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Une qualité de service uniforme pour les utilisateurs mobiles et une utilisation distribuée du spectre représentent les ingrédients clés des réseaux cellulaires de prochaine génération. Dans ce but, la coopération au niveau de la couche physique entre les nœuds de l’infrastructure et les nœuds du réseau sans fil a émergé comme une technique à fort potentiel. La coopération s’appuie sur les propriétés de diffusion du canal sans fil, c’est-à-dire que la même transmission peut être entendue par plusieurs nœuds, ouvrant ainsi la possibilité pour les nœuds de s’aider à transmettre les messages à leur destination finale. La coopération promet aussi d’offrir une façon nouvelle et intelligente de gérer les interférences, au lieu de simplement les ignorer et les traiter comme du bruit. Comprendre comment concevoir ces systèmes radio coopératifs, afin que les ressources disponibles soient pleinement utilisées, est d’une importance fondamentale. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude du point de vue de la théorie de l’information, pour des systèmes sans fil pertinents dans la pratique, où les nœuds de l’infrastructure coopèrent en essayant d’améliorer les performances du réseau. Les systèmes radio avec des relais semi-duplex ainsi que les scénarios où une station de base aide à servir les utilisateurs mobiles associés à une autre station de base, sont les réseaux sans fil coopératifs étudiés dans cette thèse. Le but principal est la progression vers la caractérisation de la capacité de ces systèmes sans fil au moyen de dérivation de nouvelles bornes supérieures pour les performances et la conception de nouvelles stratégies de transmission permettant de les atteindre. / A uniform mobile user quality of service and a distributed use of the spectrum represent the key-ingredients for next generation cellular networks. Toward this end, physical layer cooperation among the network infrastructure and the wireless nodes has emerged as a potential technique. Cooperation leverages the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, that is, the same transmission can be heard by multiple nodes, thus opening up the possibility that nodes help one another to convey the messages to their intended destination. Cooperation also promises to offer novel and smart ways to manage interference, instead of just simply disregarding it and treating it as noise. Understanding how to properly design such cooperative wireless systems so that the available resources are fully utilized is of fundamental importance.The objective of this thesis is to conduct an information theoretic study on practically relevant wireless systems where the network infrastructure nodes cooperate among themselves in an attempt to enhance the network performance in many critical aspects, such as throughput, robustness and coverage. Wireless systems with half-duplex relay stations as well as scenarios where a base station overhears another base station and consequently helps serving this other base station's associated mobile users, represent the wireless cooperative networks under investigation in this thesis. The prior focus is to make progress towards characterizing the capacity of such wireless systems by means of derivation of novel outer bounds and design of new provably optimal transmission strategies.

We are living in the information age and this has had an effect on both science and theology. Our understanding of the fundamental role of information has increased significantly. One can even say that information has become an overarching metaphor in the world of science. This dissertation gives an overview of the impact of the information-based scientific world-view on the dialogue between science and theology. The study investigates the metaphorical use of information concepts to secure a better understanding of God's action in the world and the role that information plays in the processes of life. The focus is on the role of biological information, and its relation to divine action is investigated. The scientific importance of information and the possible impact of information concepts on the science and theology dialogue of the future are discussed. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / M. Th.(Systematic Theology)

La thèse est divisée en deux parties portant sur deux aspects relativement différents des approches bayésiennes non-paramétriques. Dans la première partie, nous nous intéressons aux propriétés fréquentistes (asymptotiques) de lois a posteriori pour des paramètres appartenant à l'ensemble des suites réelles de carré sommable. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à des approches non-paramétriques modélisant des données d'espèces et leur diversité en fonction de certaines variables explicatives, à partir de modèles qui utilisent des mesures de probabilité aléatoires.

The fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have been widely used in pre-stressing applications and reinforcing of the civil structures. High strength-to-weight ratio and high resistance to the corrosion make the FRP bars a good replacement for steel reinforcing bars in civil engineering applications. According to the CAN/CSA-S806-12 standard, the maximum recommended stress in FRP bars under service loads should not exceed 25% and 65% of the ultimate strength for glass FRP (GFRP) and carbon FRP (CFRP), respectively. These stress values are set to prevent creep failure in FRP bars. However, for in-service applications, there are few physical indicators that these values have been reached or exceeded. In this work analysis of acoustic emission (AE) signals is used. Two new techniques based on pattern recognition and frequency entropy of the isolated acoustic emission (AE) signal are presented for monitoring damage progression and prediction of failure in FRPs. / May 2017

Entropy, first introduced in thermodynamics, is used in a wide range of fields. Chapter 1 discusses some important theoretical and practical aspects of entropy: what is entropy, is it subjective or objective, and how to properly apply it to living organisms. Chapter 2 presents applications of entropy to evolution. Chapter 3 shows how cellulosic biofuel production can be improved. Chapter 4 shows how lattice vacancies influence the thermodynamic properties of materials. To determine the nature of thermodynamic entropy, Chapters 1 and 2 describe the roots, the conceptual history of entropy, as well as its path of development and application. From the viewpoint of physics, thermal entropy is a measure of useless energy stored in a system resulting from thermal motion of particles. Thermal entropy is a non-negative objective property. The negentropy concept, while mathematically correct, is physically misleading. This dissertation hypothesizes that concepts from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics can be used to define statistical measurements, similar to thermodynamic entropy, to summarize the convergence of processes driven by random inputs subject to deterministic constraints. A primary example discussed here is evolution in biological systems. As discussed in this dissertation, the first and second laws of thermodynamics do not translate directly into parallel laws for the biome. But, the fundamental principles on which thermodynamic entropy is based are also true for information. Based on these principles, it is shown that adaptation and evolution are stochastically deterministic. Chapter 3 discusses the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose, which is a key reaction in renewable energy from biomass and in mineralization of soil organic matter to CO2. Conditional thermodynamic parameters, ΔhydG', ΔhydH', and ΔhydS', and equilibrium glucose concentrations are reported for the reaction C6H10O5(cellulose) + H2O(l) ⇄ C6H12O6(aq) as functions of temperature from 0 to 100°C. Activity coefficients of aqueous glucose solution were determined as a function of temperature. The results suggest that producing cellulosic biofuels at higher temperatures will result in higher conversion. Chapter 4 presents the data and a theory relating the linear term in the low temperature heat capacity to lattice vacancy concentration. The theory gives a quantitative result for disordered vacancies, but overestimates the contribution from ordered vacancies because ordering leads to a decreased influence of vacancies on heat capacity.

On étudie à la fois l'estimation de l'entropie de Shannon d'une probabilité à partir d'observations indépendantes ou markoviennes, et l'estimation du taux d'entropie d'un processus markovien de sauts d'espace d'état fini, à partir d'observations continues ou discrètes. Plusieurs problèmes connexes sont traités. Certains apparaissent en amont de l'estimation, comme l'étude de la géométrie de la divergence de Kullback-Leibler en lien avec la transformation escorte. D'autres apparaissent comme des applications des résultats d'estimation obtenus. On construit ainsi des tests sur le niveau d'entropie d'une probabilité, à partir d'un principe de grandes déviations pour la suite des estimateurs empiriques de l'entropie d'une suite de variables indépendantes. On étudie également diverses propriétés en lien avec l'estimation de l'entropie et du taux d'entropie de files d'attente modélisées par des processus markoviens de naissance et de mort.

<p>Purpose/Aim: Exhibitions in cultural-historical museums have traditionally been object-centered and associated with one-way communication. The aim of this thesis is to gain knowledge about how exhibition producers – and educationalists at swedish cultural-historical museums today relate to communication in exhibitions from a communication scientific perspective.</p><p>Material/Method: The method of the thesis is interviews exhibition producers – and educationalists at five swedish cultural-historical museums about how they work with communication issues in exhibitions. The empiricism gained from the interviews have been analyzed from a communication scientific angle, using two communication theories as idealtypes for communication processes; Shannon and Weaver´s model and Stuart Hall´s encoding/decoding-theory.</p><p>Main results: Communication in exhibitions have developed, much due to the use of more channels for communicating with the visitors and the acknowledgement of the visitor as an active subject in interpreting the exhibitions and their message.Despite this development, communication in exhibitions still have features of a one-way communication. The main feature is the lack of possibilities for visitors to communicate their interpretations and point of views of the exhibition back to the exhibition producers. This leaves the visitors more or less passive in the communication process that is taking place in exhibitions in the same way that the model for communication by Shannon and Weaver describes.</p>

Purpose/Aim: Exhibitions in cultural-historical museums have traditionally been object-centered and associated with one-way communication. The aim of this thesis is to gain knowledge about how exhibition producers – and educationalists at swedish cultural-historical museums today relate to communication in exhibitions from a communication scientific perspective. Material/Method: The method of the thesis is interviews exhibition producers – and educationalists at five swedish cultural-historical museums about how they work with communication issues in exhibitions. The empiricism gained from the interviews have been analyzed from a communication scientific angle, using two communication theories as idealtypes for communication processes; Shannon and Weaver´s model and Stuart Hall´s encoding/decoding-theory. Main results: Communication in exhibitions have developed, much due to the use of more channels for communicating with the visitors and the acknowledgement of the visitor as an active subject in interpreting the exhibitions and their message.Despite this development, communication in exhibitions still have features of a one-way communication. The main feature is the lack of possibilities for visitors to communicate their interpretations and point of views of the exhibition back to the exhibition producers. This leaves the visitors more or less passive in the communication process that is taking place in exhibitions in the same way that the model for communication by Shannon and Weaver describes.

Previous research has identified linear boundaries within a normalized unit square for specific paired strategies within the iterated prisoner's dilemma schema. In this work, general methods of capturing linear boundaries are developed and demonstrated on a wider variety of paired strategies. The method is also tested using an alternate scoring method. An application of Burnside's Lemma simplifies the number of neighbourhood configurations to be considered. In addition, Shannon entropy is used as a means of evaluating diversity of agents evolved with different payoff matrices, by which one might locate a game that is as balanced as possible.