Orientador: Maria Gabriela Caffarena Celani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_DeboradeMeloda_M.pdf: 9689477 bytes, checksum: 7872c69e499cbc1526337b817ab46dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A gramática da forma, um formalismo desenvolvido por Stiny e Gips (1972) na década de 1970, tem sido utilizada principalmente na caracterização de linguagens de projetos. Além desse uso analítico, ela também tem sido utilizada para a síntese de formas. Este trabalho propõe como método comparativo o emprego de regras gramaticais de uma linguagem para a verificação de semelhanças em obras não pertencentes a ela. Caso não seja identificada a aplicabilidade das regras na obra analisada, em tese, pode-se concluir que não existe influência da linguagem na mesma, ou que essa influência é apenas superficial, não afetando sua estrutura compositiva de maneira significativa Alguns críticos da arquitetura moderna brasileira como Bruand (1998), Sanvitto (1992b) e Irigoyen (2002) sugerem a existência de uma influência das casas de pradaria de Frank Lloyd Wright sobre a primeira fase de João Batista Vilanova Artigas. Neste trabalho pretendia-se verificar se esta influência realmente poderia ser comprovada por meio da metodologia acima descrita, que explora a estrutura compositiva dos exemplares. Para isso, as regras referentes às coberturas da gramática das casas da pradaria de Wright, desenvolvidas por Koning e Eizenberg (1981), foram aplicadas no desenvolvimento das coberturas das casas de Artigas. O método não permitiu comprovar a influência compositiva de um arquiteto sobre o outro, ao contrário do esperado. Foi possível concluir que o método proposto é eficiente para a identificação de influências arquitetônicas de maneira clara e objetiva. O experimento realizado sugere ainda possibilidades de aplicação da gramática da forma no ensino de arquitetura, como auxiliar na comparação entre linguagens arquitetônicas / Abstract: Shape Grammar, a formalism developed by Stiny and Gips (1972) in the 1970s, has been applied mainly to characterize design languages. It has also been employed in shape synthesis. The present work proposes as a comparative method the use of grammatical rules of a certain language for the verification of similarities in works not belonging to the same language. In case the applicability of the rules is not identified in the analyzed work, in thesis, one could conclude that such influence of the language does not exist, or that this influence is only superficial, not affecting its compositional structure significantly. Some Brazilian modern architecture critics, such as Bruand (1998), Sanvitto (1992b) and Irigoyen (2002), have suggested that Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses have influenced João Batista Vilanova Artiga's early work. This study intends to verify this influence through the method described above, which exploits the compositional structure of the models. For this purpose the rules developed for the roofs of Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses were applied to the roofs of Artiga's houses, so that they could be compared. Contrary to expectations, it was impossible to prove the compositional influence of one architect on the other using this method. The proposed method proved to be efficient in indentifying architectural influences clearly and objectively. Thus the experiment suggests the possibility of applying shape grammars in architectural education, as an auxiliary method for comparing architectural languages / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Statistical learning offers a trove of opportunities for problems where a large amount of data is available but falls short when data are limited. For example, in medicine, statistical learning has been used to outperform dermatologists in diagnosing melanoma visually from millions of photos of skin lesions. However, many other medical applications of this kind of learning are made impossible due to the lack of sufficient learning data, for example, performing similar diagnosis of soft tissue tumors within the body based on radiological imagery of blood vessel development. A key challenge underlying this situation is that many statistical learning approaches utilize unstructured data representations such as strings of text or raw images, that don’t intrinsically incorporate structural information. Shape grammar is a way of using visual rules to define the underlying structure of geometric data, pioneered by the design community. Shape grammar rules are replacement rules in which the left side of the rule is a search pattern and the right side is a replacement pattern which can replace the left side where it is found. Traditionally shape grammars have been assembled by hand through observation, making it slow to use them and limiting their use with complex data. This work introduces a way to automate the generation of shape grammars and a technique to use grammars for classification in situations with limited data. A method for automatically inducing grammars from graph based data using a simple recursive algorithm, providing non-probabilistic rulesets, is introduced. The algorithm uses iterative data segmentation to establish multi scale shape rules, and can do so with a single dataset. Additionally, this automatic grammar induction algorithm has been extended to apply to high dimensional data in a nonvisual domain, for example, graphs like social networks. We validated our method by comparing our results to grammars made of historic buildings and products and found it performed comparably grammars made by humans. The induction method was extended by introducing a classification approach based on mapping grammar rule occurrences to dimensions in a high dimensional vector space. With this representation data samples can be analyzed and quickly classified, without the need for data intensive statistical learning. We validated this method by performing sensitivity tests on key graph augmentations and found that our method was comparably sensitive and significantly faster at learning than related existing methods at detecting graph differences across cases. The automated grammar technique and the grammar based classification technique were used together to classify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain of 17 individuals and showed that our methods could detect a variety of vasculature borne condition indicators with short and long-term health implications. Through this study we demonstrate that automated grammar based representations can be used for efficient classification of anomalies in abstract domains such as design and biological tissue analysis.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho se insere no campo de pesquisas sobre a habitaÃÃo espontÃnea, com foco nos processos progressivos de produÃÃo das moradias. Considera como problemÃtica a escassez de estudos a respeito do objeto, no que se refere Ãs tipologias emergentes dos processos de autoconstruÃÃo. Para seu alcance foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso na ZEIS do Pici em Fortaleza, capital do Estado do CearÃ, aplicado a partir de um arranjo metodolÃgico que envolveu o levantamento fÃsico e o registro da progressividade na construÃÃo de 94 casas. Estas informaÃÃes foram examinadas e descritas adotando-se a gramÃtica da forma â ferramenta de anÃlise criada por Stiny e Gips na dÃcada de 70 â como instrumento de representaÃÃo da lÃgica que envolve a formaÃÃo das unidades. A partir dos dados coletados, buscou-se por recorrÃncias de formas, com a finalidade de compreender as caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas das habitaÃÃes em consonÃncia com as pesquisas sobre tipo, de acordo com a definiÃÃo de Rossi e Argan. ApÃs a anÃlise dos dados, propÃs-se o registro da morfologia resultante da progressividade na construÃÃo a partir do sistema gerador de formas supracitado. Os resultados encontrados indicam uma multiplicidade de fatores envolvidos na produÃÃo autÃnoma da moradia, os quais se vinculam diretamente Ãs formas emergentes, e apontam para a necessidade de estudos direcionados a estes fragmentos especÃficos da cidade, visto que a compreensÃo da morfologia passa, antes de tudo, pelo entendimento do contexto urbano no qual a habitaÃÃo està inserida. A partir dos conhecimentos alcanÃados, a pesquisa contribui com um mÃtodo que especula sobre formas futuras; e um apanhado de conhecimento sobre o usuÃrio, que pode indicar um caminho para o desenvolvimento de projetos habitacionais mais adequados Ãs necessidades deste pÃblico, assim como para o subsÃdio em programas de assistÃncia tÃcnica aplicados ao cenÃrio estudado. / This paper concerns the spontaneous habitation focused on the progressive production processes of housing. It considers as problematic the relative scarcity of studies on that subject, particularly in relation to the emergent typologies of self-construction processes. Therefore, it was developed a case study in the Planalto Pici â a Special Zone of Social Interest (ZEIS) in Fortaleza, capital of the state of CearÃ, Brazil â applied from a methodological arrangement involving the physical measurements and registration of progressivity in the construction of 94 houses. This information was examined and described by adopting the shape grammar - analysis tool created by Stiny and Gips in the 70s - as an instrument of representation of logic that involves the formation of units. From the data collected, we sought for recurrences of forms, in order to understand the morphological characteristics of dwellings in line with research on type, according to the definition of Rossi and Argan. The results indicate a multiplicity of factors involved in the production of autonomous housing and point to the need for research focusing on these specific fragments of the city, considering that understanding the morphology requires an understanding of the urban context. Based on the knowledge attained, the research contributes a method that speculates on future forms, and an overview of knowledge about the user, which may indicate a path for the development of housing design projects best suited to the needs of the public as well as to grant in technical assistance programs applied to the study environment.

Considerando-se os design methods ou os métodos de projetação arquitetônica disponíveis, a presente dissertação aborda as gramáticas da forma (shape grammars) como sistema de simulação, geração e otimização de formas. Essas gramáticas podem combinar recursos descritivos e prescritivos para a solução de problemas de projeto, principalmente por meio da geração de tipos, padrões e famílias de projeto, destinados aos contextos do design industrial e da produção arquitetônica pré-fabricada. Particularmente, o manejo de gramáticas de projeto podem qualificar projetos, cujos programas envolvam uma reprodução em escala, em que se faz necessário criar variedade, flexibilidade e versatilidade construtiva. Este objeto de estudo compõe o arcabouço teórico essencial para uma reflexão a respeito de implementações computacionais e para a automação do projeto arquitetônico. Utilizando a base teórica e a reflexão resultante, esta pesquisa procura um rebatimento prático dos fundamentos teórico-conceituais implícitos, por meio de uma análise da linguagem e da gramática de projeto presentes na arquitetura Industrializada do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, o Lelé, focalizando suas primeiras escolas pré-fabricadas, construidas no período de 1983 a 1993. Espera-se, com isso contribuir para que arquitetos e usuários criem e compartilhem repertórios de projeto e de processos criativos, por meio de plataformas computacionais mais amigáveis à projetação arquitetônica, as quais tomem como base, sobretudo, as especificidades desse campo do conhecimento. / Considering the design methods and the architectural design methods available, this dissertation approaches shape grammars as a system of forms simulation, generation and optimization. These grammars can combine descriptive and prescriptive resources for solving project problems, mainly through the generation of project types, standards and families, in the contexts of industrial design and prefabricated architectural production. Particularly, the handling of project grammars can qualify projects whose programs involve a reproduction in scale, where variety, flexibility and constructive versatility are necessary. This object of study makes up the essential theoretical framework for a reflection on computational implementations and for the automation of an architectural project. Using the theoretical basis and the resulting reflection, this research aims at stimulating a practical debate on the implicit theoretical and conceptual foundations, through an analysis of the language and the project grammar present in architect João Filgueiras Lima (Lele)´s industrialized architecture, focusing on his first prefabricated schools, built during the period 1983-1993. We expect to offer some contribution to architects and users so they can create and share project repertoires and creative processes through friendlier computing platforms to architectural design, which should be based, mainly, on the particularities of this knowledge field.

Esta pesquisa relaciona a teoria da Gramática de Formas (STINY;GIPS, 1972) com os princípios de modulação (HUANG, 2000), para subsidiar um método de antecipação das alternativas de composição capaz de prever a intervenção do usuário. O objeto de investigação, o móvel Vertibral, projetado por Joseph Keenan, é um conjunto de quatro módulos, compostos por 12 requadros lineares de madeira articulados permitindo a interpenetração (WONG,1998) para arranjo entre os módulos. A pesquisa baseia-se na recuperação da gênese do projeto Vertibral a partir de um modelo teórico (associação entre Gramática de Formas e modulação), e seguiu as seguintes etapas: análise do vocabulário do objeto da investigação; identificação e quantificação das relações espaciais possíveis entre dois módulos com a organização de matrizes; exercício de geração de regras formais e arranjos a partir das 232 relações espaciais quantificadas, em relação ao solo quantificadas; e, por último, comparação dos arranjos gerados por participantes do experimento de usabilidade, do tipo Co-discovery (KEMP;GELDEREN, 1996 e DUMAS;REDISH,1993), com relações espaciais quantificadas. A determinação de um método baseado nas etapas deste estudo de caso pode prever a multifuncionalidade para a concepção de um objeto, como o mobiliário. / This research associates the Shape Grammar theory (STINY; GIPS, 1972) to modulation principles (Huang, 2000) as to structure a method for predicting the user’s intervention in modular furniture arrays. The research object, the furniture Vertibral, designed by Joseph Keenan, is constituted by a set of four modules, consisting of 12 wood articulated linear frameworks allowing interpenetration (WONG, 1998) for modules arrangement. The research departs from the retrieval of the Vertibral design principles and follows four steps model: a)object’s vocabulary analysis; b)identification and measurement of possible spatial relationships between two modules with matrices organization; c) generation exercise of formal rules and arrays from 232 computed spatial relations with ground plane reference; and d) comparison of produced arrays made for a usability experiment, according to Co-discovery method (KEMP; GELDEREN, 1996 and DUMAS;REDISH, 1993), with spatial relationships computed. The four stages method seems to have lead to a very high degree of success in creating reliable proxys for multi-functional furniture design.

Considerando-se os design methods ou os métodos de projetação arquitetônica disponíveis, a presente dissertação aborda as gramáticas da forma (shape grammars) como sistema de simulação, geração e otimização de formas. Essas gramáticas podem combinar recursos descritivos e prescritivos para a solução de problemas de projeto, principalmente por meio da geração de tipos, padrões e famílias de projeto, destinados aos contextos do design industrial e da produção arquitetônica pré-fabricada. Particularmente, o manejo de gramáticas de projeto podem qualificar projetos, cujos programas envolvam uma reprodução em escala, em que se faz necessário criar variedade, flexibilidade e versatilidade construtiva. Este objeto de estudo compõe o arcabouço teórico essencial para uma reflexão a respeito de implementações computacionais e para a automação do projeto arquitetônico. Utilizando a base teórica e a reflexão resultante, esta pesquisa procura um rebatimento prático dos fundamentos teórico-conceituais implícitos, por meio de uma análise da linguagem e da gramática de projeto presentes na arquitetura Industrializada do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, o Lelé, focalizando suas primeiras escolas pré-fabricadas, construidas no período de 1983 a 1993. Espera-se, com isso contribuir para que arquitetos e usuários criem e compartilhem repertórios de projeto e de processos criativos, por meio de plataformas computacionais mais amigáveis à projetação arquitetônica, as quais tomem como base, sobretudo, as especificidades desse campo do conhecimento. / Considering the design methods and the architectural design methods available, this dissertation approaches shape grammars as a system of forms simulation, generation and optimization. These grammars can combine descriptive and prescriptive resources for solving project problems, mainly through the generation of project types, standards and families, in the contexts of industrial design and prefabricated architectural production. Particularly, the handling of project grammars can qualify projects whose programs involve a reproduction in scale, where variety, flexibility and constructive versatility are necessary. This object of study makes up the essential theoretical framework for a reflection on computational implementations and for the automation of an architectural project. Using the theoretical basis and the resulting reflection, this research aims at stimulating a practical debate on the implicit theoretical and conceptual foundations, through an analysis of the language and the project grammar present in architect João Filgueiras Lima (Lele)´s industrialized architecture, focusing on his first prefabricated schools, built during the period 1983-1993. We expect to offer some contribution to architects and users so they can create and share project repertoires and creative processes through friendlier computing platforms to architectural design, which should be based, mainly, on the particularities of this knowledge field.

Parametric visual effects such as texture generation and shape grammars can be controlled to produce visually perceptible variation. This variation can be rendered on avatars in groupware systems in real time to represent user information in online environments. This type of extra information has been shown to enrich recognition and characterization, but has previously been limited to iconic representations. Modern, highly graphical virtual worlds require more naturalistic and stylistically consistent techniques to represent information.<p> A number of different parametric texture generation techniques are considered and a set of texture characteristics are developed. The variations of these texture characteristics are examined in a study to determine how well users can recognize the visual changes in each. Another study is done to determine how much screen space is required for users to recognize these visual changes in a subset of these texture characteristics.<p> Additionally, an example shape generation system is developed as an example of how shape grammars and L-systems can be used to represent information using a space ship metaphor.<p> These different parametric visual effects are implemented in an example prototype system using space ships. This prototype is a complete functioning groupware application developed in XNA that utilizes many parametric texture and shape effects.

Parametric visual effects such as texture generation and shape grammars can be controlled to produce visually perceptible variation. This variation can be rendered on avatars in groupware systems in real time to represent user information in online environments. This type of extra information has been shown to enrich recognition and characterization, but has previously been limited to iconic representations. Modern, highly graphical virtual worlds require more naturalistic and stylistically consistent techniques to represent information.<p> A number of different parametric texture generation techniques are considered and a set of texture characteristics are developed. The variations of these texture characteristics are examined in a study to determine how well users can recognize the visual changes in each. Another study is done to determine how much screen space is required for users to recognize these visual changes in a subset of these texture characteristics.<p> Additionally, an example shape generation system is developed as an example of how shape grammars and L-systems can be used to represent information using a space ship metaphor.<p> These different parametric visual effects are implemented in an example prototype system using space ships. This prototype is a complete functioning groupware application developed in XNA that utilizes many parametric texture and shape effects.

Le Corbusier's method of creating Architecture in all regions of the world is endlessly rich in techniques. While it is impossible to exactly know his thoughts as he created his modern compositions that skillfully addressed contextual cues, I present a thesis of how Corbusier approached different sites and masterfully created residences that were places "where happiness is born". I will use Shape Grammars and formulate my own languages that will recreate Corbusier's two Monol houses: Maison Jaoul in Paris and Sarabhai Villa in Ahmedabad. Furthermore, I will expand on these houses by creating other iterations, and transforming the grammars to understand critical major and minor moves. In the end I hope to derive architectural lessons that come from formal exercises that can be used in future design processes. I explore this practical effort by creating designs for a site in Midtown, Atlanta. I compare the process of using Shape Grammars with that of the typical studio approach. In conclusion, I find that Shape Grammars allows one to produce iterations that connect to the lessons of the original houses in an intuitive manner.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a descrição dos elementos que caracterizam a singularidade da linguagem arquitetônica de Oscar Niemeyer. Argumenta que a identificação de tais elementos passa pelo escrutínio de aspectos não visíveis da obra do arquiteto. A identificação foi possível a partir da análise de edifícios caracterizados pelo perfil curvilíneo e da construção de um modelo que associa os elementos compositivos utilizados por Niemeyer a uma Gramática de Formas. A utilização do modelo possibilitou revelar os princípios generativos - conjunto de regras, vocabulário e relações geométricas – que caracterizam o estilo – ou linguagem arquitetônica de Niemeyer. Ajudou ainda a demonstrar como a linguagem de Niemeyer associa de forma original, operações de transformação como rotação, reflexão, e translação a um vocabulário de curvas. A associação é parametrizada segundo um traçado regulador baseado na seção áurea. Em suas conclusões o trabalho sugere possibilidades de desenvolvimento desta gramática para todas as figuras utilizadas por Niemeyer e a aplicação de princípios generativos no ensino de arquitetura. / This work aims at describing the elements that characterize Oscar Niemeyer’s singular architectural language. It argues that the identification of these elements passes for the scrutiny of non-visible aspects of his work. The identification was possible taking into consideration from the analysis of buildings characterized for curved profile and the construction of a model that associates the compositional elements utilized by Niemeyer to a Shape Grammar. The utilization of the model made it possible to reveal the generative principles - set of rules, vocabulary and geometric relations - that characterize Niemeyer’s style and architectural language. It also helped showing how Niemeyer’s language associates, in an original way, operations of transformation such as rotation, reflection, and translation to a vocabulary of curves. The association has its parameters on a drawn line which acts as a regulator based on the golden section. As its conclusion, the work suggests possibilities of development of this grammar for all the forms utilized by Niemeyer and the aplication of generative principles in the teaching of architecture.