M.Ed.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The motivation of this study is to assess the high risk behaviors that contribute to the spread of HIV and AIDS among the youth. The most influential high risk behaviours that contribute to the spread of HIV and AIDS are unprotected sexual intercourse and having more than one sexual partner.The population for this study includes all full time first year students who registered for the first time in 2006 that attended the orientation week. A stratified, sequential random sample was drawn from the students attending the orientation. / South Africa

Sexuality is one of the most central elements of human existence. Throughout history, attacks on women have been common during armed conflict. Frequently military forces have viewed sexual violence as a spoil of war, a punishment to defeated populations, or as the deviance of rogue soldiers. However, there are conflicts in which sexual violence is used as a weapon. In these conflicts, sexual violence evolves from a facet of conflict to genocide. When a military force’s command utilizes systematic and widespread sexual violence as a weapon of war, in both intent and effect, it fulfills every condition of the Geneva Convention standards of genocide. Three cases are analyzed within this thesis: Chile under the Pinochet dictatorship, Rwanda during its genocide, and Bosnia during the break-up of the former Yugoslavia. Motivations for each of the conflicts varied. However, the constant in all three conflicts was the intended elimination of a specific group and the implementation of a policy of sexual violence in order to do so. In order for crimes to be considered genocide they must fulfill one of the following conditions, as stated in Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions, any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such: A. Killing members of the group; B. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; C. Deliberately inflicting on the group the conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; D. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; E. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Egregious acts of sexual violence and torture were utilized by all three respective commands in order to murder, incur grievous mental and physical harms, destroy the group’s ability to procreate in the future and impose measures upon the group intended to bring about its end. This work demonstrates that irrespective of the cause of a conflict, when systematic and widespread sexual violence is used as a weapon of war, it is genocide.

The effects of anxiety arousal on subsequent sexual arousal were investigated to determine if sexually functional and dysfunctional women respond differentially to pairings of anxiety-evoking and erotic cues. Eight sexually dysfunctional and eight sexually functional women viewed a neutral control (travelogue videotape) or anxiety-evoking (threatened amputation videotape) preexposure stimulus followed by a sexually arousing (erotic videotape) experimental stimulus. A repeated measures design was used in which each subject observed both pairs of preexposure and experimental stimuli. Changes in sexual arousal were measured physiologically with a vaginal photoplethysmograph, and subjectively with a self-report rating scale. As predicted, functional women showed significantly greater physiological sexual arousal than dysfunctional women in both the neutral-erotic and anxiety-erotic conditions. Consistent with previous research, anxiety preexposure significantly enhanced genital arousal relative to the neutral-control stimulus for functional women. Moreover, dysfunctional women also achieved a significantly enhanced rate and magnitude of genital arousal following exposure to the anxiety stimulus. Contrary to the strength of their physiological responses however, both groups rated the anxiety-erotic condition as significantly less sexually arousing. Non-significant correlations between vaginal blood volume and subjective ratings revealed a trend for functional and dysfunctional women to experience enhanced genital arousal accompanied by an inhibited likelihood of acknowledging feeling aroused. These findings contradict the literature on sexually functional and dysfunctional men, and challenge current conceptualizations of sexual dysfunction. The findings suggest that (1) anxiety arousal enhances genital arousal in functional and dysfunctional women, (2) heightened arousal occurs despite contradictory cognitive perceptions, (3) the female sexual response system is desynchronous, (4) functional women do not necessarily process genital cues more effectively than dysfunctional women, (5) the physiological response system is imperative to defining a response as sexual and must be targeted in therapy, and (6) common modes of treatment directed toward increasing parasympathetic response may be counterproductive to the elicitation of sexual arousal. Alternative treatment strategies directed toward response synchrony, sympathetic activation, and cognitive attribution are discussed. A preliminary model of sexual dysfunction in women is proposed, .and discussed in terms of directions for future research. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sexting has been linked to a range of sexual behaviors, including sexual assault; however, the mechanism through which sexting increases the risk for sexual assault is unknown. One explanation for the role of sexting in sexual assault could be due to gender differences in sexting and sexual communication. The current study examined men’s and women’s perceptions of sexting as a form of communicating sexual intent and sexual consent, and how sexting influences attributions of responsibility and blame in sexual encounters and alleged sexual assault. Additionally, considering the role of alcohol in sexual assault, the study also examined how both sexting and alcohol influenced individuals’ perceptions of a sexual scenario. Method:Using a factorial vignette design, N = 525 college students (48.6% women; 71% Caucasian) were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes regarding a sexual scenario between a man and woman (John and Jennifer), with sexting and/or alcohol involved. Results: Significant differences in sexting vs. texting conditions were seen for perceptions of sexual intent (F = 147.28, p< .01) and sexual consent (F = 105.86, p< .01). Men were more likely to perceive that sexual consent was exchanged (F = 9.16, p< .01) and to interpret the sext as a consent cue (F = 7.82, p< .01). John was attributed more responsibility/blame across all conditions (F = 154.58, p< .01); however, Jennifer was attributed more blame in the sexting conditions (F = 9.16, p< .01). Conclusion: Results suggest that despite sexting as a signal of sexual interest, there are differences in how men and women perceive sexting as sexual consent, which may influence the risk for sexual assault. Additionally, there are differential effects of sexting for men vs. women, such that women may be judged more harshly for sexting, suggesting evidence of the sexual double standard. Results offer important implications for sexual assault prevention and sexual gender roles.

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No description available.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-23T17:13:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Indianara_Meurer2017.pdf: 2339109 bytes, checksum: bb6ccdf3f680b7bdf45f3f2c67efdeb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T17:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Indianara_Meurer2017.pdf: 2339109 bytes, checksum: bb6ccdf3f680b7bdf45f3f2c67efdeb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Violence is a social production and, being formed by social relations, we do not find it in a particular place or person. Throughout history, the social markers associated to the practices of Violence have been comented, in this way, the culprots were produced for their existence and maintenance. Violence is circular and fluid, therefore, it composes us, strikes us and crosses us, given that Brazil is a country with memories of Violence, since the period of colonization. On the face of it, the cases of Sexual Violence are intricate by the historical, social, political, cultural, economic and ideological relations of society and, therefore, it is changing according to the bonds that are established between the social subjects. In this historical process, in the often devalued the development of the Child and the Adolescent. Thus, the general objective of the research was defined as follows: Understand the guidelines advocated by national documents to address Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents, from 2000 to 2013, taking into account international norms and national laws. We used bibliographical and documentary research and the period delimited for the study, from 2000 to 2013, corresponds for to the elaboration of the documents used. On the basis of what had been dealt with in the national documents, it was understood that all six documents, even with divergent measures, are based on international traties. Only three use the image resource and all contemplate facing Sexaul Violence of Children and Adolescents, but the objectives vary, and the books Rights Denied (2006) and School that Protects (2008) aim to socialize knowledge about the subject; the National Plans (2000, 2013) seek technical, political and financial intervention. The Decennial Plan 2011-2020 (2010) aims to be the basis for another document and; the School Guide (2011) for the purpose of guiding and training educators. Sexual Violence is a complex and dynamic biopsychosocial phenomenon, in which biological, psychological and social factors are considered, but its beginning and development took place through life in society. Thus, various problems, such as political, economic, moral, legal, psychological, institutional, and also the sense of relationships between social subjects and at the individual level, become entangled with Violence and its modalities. / A Violência é uma produção social e, sendo formada pelas relações sociais, não a encontramos em um lugar ou em uma pessoa determinada. Ao longo da história, foram sendo cimentados os marcadores sociais associados às práticas de Violência, desta forma, foram se produzindo os culpados pela sua existência e manutenção. A Violência é circular e fluida, portanto, nos compõem, nos impacta e nos atravessa, haja vista que o Brasil é um país com memórias de Violência, desde o período da colonização. Em face disso, os casos de Violência Sexual estão intricados pelas relações históricas, sociais, políticas, culturais, econômicas e ideológicas da sociedade e, portanto, vai se modificando conforme os vínculos que se estabelecem entre os sujeitos sociais. Nesse processo histórico, em meio a culturas e legislações divergentes, muitas vezes desvalorizaram o desenvolvimento da Criança e do Adolescente. Assim sendo, o objetivo geral da pesquisa ficou assim definido: Compreender as orientações preconizadas pelos documentos nacionais para enfrentar a Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes, no período de 2000 a 2013, considerando as normativas internacionais e as legislações nacionais. Utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e o período delimitado para o estudo, de 2000 a 2013, corresponde à elaboração dos documentos utilizados. Com base no que fora tratado nos documentos nacionais, compreendeu-se que todos os seis documentos, mesmo com medidas divergentes, têm como referência os tratados internacionais. Somente três utilizam o recurso de imagens e todos contemplam o enfrentamento da Violência Sexual de Crianças e Adolescentes, mas os objetivos variam, sendo que os livros Direitos Negados (2006) e Escola que Protege (2008) objetivam socializar conhecimento sobre a temática; os Planos Nacionais (2000; 2013) buscam a intervenção técnica, política e financeira; os Planos Nacionais (2000; 2013) buscam a intervenção técnica, política e financeira. O Plano Decenal 2011-2020 (2010) visa ser a base para outro documento e; o Guia Escolar (2011) com a finalidade de orientar e capacitar os educadores. A Violência Sexual é um complexo e dinâmico fenômeno biopsicossocial, em que se consideram os fatores biológicos, psicológicos e sociais, mas seu início e desenvolvimento ocorreram pela vida em sociedade. Assim, emaranham-se à Violência e suas modalidades vários problemas, como os políticos, econômicos, morais, legais, psicológicos, institucionais, e também o sentido das relações entre os sujeitos sociais e em âmbito individual.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the value that body theology can add to an inclusive understanding of sexuality in adolescence. Sexuality was understood differently throughout different periods in time, but even today there is still no real clarity on what is meant by the term sexuality. Sexuality is a difficult term to define and its meaning plays an important role in the way people treat each other. Throughout the different periods the church has largely been either silent about sexuality or considered it a sin. As a result the church would not necessarily be seen as a good resource for advice on sexual matters. Adolescents go through a dramatic period of developing on a physical, cognitive and moral level, which all occur simultaneously, but sexual development is the most prominent. Sexual development prepares adolescents on a physical level to reproduce and to enter into sexual relationships, but cognitive and moral development also takes place; these two processes are supportive for the adolescent to understand and process the sexual development. These developing processes, together with the context in which an adolescent is growing up, has an impact on the type of moral value system compiled by adolescents, which determines how they behave. As already mentioned, the church is not necessarily involved in these discussions, and therefore this study challenges the churches to become involved again by making use of body theology. The research question can be formulated as follows: What contribution can body theology make to promote an inclusive understanding of sexuality during adolescence? To answer the research question, the first objective is discussed in chapter 2, namely to give a historical overview to obtain an understanding of sexuality and see how the understanding of sexuality changed over the different periods, but also to see that there were certain times when the understanding of sexuality was the same. The second objective is discussed in chapter 3, where the focus is on a historical overview of the understanding of the body. This historical overview is discussed to understand that the body often stood in an ambiguous position and dualisms formed part of the understanding of the body, but it also affects a deeper understanding of life. In chapter 4, the third objective is discussed by examining the centrality of sexual development during adolescence to understand the important role that sexual development plays in the adolescent's life, but also to realise that it affects other aspects of life. The fourth objective is discussed in chapter 5, which contains the discussion of body theology to indicate how it can promote an inclusive understanding of sexuality. This chapter also discusses how body theology developed and the importance of the body in body theology. Chapter 6 includes conclusions and recommendations, such as that youth workers and church leaders need to recognise their own understanding of sexuality and the body, but that body theology can promote an inclusive understanding of sexuality if youth workers and church leaders are able to make a theological shift and use body theology as a theological lens. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die waarde wat liggaamsteologie tot ʼn inklusiewe verstaan van seksualiteit tydens adolessensie kan byvoeg. Seksualiteit is deur verskillende tydperke verskillend verstaan, maar daar is selfs vandag nog nie werklik uitsluitsel van wat met die term seksualiteit bedoel word nie. Seksualiteit is ʼn moeilike term om te definieer en die verstaan daarvan speel ʼn belangrike rol in die wyse waarop mense mekaar hanteer. Die kerk was grootliks deur die verskillende tydperke óf stil oor seksualiteit óf het dit as ʼn sonde beskou, met die gevolg dat die kerk nie noodwendig as ʼn goeie hulpbron vir raad rakende seksuele sake beskou word nie. Adolessente gaan deur ʼn dramatiese tydperk waar alle ontwikkelingsprosesse, waarvan die seksuele ontwikkeling die prominentste is, gelyktydig plaasvind. Die seksuele ontwikkeling berei adolessente liggaamlik voor om voort te plant en in seksuele verhoudings te tree, maar kognitiewe en morele ontwikkeling vind ook plaas; hierdie twee prosesse is ondersteunend vir die adolessent om die seksuele ontwikkeling te kan verstaan en verwerk. Hierdie ontwikkelingsprosesse, tesame met die konteks waarin ʼn adolessent groot word, het ʼn invloed op die tipe morele waardestelsel wat adolessente saamstel, en wat bepaal hoe hulle optree. Soos reeds genoem, is die kerk nie noodwendig betrokke by hierdie gesprekke nie, en daarom stel hierdie studie voor dat kerke weer betrokke moet raak deur gebruik te maak van liggaamsteologie. Die navorsingsvraag kan soos volg geformuleer word: Watter bydrae kan liggaamsteologie maak tot die bevordering van ʼn inklusiewe verstaan van seksualiteit tydens adolessensie? Om die navorsingsvraag te beantwoord word die eerste doelstelling, om ʼn historiese oorsig oor die verstaan van seksualiteit te kry, om te sien hoe die verstaan van seksualiteit oor verskillende tydperke verander het, maar ook op sekere tye dieselfde verstaan van seksualiteit gehandaaf is, in hoofstuk 2 bespreek. Die tweede doelstelling word in hoofstuk 3 bespreek, waar die fokus op ʼn historiese oorsig van die verstaan van die liggaam val. Die historiese oorsig oor die verstaan van die liggaam word bespreek om ook te verstaan dat die liggaam baie keer in ʼn dubbelsinnige posisie gestaan het en dat dualismes deel gevorm het van die verstaan daarvan, maar dat dit ook verdere verstaan van die lewe beïnvloed het. In hoofstuk 4 word die derde doelstelling bespreek deur die sentrale rol van seksuele ontwikkeling tydens adolessensie te ondersoek om te verstaan watter belangrike rol seksuele ontwikkeling in die adolessent se lewe speel, maar ook dat dit ander aspekte van die lewe beïnvloed. Die vierde doelstelling word bespreek in hoofstuk 5, wat die bespreking van liggaamsteologie bevat om aan te dui hoe dit ʼn inklusiewe verstaan van seksualiteit kan bevorder. In hierdie hoofstuk word daar ook bespreek hoe liggaamsteologie ontstaan het en wat die belangrikheid van die liggaam in liggaamsteologie is. Hoofstuk 6 sluit die studie af met gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings soos dat jeugwerkers en gemeenteleiers bewus moet word van hulle eie verstaan van seksualiteit en die liggaam, maar ook dat liggaamsteologie ʼn inklusiewe verstaan van seksualiteit kan bevorder, indien jeugwerkers en gemeenteleiers ʼn teologiese skuif maak en liggaamteologie as ʼn teologiese lens gebruik.