Archean greenstone belts typically form narrow sheared basins separating bulbous tonalo-trondjhemo-granodioritic (TTG) batholiths. The role played by gravity in the development of such dome-and-keel structures is a key question in Archean tectonics. The Pukaskwa batholith - Hemlo shear zone (HSZ) is a representative example of the dome-and-keel structures that are common in Archean terrains. This region has received considerable attention because the HSZ hosts several major gold deposits that are currently being mined. Late dextral strike-slip kinematics of the HSZ are well recorded by abundant strain markers in greenstone rocks, whereas the quartzofeldspathic coarse-grained rocks of the Pukaskwa batholith bear no macroscopically visible fabric. The goal of this study is to understand the structural history of this greenstone belt-batholith system. The Pukaskwa batholith is a heterogeneous assemblage of TTG gneisses bounded by the Hemlo greenstone belt to the north. The density of the Pukaskwa batholith rocks (density = 2700 kg/m3) is on average less than that of the Hemlo greenstone rocks (density = 3000 kg/m3). Since Archean geotherms were considered higher than modern equivalents, the effective viscosity of the TTG rocks might have been sufficiently low to allow their diapiric ascent through denser greenstone rocks. Alternatively, the emplacement of the TTG batholith might have been driven primarily by transpressive tectonics. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) provides valuable information on the internal fabric of the Pukaskwa batholith. This study provides the kinematic information needed to support either the diapiric or the transpressive tectonic model. AMS recorded east-west trending prolate and plano-linear fabrics across the northern section along the contact, suggesting that transpressional forces from the Hemlo shear zone affected the emplacement of the Pukaskwa batholith. Away from the contact, fabrics are generally flattened, indicative of doming through diapiric processes. Also, in order to fully evaluate the diapiric hypothesis, it is necessary to obtain reliable data on rock densities across the Pukaskwa batholith. The density of about 360 representative specimens from the Pukaskwa batholith has been measured and will constitute a valuable database for future gravimetric investigations by mining companies. The significant degree of correlation between high-field magnetic susceptibility and density in the Pukaskwa batholith should be taken into account in geophysical exploration in Archean terrains, only as a proxy for iron content.

The exposed shear zone within the footwall of the Badwater turtleback presents an excellent opportunity to explore the brittle-ductile transition. Within this shear zone, a variety of lithologies preserve the last stages of crystal-plastic deformation concurrent with exhumation of the turtleback. The included field study captures a snapshot of each lithologic element during the last stages of ductile deformation. The exposed shear zone's journey through the brittle-ductile transition is analyzed using the deformation mechanisms of calcite and quartz. A history of strain partitioning is constructed through comparison of the strain and temperature environments needed to facilitate each mechanism of crystal-plastic deformation. As the shear zone cooled, strain was partitioned from quartz-rich mylonitic gneiss to the calcite-dominated marbles and mylonites. Correlation of deformation temperatures with previous studies further constrains the timing of the last stage of ductile deformation to between 13 and 6 Ma.

Thesis advisor: Seth C. Kruckenberg / In the earth’s lithosphere there exists both homogeneous and heterogeneous deformation on a variety of scales. The lower crust specifically plays a critical role in lithospheric deformation; however, the lower crust does not deform homogenously but rather heterogeneously in space and time. One of the best avenues for addressing heterogeneous lower crustal deformation is through an integrated study of shear zones. While many studies have identified factors such as strain rate and temperature as key actors in lower crustal strain localization, more studies are needed to characterize the dominant grain-scale mechanisms that accommodate the development of lower crustal shear zones. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the dominant mechanisms that lead to strain localization in the lower crust. The Capricorn Ridge Shear Zone (CRSZ), Central Australia, is an ideal location for study because it is a lower crustal shear zone that contains discrete zones of strain localization, primarily adjacent to major lithological boundaries. Previous studies conclude that competency contrast caused strain to localize at the lithologic boundaries of the CRSZ, a hypothesis that is tested in this study. Using microstructural, textural, and rheologic analysis, as well as field-based mapping and grain size piezometry, this study finds that differential stresses in Capricorn Ridge range from 17-27 MPa for quartz, 31-42 MPa for plagioclase, and 2.8-7.6 MPa for enstatite. Monophase aggregate strain rates range from 1.6 x 10-15 to 1.7 x 10-14 s-1 for quartz, 4.5 x 10-15 to 3.3 x 10-14 s-1 for plagioclase, and 6.0 x 10-20 to 1.2 x 10-18 s-1 for enstatite; corresponding effective viscosities 0.3-1.7 x 1021 Pa.s, 0.3-1.5 x 1021 Pa.s, and 0.2-1.8 x 1025 Pa.s for quartz, plagioclase, and enstatite, respectively. Data across the CRSZ show that while strain rate (viscosity) in monophase aggregates of quartz and plagioclase are generally similar across the shear zone, they do decrease at lithologic boundaries. In contrast to a previous study’s finding that competency contrast caused strain to localize at these boundaries, both quartz and plagioclase appear to record strain accumulation through grain size reduction. However, the observations made in previous studies are not negated by this study, as it is possible that grain size reduction in the mylonite zones near the boundaries caused strain to accumulate over time and therefore produce the observed pattern of increasing fabric intensity with proximity to the lithologic boundaries. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

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L'étude du fonctionnement et de la structure des grandes zones de cisaillement, ainsi que de leur évolution dans l'espace et dans le temps est primordiale car elles accommodent la majeure partie de la déformation dans la croûte intermédiaire, la croûte inférieure et également dans le manteau supérieur. La zone de cisaillement du Mertz (MSZ ; longitude 145°Est, Antarctique) s’est révélée être un objet clé pour étudier la localisation de la déformation. La MSZ se situe sur la bordure Est du craton néoarchéen-paléoprotérozoïque de Terre Adélie (TAC) et le sépare d'un domaine granitique Paléozoïque à l'Est. Les études précédentes suggèrent que cette structure décrochante représente la continuité de la zone de cisaillement de Kalinjala (KSZ, Sud de l'Australie) avant l'ouverture de l'océan Austral. Les roches à l'affleurement indiquent que cette structure a été formée dans la croûte intermédiaire en contexte transpressif dextre à 1.7 Ga. La structure de la MSZ a été étudiée depuis l'échelle du terrain jusqu'à l'échelle du micromètre. L'analyse des structures de terrain indique que la déformation paléoprotérozoïque est principalement accommodée par des zones de cisaillement localisées qui sont extrêmement anastomosées au niveau de la MSZ et qui deviennent plus éparses au sein du TAC. Les microstructures et les orientations préférentielles de réseau (OPR) des minéraux (quartz, feldspaths, biotite, amphibole et orthopyroxène) de la MSZ montrent des caractéristiques communes interprétables en terme de conditions, de cinématique et de régime de la déformation qui se distinguent de celles observées dans les boudins tectonique du TAC. Ces derniers montrent, quant à eux, des microstructures et OPR qui révèlent une variété de mécanismes de déformation développés lors de leur formation à 2.5 Ga.L'étude sismologique (fonctions récepteurs et anisotropie des ondes SKS) permet d'apporter de nouvelles données pour la cartographie des structures profondes de la MSZ, du TAC et du domine paléozoïque. Les résultats des fonctions récepteurs indiquent que la croûte est épaisse d'environ 40 à 44 km sous le TAC, 36 km à l'aplomb de la MSZ et 28 km dans le domaine paléozoïque à l'Est. L'analyse de l'anisotropie des ondes SKS suggère que la structuration du manteau sous le craton (ϕ≈N90°E, δt=0,8-1,6s) est différente de celle sous le domaine paléozoïque (ϕ≈N60°E, δt=0,6s). Ainsi, la MSZ constitue la frontière entre ces deux lithosphères ayant des épaisseurs crustales et une structuration du manteau différentes. Enfin, l'étude géochronologique (U-Pb sur zircons et monazites) révèle que le socle du domaine à l'Est de la MSZ présente des âges et une histoire géodynamique différents du TAC. Les âges hérités archéens et paléoprotérozoïques sont similaires à ceux des terrains situés à l'Est de la KSZ au Sud de l'Australie, confirmant ainsi la connexion entre les zones de cisaillement du Mertz et de Kalinjala. De plus, les âges paléozoïques des zircons hérités et métamorphiques et la position géographique des affleurements à l'ouest de la chaîne Transantarctique suggèrent que les échantillons étudiés sont issus d'une marge passive anté-Gondwana formée au sein d'un bassin arrière arc ouvert dans la croûte continentale juste avant la collision de Ross à ≈514-505 Ma.Ainsi, cette étude permet de préciser l'évolution géodynamique à l'Est de la MSZ, et d'apporter de nouveaux éléments pour la connexion avec les terrains du Sud de l'Australie. Par ailleurs, cette thèse souligne l'importance de l'héritage tectonique dans le développement des zones de cisaillement avec, dans le cas de la MSZ, la présence de structures héritées archéennes, ainsi que des processus de localisation de la déformation au sein des lithosphères cratoniques au moins depuis le Paléoprotérozoïque / The study of the behavior and the structure of large shear zones, as well as their evolution in space and times is essential because shear zones accommodate the main deformation in intermediate and deep crust as well as in the mantle.The Mertz shear zone (MSZ; longitude 145°East, Antarctica) is a key target for the study of the deformation localization. The MSZ is located on the eastern boundary of the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Terre Adélie craton (TAC) and it separates the TAC from a Paleozoic granitic domain to the east. Previous studies suggest that this strike slip structure was probably continuous with the Kalinjala shear zone (KSZ, South Australia) before the opening of the Southern Ocean. Outcrops indicate that the MSZ was formed in the intermediate crust during a transpressive event at 1.7 Ga. The structure of the MSZ was studied from terrain to micrometric scales. The field structural study shows that the Paleoproterozoic deformation is mainly accommodated by localized shear zones that are extremely anastomosed at the MSZ and become more scattered elsewhere in the TAC. Microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of minerals (quartz, feldspaths, biotite, amphibole and orthopyroxene) of the MSZ indicate similar characteristics that can be interpreted in terms of conditions, cinematic and rate of deformation, which are distinct from those of the the tectonic boudins from the TAC. These tectonic boudins reveal microstructures and CPO including a large variety of mechanisms of deformation developed during their formation at 2.5 Ga. The seismological study (receiver functions and SKS-waves anisotropy) permits the characterization of the deep structure on the MSZ area. Receiver functions results show that crustal thickness is about 40 to 44km in the TAC, 36km above the MSZ and 28km in the Paleozoic domain to the east. Analysis of SKS-waves anisotropy suggests that the mantle structures below the craton (ϕ≈N90°E, δt=0,8-1,6s) are different from the ones below the Paleozoic domain (ϕ≈N60°E, δt=0,6s). Thus, the MSZ constitutes the boundary between two lithospheres with distinct crustal thicknesses and mantle structures. The geochronological study (U-Pb dating on zircon and monazite) reveals that the basement of the domain located to the east of the MSZ has a different age and geodynamical story than the TAC. Inherited Archean and Paleoproterozoic ages are similar to those of the terrains located to the east of the KSZ in South Australia that confirms the connection between the Mertz and Kalinjala shear zones. Moreover, the inherited and metamorphic Paleozoic zircon ages as well as the geographic location of the outcrops west of the Transantarctic mountains suggest that studied samples are derived from a pre-Gondwana passive margin formed in a back-arc basin opened in the continental crust just before the Ross orogeny at ≈514-505Ma.This multi-scale approach thus permits precise the geodynamic evolution of the region located east of the MSZ and provide new elements for Australia-Antarctica connection. Moreover, this thesis highlights the importance of tectonic inheritance in the development of shear zones (with the presence of archean inherited structures in the case of the MSZ), as well as localization processes in cratonic lithospheres from at least the Paleoproterozoic times

The Little San Bernardino Mountains (LSBM) Fault Set are N-S dextral faults, east of the restraining bend of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in southern California, that may form a tectonic linkage between the SAF and the Eastern California Shear Zone. The NW LSBM are a complexly deformed structural domain characterized by the young N-S dextral faults and older NW-oriented Dillon Shear Zone faults. Before the 1992 Joshua Tree (Mw 6.1) and Landers (Mw 7.3) earthquakes, the rugged NW LSBM was the subject of few geologic studies. This bedrock mapping study has further delineated the geometry, distribution, and relative chronology of brittle structures. A 2015 NCALM award of 51 km2 of lidar imagery on Eureka Peak Fault was used to correct fault locations. Bedrock mapping in the epicentral areas of the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake on Eureka Peak Fault and Landers aftershocks (Mw 5.7, 5.8) focused on the brittle structures of the evolving fault systems and potential connections with historic seismicity. The N-S dextral fault offsets from west to east are; Long Canyon (470 m), Wide Canyon (~150- 340 m), Eureka Peak (~ 225 m), California Riding Trail (850-965 m) and Deerhorn (105 m) faults with a cumulative offset of approximately 2 km. Dolomitic marble, clinopyroxene-hornblende skarn, garnet-epidote skarn and gabbro-diorite intruded by monzogranite are key lithologies used in determining offsets. Joshua Tree Fault, defined by seismicity by Kaven and Pollard (2013) is supported by additional mapped fault data. A “new” fault (Black Rock Canyon) links Wide Canyon and northern Eureka Peak faults. The distribution of aftershock seismicity plotted by depth and latitude along the N-S faults, a prominent broad seismicity trend and bedrock mapping are all consistent with interpreting the N-S faults as an incipient set of faults developing upward from a deeper through-going crustal shear zone. The seismicity since the onset of the Joshua Tree- Landers earthquake sequence on April 23, 1992, forms two distinct trends. Temporally these two trends occurred in sequence; first a N-propagating trend April 23- mid-June along Joshua Tree Fault from the Joshua Tree earthquake epicenter to north of the Pinto Mountain Fault, and secondly a prominent SE trend of Landers aftershocks (including Mw 5.7, 5.8) June 28 onwards, from the Landers earthquake epicenter, along Eureka Peak Fault to the SAF. AFT and (U-Th)/He thermochronology indicate an abrupt boundary on Long Canyon Fault between rapid uplift within ~ 12 km of the SAF and slower uplift more than 12 km north. This boundary is projected along the Dillon Shear Zone structural grain to the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake epicenter on southern Eureka Peak Fault, dividing the N-striking faults into northern and southern domains. The 14.7 km hypocentral depth of the Joshua Tree earthquake coincides roughly with the depth of the NE dipping SAF intersection with Eureka Peak Fault, forming a hypothesized flower structure which is consistent with rapid uplift of the LSBM escarpment near the SAF. The LSBM Fault Set may be initiated by the upward migration of a through-going mid-crustal break and eastern migration of the current SAF trace bypassing the Big Bend slip impediment. Eureka Peak Fault with a slip rate of 10-20 mm/yr, is the proposed structure tectonically linking the SAF and the Eastern California Shear Zone.

Metamorphic rocks constitute a vast volumetric proportion of the Earth’s continental lithosphere and are invaluable recorders of the mechanisms and rates of deformation and metamorphism that occur at the micro-, meso- and macro-scale. As such, they have the potential to provide detailed insight into important tectonic processes such as the subductive transport of material into, and back from, mantle depths and also folding, faulting and thickening of crust that occurs during collisional orogeny. The Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogen is the youngest and most prominent example of a continent-continent collisional mountain belt on Earth today and is a product of the on-going convergence of the Indian and Asian plates that initiated in the Early Eocene. Thus, it provides an exceptional natural laboratory for the investigation of such processes. Recent advances in the computational ability to replicate natural mineral assemblages through a variety of metamorphic modelling techniques have led to improvements in the amount (and quality) of petrographic data that may be obtained from a typical metamorphic rock. In this study, phase equilibria modelling (pseudosection construction) using THERMOCALC, amongst other techniques, has been integrated with in-situ U–Pb and Th–Pb geochronology of accessory monazite in order to constrain the tectonothermal evolution of four regions intimately associated with the Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogen. These regions comprise the Karakoram metamorphic complex (north Pakistan), the Tso Morari massif (north-west India), the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (south-east Tibet) and the Day Nui Con Voi metamorphic core complex of the Red River shear zone (North Vietnam). Each case study documents previously unreported metamorphic, magmatic or deformational events that are associated with the India-Asia collision. These data have allowed original interpretations to be made regarding the tectonic evolution of each individual region as well as the large-scale evolution of the Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogenic system as a whole.

A series of crustal-scale shear zones demarcates the northern and eastern margins of the North Caribou greenstone belt (NCGB), proximal to a Mesoarchean terrane boundary in the core of the western Superior Province of Canada. The dominant deformation produced a pervasive steeply dipping fabric that trends broadly parallel to the doubly arcuate shape of the belt and was responsible for tight folding the banded iron formation host to Goldcorp’s prolific gold deposit at Musselwhite mine. The shear zones in the North Caribou greenstone belt are of particular interest because of their ability to channel hydrothermal fluids with the potential to bear ore and cause alteration of the middle to shallow crust. Shear zones are commonly reactivated during subsequent tectonism, but exhibit a consistent and dominant dextral shear sense across the belt; fabric-forming micas and chlorite are generally Mg-rich. Although garnets samples from within the shear zones are dominantly almandine, they possess variable geochemical trends (HREEs of >2 orders of magnitude) and can be syn-, intra-, or post-tectonic in origin. In situ geochronological analysis of zircon (U-Pb) and monazite (total-Pb) in high strain rocks in and around the NCGB, interpreted in light of in situ geochemical analysis of garnet and fabric-forming micas and chlorite, reveals four relatively discrete events that span 400 million years. Metamorphism of the mid-crust was coeval with magmatism during docking of the Island Lake domain at c. 2.86 Ga and subsequent terrane accretion at the north and south margins of the North Caribou Superterrane from c. 2.75 to 2.71 Ga. Transpressive shear at c. 2.60 to 2.56 Ga and late re-activation of shear zones at c. 2.44 Ga produced a steeply-dipping pervasive fabric, and channeled fluids for late crystallization of garnet and monazite recorded in the Markop Lake deformation zone. These observations implicate a horizontal tectonic model similar to the modern eastern Pacific plate margin. Further, this study highlights the caution that should be exercised when using traditional rock forming metamorphic minerals (mica, chlorite, garnet) when attempting to vector into zones of hydrothermal alteration within midcrustal rocks.

Rochas ortognaissicas do Complexo Granulítico Santa Maria Chico (setor oeste do Escudo Sul-riograndense) são afetadas na Zona de Cisalhamento Lineamento Ibaré por processos de alteração hidrotermal. Facilitado pela exposição das rochas decorrente de cortes de estrada de ferro, foram coletadas amostras num setor específico para estudos da alteração e para avaliação das condições de pressão, temperatura e composição dos fluidos. As amostras de ortognaisses coletadas possuem uma mineralogia composta de bandas milimétricas contendo biotita, quartzo, plagioclásio e muscovita que evoluem para uma paragênese de alteração de baixa pressão (<2000 bar) composta por clorita (ferro-clinocloro), epidoto, albita, mica branca (sericita), calcita, titanita, rutilo/ilmenita, pirita/calcopirita, barita e quartzo, típica de uma mineralogia da fácies xisto verde de baixa pressão, equivalente a fácies albita-epidoto-hornfels. A associação clorita, epidoto, albita e calcita na alteração reflete soluções mineralizantes com pH neutro a levemente alcalino. O estudo do sistema de alteração baseou-se nas relações paragenéticas, texturais, temperatura de cristalização da clorita, temperatura de homogeneização obtidas a partir de inclusões fluidas no quartzo hidrotermal e do comportamento dos isótopos de C e O nos carbonatos. Utilizando-se novos parâmetros de avaliação da geotermometria da clorita obtêm-se uma temperatura média de formação de 274 °C, compatível com a temperatura de equilíbrio do polítipo IIb da clorita e da textura irregular de maclas de calcitas associadas. As inclusões fluidas em quartzo estabelecem um sistema com baixa salinidade (2,45 wt.% NaCl eq.) e uma temperatura média da ordem de 175 °C. A temperatura mais baixa, obtida pelas inclusões fluidas em relação a clorita, é interpretada dentro de um modelo contínuo de resfriamento com entrada de fluidos meteóricos. A pressão do sistema é avaliada a partir da combinação das informações da geotermometria da clorita e das isócoras obtidas com as inclusões fluidas, obtendose um valor médio da ordem de 1560 bar. Os dados obtidos são as primeiras estimativas da Zona de Cisalhamento Lineamento Ibaré, que funcionou como um condutor para o estabelecimento de um sistema hidrotermal raso (epitermal) em que a rocha encaixante ortognaissica interagiu com fluidos de fonte magmática e meteórica, confirmado pelo comportamento dos isótopos estáveis de C e O que indicam uma origem por fontes mistas. / Orthogneissic rocks from the Santa Maria Chico Granulitic Complex (West sector of the Sul-riograndense Shield) are affected by the Ibaré Lineament Shear Zone by processes of hydrothermal alteration. Facilitated by the exposure of rocks due to cuts in the old railroad, samples of a specific sector were collected for alteration studies and evaluation of pressure conditions, temperature and fluid composition. The orthogneissic samples collected show mineralogy composed by millimetric bands containing biotite, quartz, plagioclase and muscovite that evolved to a low pressure (<2000 bar) alteration paragenesis composed by chlorite (Fe-clinochlore), epidote, albite, white mica (sericite), calcite, titanite, rutile/ilmenite, pyrite/chalcopyrite, barite and quartz, typical of a low pressure greenschist facies, equivalent to albite-epidotehornfels. The association chlorite, epidote, albite and calcite in the alteration paragenesis reflects mineralizing solutions with neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The study of the alteration system was based on the paragenetic and textural relations, temperature of chlorite crystallization, homogenization temperatures obtained from fluid inclusions on hydrothermal quartz and of the behaviour of C and O isotopes in the carbonates. Using new evaluation parameters of the chlorite geothermometry an average formation temperature of 274 ºC, compatible with the equilibrium temperature of the chlorite polytype IIb and with the irregular textures of twinning in associated calcites was obtained. The fluid inclusions in quartz establish a system of low salinity (2,45 wt.% NaCl eq.) and an average temperature of 175 ºC. The lowest temperature, obtained by the fluid inclusions related to chlorite, is interpreted inside of a continuum cooling model with meteoric fluids entrance. The pressure of the system is evaluated from the combination of information from the chlorite geothermometry and from the isochores obtained from the fluid inclusions, reaching an average value of 1560 bar. The obtained data is the first estimate of the Ibaré Lineament Shear Zone, which acted as a conduct for the establishment of a shallow hydrothermal system (epithermal) in which the orthogneissic host rock interacted with fluids from magmatic and meteoric sources, confirmed by the behaviour of the stable isotopes of C and O that indicated an origin from mixed sources.

A series of crustal-scale shear zones demarcates the northern and eastern margins of the North Caribou greenstone belt (NCGB), proximal to a Mesoarchean terrane boundary in the core of the western Superior Province of Canada. The dominant deformation produced a pervasive steeply dipping fabric that trends broadly parallel to the doubly arcuate shape of the belt and was responsible for tight folding the banded iron formation host to Goldcorp’s prolific gold deposit at Musselwhite mine. The shear zones in the North Caribou greenstone belt are of particular interest because of their ability to channel hydrothermal fluids with the potential to bear ore and cause alteration of the middle to shallow crust. Shear zones are commonly reactivated during subsequent tectonism, but exhibit a consistent and dominant dextral shear sense across the belt; fabric-forming micas and chlorite are generally Mg-rich. Although garnets samples from within the shear zones are dominantly almandine, they possess variable geochemical trends (HREEs of >2 orders of magnitude) and can be syn-, intra-, or post-tectonic in origin. In situ geochronological analysis of zircon (U-Pb) and monazite (total-Pb) in high strain rocks in and around the NCGB, interpreted in light of in situ geochemical analysis of garnet and fabric-forming micas and chlorite, reveals four relatively discrete events that span 400 million years. Metamorphism of the mid-crust was coeval with magmatism during docking of the Island Lake domain at c. 2.86 Ga and subsequent terrane accretion at the north and south margins of the North Caribou Superterrane from c. 2.75 to 2.71 Ga. Transpressive shear at c. 2.60 to 2.56 Ga and late re-activation of shear zones at c. 2.44 Ga produced a steeply-dipping pervasive fabric, and channeled fluids for late crystallization of garnet and monazite recorded in the Markop Lake deformation zone. These observations implicate a horizontal tectonic model similar to the modern eastern Pacific plate margin. Further, this study highlights the caution that should be exercised when using traditional rock forming metamorphic minerals (mica, chlorite, garnet) when attempting to vector into zones of hydrothermal alteration within midcrustal rocks.