio-economic survey was undertaken to
assess the developmental potential of both areas. The
dissertation also drew a comparison between the two
settlements in terms of their physical and human
capabilities.
Final analysis revealed that there are significant environmental
differences between the two settlements.
The communities differ markedly in terms of their land
use patterns, agricultural productivity, access to
amenities and services, social organization and environmental
perception.
Both settlements have strengths and deficiencies and
the latter beg serious attention. In this respect,
several policy statements and recommendations are made
in order that the lives of people in the rural areas of
KwaZulu are improved. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1987.
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Living on Durban's fringe : a study of the leisure styles of shack and peri-urban youth.Richards, Robin Francis. January 1994 (has links)
The study explored the leisure styles of peri-urban youth living on the fringe
of the city of Durban. Little is known about the leisure patterns of this
marginalised segment of the urban population and an aim of this study was
to begin to develop a knowledge-base using a holistic or multi-theme
approach. Data was collected on the leisure activities, attitudes and the
leisure setting of shack youth. Such information would be helpful in
understanding the role which leisure plays and could play in the social
development of shack youth.
The research methodology, comprising qualitative interviewing in phase one
(to gather contextual data) and a survey in phase two (to explore leisure
patterns quantitatively), complemented the holistic focus by examining
actors' leisure experiences and the wider leisure context.
To interpret the research findings, socio-psychological models of leisure
explained respondents' styles of leisure at the interpersonal level whilst at
the macro-spatial level, findings were contextualised in an apartheid city
'framework to show the way the historical context has shaped present
leisure patterns.
In the context of shack life, leisure was found to be a strategy for survival
and an alternative route to the satisfaction of higher order needs. Despite
environmental constraints, respondents identified socio-spatial opportunities
for leisure activities which they perceived to be freely chosen and enjoyable.
The study concluded that leisure is a valuable tool which social policy
makers and planners could use to develop the latent potential of young
shack dwellers. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.
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Informal housing delivery : assessing it's potential contribution in formulating enabling low income housing standards : the case of Kamatipa settlement in Kitwe, Zambia.Mwango, Mundashi Alexander. January 2006 (has links)
This study looks at the potential contribution of informal housing delivery in establishing enabling low-income housing standards in Kitwe, Zambia as a way of
addressing the shortage of adequate and affordable housing for the urban poor. Informal housing delivery is increasingly being seen as the urban poors' response to the chronic shortage of housing in most cities in developing countries. Proponents of informal housing delivery have been alluding to the many positive impacts that informal housing has on the poor households since the 1960's. This aspect is slowly gaining acceptance in many housing policies in developing countries that are now opting to work with rather than forcefully relocated informal dwellers.
The Zambia National Housing Policy set an ambitious list of objectives aimed at realising its goal of providing adequate and affordable housing to all income groups in the country, including the reform of housing standards which currently inhibit the incorporation of informal housing techniques and materials into conventional practices. However, there appears to be no framework within which this objective will be achieved. The study, therefore, investigated the positive attributes of informal housing delivery through a literature review of standards and general discourse and policies regarding traditional, informal and formal housing settlements. Through the literature review, a set of indicators was established to measure and analyse informal housing standards prevailing in Kamatipa, an informal settlement north of the city of Kitwe in Zambia and building regulations that substantially hinder the incorporation of these standards into conventional low-income housing standards. They study establishes a number of positive attributes of informal housing in
Kamatipa and the regulations that they contravene under current standards. It concludes by making recommendations towards establishing guidelines for
assimilating these positive elements in a reformed regulatory framework to achieve enabling low-income housing standards in the city and country. / Thesis (M.Housing)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.
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Alternatives to home ownership : rental and shared sub-markets in informal settlements, Resistencia, ArgentinaCoccato, Marcelo. January 1996 (has links)
Most developing countries have based their housing strategies on ownership. Approaches they have adopted, such as sites and services or upgrading schemes, rely basically on ownership through self-help. Yet, most of these efforts have proved inadequate to cope with the increasing demand for urban housing. In this context, informal settlements seem to provide the cheapest and more 'affordable' ownership options for the poor. Nevertheless, home ownership, even in its squatter form, demands time, investment, and long term commitment; a luxury that some households simply cannot afford. / Based on qualitative research conducted in three low income barrios of informal origin, this study looks at the kind of non-ownership-oriented solutions available for the poor in Resistencia a provincial capital in Northeast Argentina. On the demand side, findings suggest that for some households rental or shared housing is the only choice. For others, on the contrary, it seems to be a matter of preference, a way to avoid the chores of ownership. On the supply side, the study unveils a fairly wide spectrum of choices, with options ranging from a bed in a house to rooming houses of up to 15 rooms. While some of the landlords are relatively wealthy, others are just as poor, or poorer than their tenants. / Rental and shared alternatives are far from being 'ideal' housing solutions. Under certain conditions, however, they result in reasonable short-term options that, apart from generating extra income for small landlords, contribute to diversify the supply of cheap accommodation for poor households.
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Refugees and underdevelopment in Africa : the case of Barundi refugees in TanzaniaDaley, Patricia O. January 1989 (has links)
Using an empirical study of the Barundi refugee settlements of Ulyankulu, Mishamo, and particularly Katumba in Western Tanzania, this study argues that the causes and consequences of the African refugee problem must be examined outside the normative humanitarian framework. It postulates that the refugee problem can be understood only in the historical context of the integration of African communities into the capitalist system and their resultant underdevelopment. Furthermore, that the neo-colonial state, its class character, and ethnic divisions, aggravated by economic crisis, fosters a climate of repression - prompting forced migration. The unequal relationship between western capital and Tanzania is exemplified in the microcosm of the refugee phenomenon, where international/ regional policy, legislation, security considerations, and aid not only demobilize a potential political force, but usurp the authority of the national and local state. Donor/state/refugee relationships are further discussed in the context of the settlements. The schemes, located in remote areas and with tight restrictions on mobility, while providing a humanitarian solution, act as mechanisms for the control of the Barundi refugees. Utilization of their labour is intentionally part of Tanzania's development strategy. Settlement and integration are discussed in relation to the contribution of Barundi people to the development of commodity production in Tanzania both historically and with regard to their current potential. While dismissing the notion of an undifferentiated mass of refugees, this study reveals how donor activities and the objective material conditions of the rural areas contribute to commodity production and mercantilist activities with increasing inequalities. It concludes that large groups of refugees in rural areas will inevitably heighten local tensions, and that only through greater x political liberalization' - removal of restrictions on mobility and political representation, will Barundi refugees gain control of their lives, and Tanzania's long-standing goal of the liberation of African peoples be realized.
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Making place at the end of the world : an ethnography of tourism and urban development in Ushuaia, Argentina’s Antarctic Gateway City.Herbert, Andrea January 2014 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with the lived experience of placemaking in Argentina’s Antarctic gateway port Ushuaia. Based on 12 months ethnographic fieldwork, it explores the relations between tourism, urban development, and socio-economic difference. As such, it investigates how agents from across the social spectrum conceive of, and construct their sense of place “at the end of the world”. As the world’s southernmost city, Ushuaia is attractive to tourists for its stunning landscapes, unique location, and strategic proximity to Antarctica. However, the image of a friendly tourist destination crucial to everyday life in this Patagonian city is contested by its stakeholders. This thesis looks beyond the image presented to tourists to explore frictions among residents, the city council, and touristic enterprises.
Ushuaia is revealed as an urban location beset by growing unrest due to issues of population growth and social polarization. This is analyzed in relation to its geopolitical significance for the Argentine state, territorial struggles with Chile, and economic incentives for in-migration. Consequently, this thesis considers the dynamic and shifting character of the city’s population through an engagement with economic and lifestyle migrants, including those dwelling in non-legal settlements, and tourists who occupy Ushuaian space alongside more longstanding citizens. The thesis demonstrates how conflicting views collide regarding issues of urbanization, industrialization, tourism, and environmental conservation, analyzed in relation to the interests and concerns of different social constituencies. Through extensive interviewing with a diverse array of social actors, this thesis also explores the different levels of economic and socio-cultural attachment to Antarctica, suggesting a schism between Ushuaia’s touristic representation, Antarctic alignment, and the needs and interests of its inhabitants. This thesis, then, explains the diverging place-based ideas and aspirations of different social groups in relation to the governmental, socio-economic, and socio-cultural forces implicated in placemaking.
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Experiences and support needs of poverty-stricken people living with HIV in the Potchefstroom district in the North West Province / Anita FeitsmaFeitsma, Anita January 2005 (has links)
The majority of the people living with HIV in the North West Province are part of
households living in an unfavourable economic situation (Kotze, Roux & Wessels
2001 :83). The AlDS pandemic has intensified their poverty situation even more,
which is emphasized by Nattrass (2004:150) in the following statement: 'The AlDS
pandemic is both a cause and effect of poverty.' Adding to this, the majority of the
poverty-stricken people living with HIV in the Potchefstroom district do not feel
supported after having been diagnosed HIV positive (Pienaar, 200455-58). Once
there is a clearer understanding of how South Africans experience living with HIV.
counsellors, nurses and other health care workers will be better equipped to meet the
needs of these people (Coetzee & Spangenberg 2003:216). Therefore, guidelines
that can serve as useful tools for professional nurses and other health care workers,
including volunteers, who are working with poverty-stricken people living with HIV,
were developed in this study in order to address the gap in the support during the
HIV infection.
The objective of this research was to explore the experience and to identify the
support needs of poverty-stricken people living with HIV in the informal settlements in
the Potchefstroom district and to formulate guidelines for effective support for
poverty-stricken people living with HIV. A qualitative, phenomenological design was
used which enabled the researcher to understand the way in which poverty-stricken
people experience living with HIV and to identify their support needs. In-depth
interviews, consisting of 24 one-to-one interviews and one focus group were
conducted to obtain the data.
The population studied in this research consisted of the poverty-stricken people living
with HIV in the informal settlements in the Potchefstroom district in the North West
Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select participants with the
assistance of mediators who are working for the Non Governmental Organisations
dealing with HIV and AlDS in the Potchefstroom district. The sample size was
determined by data saturation, which was reached after 25 interviews.
Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with data collection. In consensus
discussions, the researcher and the co-coder reached consensus on the main and
sub themes. From the research findings, six main themes were identified. The first
two main themes are the facilitative and impeding experiences of poverty-stricken
people living with HIV. The remaining four main themes include the needs of poverty-stricken
people living with HIV, namely; basic needs, psycho-social needs, cultural-spiritual
needs and self-actualisation needs.
It could be concluded that the experience of poverty-stricken people living with HIV in
the Potchefstroom district is closely related to their support needs. In order to
address these needs holistically and to enhance the quality of life of poverty-stricken
people living with HIV, the needs should firstly be addressed individually and
according to culture. Following that, the collective needs can be addressed by a
support system addressing basic, psychosocial, cultural-spiritual and selfactualisation
needs for which an experiences and needs framework and guidelines
were formulated. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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