Rochas ortognaissicas do Complexo Granulítico Santa Maria Chico (setor oeste do Escudo Sul-riograndense) são afetadas na Zona de Cisalhamento Lineamento Ibaré por processos de alteração hidrotermal. Facilitado pela exposição das rochas decorrente de cortes de estrada de ferro, foram coletadas amostras num setor específico para estudos da alteração e para avaliação das condições de pressão, temperatura e composição dos fluidos. As amostras de ortognaisses coletadas possuem uma mineralogia composta de bandas milimétricas contendo biotita, quartzo, plagioclásio e muscovita que evoluem para uma paragênese de alteração de baixa pressão (<2000 bar) composta por clorita (ferro-clinocloro), epidoto, albita, mica branca (sericita), calcita, titanita, rutilo/ilmenita, pirita/calcopirita, barita e quartzo, típica de uma mineralogia da fácies xisto verde de baixa pressão, equivalente a fácies albita-epidoto-hornfels. A associação clorita, epidoto, albita e calcita na alteração reflete soluções mineralizantes com pH neutro a levemente alcalino. O estudo do sistema de alteração baseou-se nas relações paragenéticas, texturais, temperatura de cristalização da clorita, temperatura de homogeneização obtidas a partir de inclusões fluidas no quartzo hidrotermal e do comportamento dos isótopos de C e O nos carbonatos. Utilizando-se novos parâmetros de avaliação da geotermometria da clorita obtêm-se uma temperatura média de formação de 274 °C, compatível com a temperatura de equilíbrio do polítipo IIb da clorita e da textura irregular de maclas de calcitas associadas. As inclusões fluidas em quartzo estabelecem um sistema com baixa salinidade (2,45 wt.% NaCl eq.) e uma temperatura média da ordem de 175 °C. A temperatura mais baixa, obtida pelas inclusões fluidas em relação a clorita, é interpretada dentro de um modelo contínuo de resfriamento com entrada de fluidos meteóricos. A pressão do sistema é avaliada a partir da combinação das informações da geotermometria da clorita e das isócoras obtidas com as inclusões fluidas, obtendose um valor médio da ordem de 1560 bar. Os dados obtidos são as primeiras estimativas da Zona de Cisalhamento Lineamento Ibaré, que funcionou como um condutor para o estabelecimento de um sistema hidrotermal raso (epitermal) em que a rocha encaixante ortognaissica interagiu com fluidos de fonte magmática e meteórica, confirmado pelo comportamento dos isótopos estáveis de C e O que indicam uma origem por fontes mistas. / Orthogneissic rocks from the Santa Maria Chico Granulitic Complex (West sector of the Sul-riograndense Shield) are affected by the Ibaré Lineament Shear Zone by processes of hydrothermal alteration. Facilitated by the exposure of rocks due to cuts in the old railroad, samples of a specific sector were collected for alteration studies and evaluation of pressure conditions, temperature and fluid composition. The orthogneissic samples collected show mineralogy composed by millimetric bands containing biotite, quartz, plagioclase and muscovite that evolved to a low pressure (<2000 bar) alteration paragenesis composed by chlorite (Fe-clinochlore), epidote, albite, white mica (sericite), calcite, titanite, rutile/ilmenite, pyrite/chalcopyrite, barite and quartz, typical of a low pressure greenschist facies, equivalent to albite-epidotehornfels. The association chlorite, epidote, albite and calcite in the alteration paragenesis reflects mineralizing solutions with neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The study of the alteration system was based on the paragenetic and textural relations, temperature of chlorite crystallization, homogenization temperatures obtained from fluid inclusions on hydrothermal quartz and of the behaviour of C and O isotopes in the carbonates. Using new evaluation parameters of the chlorite geothermometry an average formation temperature of 274 ºC, compatible with the equilibrium temperature of the chlorite polytype IIb and with the irregular textures of twinning in associated calcites was obtained. The fluid inclusions in quartz establish a system of low salinity (2,45 wt.% NaCl eq.) and an average temperature of 175 ºC. The lowest temperature, obtained by the fluid inclusions related to chlorite, is interpreted inside of a continuum cooling model with meteoric fluids entrance. The pressure of the system is evaluated from the combination of information from the chlorite geothermometry and from the isochores obtained from the fluid inclusions, reaching an average value of 1560 bar. The obtained data is the first estimate of the Ibaré Lineament Shear Zone, which acted as a conduct for the establishment of a shallow hydrothermal system (epithermal) in which the orthogneissic host rock interacted with fluids from magmatic and meteoric sources, confirmed by the behaviour of the stable isotopes of C and O that indicated an origin from mixed sources.

abstract: The historic Cacachilas mining district is located in Baja California Sur, approximately 20 kilometers east of La Paz, and has a series of gold- and silver-hosted veins, faults, and shear zones within Cretaceous granodioritic plutons. The remote geographic location and past political events within Mexico left the district essentially unexplored after the late 1800s, when the Mexican Revolution began. More recent discovery of gold deposits along the Baja peninsula instigated a renewed interest in mineralization in the Sierra Cacachilas. The area lacks detailed previous geologic data, so this study focused on characterizing the controls of mineralization and the locations of mineralized trends of deposits within the northeastern Sierra Cacachilas, with a goal toward helping assess economic viability of the deposits. I mapped surficial geologic data, such as outcrop locations, alteration assemblages, limonite intensities, and structural measurements. I then synthesized these into geologic maps and cross sections. I combined field data with geochemical assays and structural plots to better characterize individual historic district trends and newly located trends to understand the distribution of mineralization at surface and at depth. Lastly, I synthesized geology of the Sierra Cacachilas with other gold and silver deposits located in the southern Baja peninsula to better characterize the mineralization and deposit style of the Cacachilas district. Mineralization in the northeastern Sierra Cacachilas is mainly restricted to steeply dipping quartz veins, faults, and brittle-ductile shear zones that trend generally northeast. Some veins are en-echelon within the mineralized zones, implying some lateral movement along the zones. Veins are dominated by milky to clear quartz with trace sulfides, abundant limonite (after sulfides), and local open-space textures. Mineralization is interpreted to be intermediate between classic epithermal and mesothermal veins. Within mineralized trends and commonly associated with mineralization are greisen-like zones that are defined by intense sericitic to muscovitic overprint, trend northeast, and are with or without sulfides. The intensity of sulfide abundance and limonitic alteration after sulfides within and near mineralized zones is overall a good guide to mineralization. Based on past reports and on my recent studies, the Cacachilas district has very promising potential for relatively small, high-grade deposits. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Geological Sciences 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AntonioSAC.pdf: 751035 bytes, checksum: 1294e0bc4f14d547a8e585ebc00bb3a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The region of the Senador Pompeu Shear Zone (SPSZ), in the North Tectonic Domain of the Borborema Province (BP), has its recent history associated with to South Atlantic Ocean formation event at the Jurassic. A lot of geologics models have discussed about crustal axis elevation in local scale and large scale (Borborema Province), relative to importants regionals tectonics directions of it. The identification and the relationship among this surfaces, stepped in many topographyc levels by tectonics mecanisms, is dificult because of the erosion process on it. Over there, sedimentary deposits is complex and it has not biostratigraphyc record in continental deposits. The analysis metodology on apatita fission-track, in the region of the SPSZ, purpose the more knowledge about morphotectonics mecanisms of the area and the impruvement of its morphotectonics models. For this, it was moleled the age and thermal history of the 11 apatites samples collected on both sides of this shear zone, taking relationships among other results of the thermochronology studies in the BP. Based on the thermal studies in this search, the region of the BP developed on two distint cooling events, separated for one period of relative stabilited. The first episode occur between 130 and 90 M.y., has been began when the samples cross the 120?C isoterm for last time and fineshed at 70?C. The second moment of the cooling process was began about 30 M.y., when the temperature was 90?C, from this to the equlibrium with present surface temperature at 30?C. Some evidences indicated a relacionship between thermal episodes and uplift events of the regional relief. The fundaments of the interpretation was based mainly on comparatives studies among results of the thermochronology analysis and geologics studies about BP. N?brega et al.(2005), e.g., on studies about the Portalegre Shear Zone, got similar results on SPSZ, with some details relative to local tectonic activity. Morais Neto et al. (2000) interpreted two importants cooling events in the BP based on their regional studies, that can be associated to regional uplift events. When Assine (1992) studied the stratigraphyc sequences of the Araripe Basin, in the south of Cear? state, conclude that the abrupt return to continentals condictions from the last sedimentar sequency (albiano-cenomaniane) indicate a regional uplift of the NE region of the Brazil at the 100 M.y., in the Albiano Intermediate/Superior. This ages are compatible to termal model of the SPSZ. This two periods of the thermal history of the BP are completely registered in the apatites samples just one age groups of the fission-track, that it is the most ancient age groups. This one suggest it has happened in response to heating before 75 M.y and it has erased the last report of the first moment relief evolution of the BP. The NNE-SSW and E-W structure reativation can have created ideal condictions for heating and local elevations of the geothermal gradients. The equilibrium between the apatites temperatures of this groups and the regionais temperatures took place about 50 M.y., when the samples of the two ages groups had a simillar evolution to present surfaces temperatures / A regi?o da Zona de Cisalhamento Senador Pompeu (ZCSP), no Dom?nio Tect?nico Setentrional da Prov?ncia Borborema (PB), t?m sua hist?ria mais recente relacionada principalmente ao evento de forma??o do Oceano Atl?ntico Sul no fim do Jur?ssico. Diversos modelos geol?gicos t?m discutido a exist?ncia de eixos de arqueamento crustal, tanto em escala local como na escala do n?cleo nordestino, relacionados ?s principais dire??es tect?nicas regionais. A identifica??o e a correla??o entre estas superf?cies, tectonicamente reorganizadas em diversos n?veis topogr?ficos, ? dificultada em raz?o do adiantado processo de desmonte a que foram submetidas. Al?m disto, a distribui??o dos registros sedimentares ? complexa e h? uma car?ncia de registros bio-estratigr?ficos em dep?sitos continentais. A metodologia de an?lise por tra?os de fiss?o em apatita, na regi?o da ZCSP, buscou um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos e o aperfei?oamento dos modelos de evolu??o morfo-tect?nica elaborados para a ?rea em foco. Com este fim, foram modeladas a idade e a hist?ria t?rmica de 11 amostras de apatita, coletadas em ambos os lados desta zona de cisalhamento, estabelecendo-se a correla??o com os resultados obtidos por outros estudos termocronol?gicos realizados na PB. De acordo com o modelo termal obtido nesta pesquisa, a regi?o da PB se desenvolveu em dois epis?dios distintos de resfriamento, intercalados por um per?odo de relativa estabilidade. O primeiro epis?dio ocorreu entre 130 e 90 Ma, tendo sido iniciado quando as amostras cruzaram pela ?ltima vez a isoterma de 120?C e encerrado em 70?C. O segundo momento do processo de resfriamento foi iniciado aproximadamente em 30 Ma, quando a temperatura era de 90?C, tendo se estendido at? o equil?brio com as temperaturas atuais da superf?cie em 30?C. Algumas evid?ncias indicaram uma rela??o entre os epis?dios termais e eventos de soerguimento do relevo regional. Os fundamentos desta interpreta??o foram tra?ados principalmente atrav?s de estudos comparativos entre resultados de an?lises termocronol?gicas e de estudos geol?gicos na PB. N?brega et al. (2005), e.g., em estudos realizados na Zona de Cisalhamento Portalegre, chegaram a resultados similares aos alcan?ados na ZCSP, com algumas particularidades relacionadas ? atividade tect?nica local. Morais Neto et al. (2000) tamb?m interpretou em seus estudos regionais a ocorr?ncia de dois importantes eventos de resfriamento na PB, que podem estar relacionados a eventos de soerguimento regional. Assine (1992), ao estudar as seq??ncias estratigr?ficas da Bacia Araripe no sul do Cear?, concluiu que o abrupto retorno ?s condi??es continentais reinantes durante a sedimenta??o da ?ltima seq??ncia (albiana-cenomaniana) evidencia um soerguimento da regi?o NE do Brasil h? aproximadamente 100 Ma, no Albiano M?dio/Superior. Estas idades s?o compat?veis com o modelo termal da ZCSP. Estes dois per?odos da hist?ria t?rmica da PB est?o integralmente registrados nas amostras de apatita de apenas um dos grupos de idades de tra?os de fiss?o, compreendendo as idades mais antigas. Este fato foi atribu?do a um aquecimento anterior a 75 Ma, que pode ter obliterado o registro nestas amostras do primeiro momento da evolu??o do relevo da PB. A reativa??o de estruturas NNE-SSW e E-W pode ter criado as condi??es ideais para este aquecimento e eleva??o dos gradientes geot?rmicos locais. O equil?brio entre as temperaturas das apatitas deste grupo com as condi??es geot?rmicas regionais ocorreu por volta de 50 Ma, situa??o em que as amostras dos dois grupos de idade seguiram uma evolu??o similar at? as temperaturas atuais de superf?cie

Rochas ortognaissicas do Complexo Granulítico Santa Maria Chico (setor oeste do Escudo Sul-riograndense) são afetadas na Zona de Cisalhamento Lineamento Ibaré por processos de alteração hidrotermal. Facilitado pela exposição das rochas decorrente de cortes de estrada de ferro, foram coletadas amostras num setor específico para estudos da alteração e para avaliação das condições de pressão, temperatura e composição dos fluidos. As amostras de ortognaisses coletadas possuem uma mineralogia composta de bandas milimétricas contendo biotita, quartzo, plagioclásio e muscovita que evoluem para uma paragênese de alteração de baixa pressão (<2000 bar) composta por clorita (ferro-clinocloro), epidoto, albita, mica branca (sericita), calcita, titanita, rutilo/ilmenita, pirita/calcopirita, barita e quartzo, típica de uma mineralogia da fácies xisto verde de baixa pressão, equivalente a fácies albita-epidoto-hornfels. A associação clorita, epidoto, albita e calcita na alteração reflete soluções mineralizantes com pH neutro a levemente alcalino. O estudo do sistema de alteração baseou-se nas relações paragenéticas, texturais, temperatura de cristalização da clorita, temperatura de homogeneização obtidas a partir de inclusões fluidas no quartzo hidrotermal e do comportamento dos isótopos de C e O nos carbonatos. Utilizando-se novos parâmetros de avaliação da geotermometria da clorita obtêm-se uma temperatura média de formação de 274 °C, compatível com a temperatura de equilíbrio do polítipo IIb da clorita e da textura irregular de maclas de calcitas associadas. As inclusões fluidas em quartzo estabelecem um sistema com baixa salinidade (2,45 wt.% NaCl eq.) e uma temperatura média da ordem de 175 °C. A temperatura mais baixa, obtida pelas inclusões fluidas em relação a clorita, é interpretada dentro de um modelo contínuo de resfriamento com entrada de fluidos meteóricos. A pressão do sistema é avaliada a partir da combinação das informações da geotermometria da clorita e das isócoras obtidas com as inclusões fluidas, obtendose um valor médio da ordem de 1560 bar. Os dados obtidos são as primeiras estimativas da Zona de Cisalhamento Lineamento Ibaré, que funcionou como um condutor para o estabelecimento de um sistema hidrotermal raso (epitermal) em que a rocha encaixante ortognaissica interagiu com fluidos de fonte magmática e meteórica, confirmado pelo comportamento dos isótopos estáveis de C e O que indicam uma origem por fontes mistas. / Orthogneissic rocks from the Santa Maria Chico Granulitic Complex (West sector of the Sul-riograndense Shield) are affected by the Ibaré Lineament Shear Zone by processes of hydrothermal alteration. Facilitated by the exposure of rocks due to cuts in the old railroad, samples of a specific sector were collected for alteration studies and evaluation of pressure conditions, temperature and fluid composition. The orthogneissic samples collected show mineralogy composed by millimetric bands containing biotite, quartz, plagioclase and muscovite that evolved to a low pressure (<2000 bar) alteration paragenesis composed by chlorite (Fe-clinochlore), epidote, albite, white mica (sericite), calcite, titanite, rutile/ilmenite, pyrite/chalcopyrite, barite and quartz, typical of a low pressure greenschist facies, equivalent to albite-epidotehornfels. The association chlorite, epidote, albite and calcite in the alteration paragenesis reflects mineralizing solutions with neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The study of the alteration system was based on the paragenetic and textural relations, temperature of chlorite crystallization, homogenization temperatures obtained from fluid inclusions on hydrothermal quartz and of the behaviour of C and O isotopes in the carbonates. Using new evaluation parameters of the chlorite geothermometry an average formation temperature of 274 ºC, compatible with the equilibrium temperature of the chlorite polytype IIb and with the irregular textures of twinning in associated calcites was obtained. The fluid inclusions in quartz establish a system of low salinity (2,45 wt.% NaCl eq.) and an average temperature of 175 ºC. The lowest temperature, obtained by the fluid inclusions related to chlorite, is interpreted inside of a continuum cooling model with meteoric fluids entrance. The pressure of the system is evaluated from the combination of information from the chlorite geothermometry and from the isochores obtained from the fluid inclusions, reaching an average value of 1560 bar. The obtained data is the first estimate of the Ibaré Lineament Shear Zone, which acted as a conduct for the establishment of a shallow hydrothermal system (epithermal) in which the orthogneissic host rock interacted with fluids from magmatic and meteoric sources, confirmed by the behaviour of the stable isotopes of C and O that indicated an origin from mixed sources.

Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-02T19:40:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Evenildo de Melo.pdf: 12846711 bytes, checksum: 78cce42f5c2b4b7945cd698bf7c3a622 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T19:40:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Evenildo de Melo.pdf: 12846711 bytes, checksum: 78cce42f5c2b4b7945cd698bf7c3a622 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-26 / Os granitóides estudados se situam geotectonicamente na Faixa Pajeú- Paraíba, Domínio Tectônico Central da Província da Borborema, ao Sul da Zona de Cisalhamento Afogados da Ingazeira, tão proximais que não distam mais de 3 (três) Km do traço principal do cisalhamento. São corpos de pequenas dimensões, com áreas de exposição de até 20Km², denominados plútons Serra do Pereiro, Serra do Boqueirão, Açude do Caroá, Serra do Zuza e Serra do Minador. Os três primeiros são intrudidos no contato entre ortognaisses e metassedimentos (Complexo Sertânea) do Paleoproterozóico, enquanto os dois últimos fazem contato também com metassedimentos (Complexo São Caetano) do Eo- NeoProterozóico. Petrograficamente são monzonitos, monzogranitos, sienogranitos e álcalifeldspato- granitos contendo enclaves de quartzodioritos, quartzomonzodioritos, monzodioritos e granodioritos. A intrusão de Açude do Caroá é caracteristicamente quartzodiorítica a quartzomonzodioritica. Os plútons de Serra do Pereiro e Serra do Boqueirão são mais alongados, ao contrário de Serra do Zuza e Serra do Minador, sem orientação mineral, linear ou planar. Enclaves métricos a decimétricos, mostrando contatos crenulados e composição quartzomonzodiorítica a diorítica, são observados nos plútons Serra do Pereiro e Serra do Boqueirão, enquanto em Serra do Zuza e Minador predominam enclaves menores que decímetros, mais alongados e com composição mais granodiorítica. Dados de química mineral indicam biotitas enriquecidas na molécula de annita, com razão Fe / (Fe + Mg) variando desde 0,62 a 0,87, enquanto os anfibólios são cálcicos, ricos em ferro, classificados como hornblenda ferro-edenítica e hornblenda ferro-potássica-pargasíticas, cuja razão Fe / (Fe + Mg) varia desde 0,55 a 0,85. Os plagioclásios variam desde Ab83,3An16,7 a Ab61,6An38,4, dominantemente oligoclásicos, enquanto o K-feldspato varia no intervalo de Or100 a Or80Ab20. Utilizados para geotermobarometria, dados de química mineral determinaram pressões 3,57 to 5,86 +- 0,6 Kbar e as correspondentes temperaturas de 776,2°C a 892,5°C, para as intrusões quartzomonzodioríticas a quartzodioríticas de Açude do Caroá, com profundidade de alojamento da ordem 15Km. Seguiram-se todos os preceitos ao geobarômetro Alumínio em Hornblenda e ao geotermômetro anfibólio-plagioclásio, calculando-se as pressões usando a equação de Schmidt. A avaliação da temperatura (776°C a 812°C, sob pressão de 3,57 a 5,86Kbar) considerou apenas os pares anfibólio-plagioclásio, cujo equilíbrio foi testado através de diagramas de correlação entre as razões Na/Ca e Si/Al, adicionando este critério estatístico conjugal às restrições individuais tais como o teor em albita do plagioclásio ( inferior a 90%) e o respeito ao intervalo 0,45 a 0,65 para a razão Fe / (Fe + Mg) no anfibólio. Dados de litogeoquímica permitiram determinar a temperatura de saturação de zircônio, quando começa a cristalizar zircão, fase mineral cedo-formada em todas as rochas analisadas. Para os magmas que originaram as rochas máficas, os resultados se mostraram compatíveis com aqueles determinados por química mineral e, em geral, bastante coerentes: quartzomonzonitos e quartzodioritos de Açude do Caroá (872°C e 883°C, respectivamente), monzodiorito de Serra do Boqueirão (865°C), quartzodiorito de Serra do Pereiro (890°C) e granodioritos de Serra do Zuza (830°C a 862°C). Para os litotipos mais félsicos do pluton Serra do Minador, as temperaturas de saturação em Zr mostraram variação entre 779°C e 844°C, enquanto os de Serra do Zuza variaram desde 815°C a 909°C. A litogeoquímica dos elementos maiores mostra que os granitoides estudados são metaluminosos a peraluminosos, corroborando os dados obtidos com as composições das biotitas. Mostram teores de SiO2 variando desde 56% a 76%, (K2O / Na2O) > 1, baixos teores de CaO, sendo melhor classificados como álcali-cálcicos. Os granitoides mostram elevados teores de Ba, Zr, Y e Nb e baixos teores de Sr, semelhantes aos do tipo-A, mais caracteristicamente Serra do Pereiro, Serra do Boqueirão e Açude do Caroá. Os teores de Zr, Ba e Sr diminuem para os lititipos mais ricos em SiO2, o que não acontece com Y e Nb. Os padrões dos elementos Terras Raras - ETR, normalizados em relação ao condrito, revelam pronunciada anomalia negativa de Eu, corroborando a semelhança com os granitóides tipo A, mais pronunciada nos plútons Serra do Zuza e Serra do Minador. As razões Ce/Yb mais elevadas sugerem maior fracionamento para o plúton Serra do Zuza (56 a 75, nos granitoides e 29 a 38, nos enclaves máficos). Também se revela o mais regular e extensivamente rico em Th, explicando-se as anomalias radiométricas. O plúton Serra do Minador apresenta a menor razão entre aqueles Terras Raras, da ordem de 11 a 22, ao passo que Serra do Pereiro as correspondentes razões Ce/Yb variam desde 46 a 62. Os diagramas do tipo spider LILE/HFSE, multielementos, revelam que os granitoides dos plútons Serra do Minador, Serra do Pereiro, Serra do Boqueirão e Açude do Caroá são enriquecidos em relação ao manto primitivo, porém dez vezes menos que o plúton Serra do Zuza. Há depressão em Sr sugestiva de alcalinidade do magma. Dados combinados de Nd-Sr apontam para uma origem de crosta inferior (0 > Nd > -20 e 0 < Sr < 80), com protólito dominantemente ígneo, cujo T(DM) remete ao Transamazônico ( 1,8 a 2,0 Ga.). Idades absolutas obtidas pelo método U-Pb em zircão apontam para o plúton Serra do Pereiro 543 +- 7 Ma. e para o plúton Serra do Zuza 538 +- 23 Ma., dados que podem ser aproximados para 540Ma. Todos os plútons plotam como intra-placa e tardi-orogênicos, mas Serra do Zuza e Serra do Minador tendem a anorogênicos nos diagramas discriminantes de ambiente tectônico. Coexistência e mistura de magmas, nos plútons de Serra do Pereiro, Açude do Caroá e Serra do Boqueirão, são evidenciadas por: presença de enclaves microgranulares mostrando contatos crenulados e lobados com os granitoides hospedeiros; cristais de feldspatos cortando transversalmente o contato entre enclaves/granitoide hospedeiro; textura de desequilíbrio com feldspatos e anfibólios manteados; presença de apatita acicular ; e ainda xenocristais de feldspatos e fragmentos de rochas félsicas inclusas nas máficas. Os estudos de anisotropia de susceptibilidade magnética – ASM – realizados no plúton de Serra do Zuza revelaram um controle através de minerais paramagnéticos e o baixo grau de anisotropia indica inexistência de deformação no estado sólido e estruturas magnéticas adquiridas no estado magmático, sugestão confirmada pela falta de relação entre o grau de anisotropia e a susceptibilidade magnética total. Os padrões de lineação e foliação magnéticas resultam numa trama mista sem prioridade para qualquer dos elementos – linear ou planar – indicando que o plúton Serra do Zuza se alojou em um ambiente transtensional, vinculado com o traço do cisalhamento. O caimento preferencial das lineações é para Sudoeste ou Oeste- Sudoeste, espraiando-se para Sudeste e para Nordeste, donde se conclui um alojamento ascendente do magma procedente desde Sudoeste ou Oeste-Sudoeste. Finalmente, os menores valores de caimento das lineações magnéticas caracterizam maior distanciamento da raiz, o que também se evidencia pelo tamanho reduzido e forma mais alongada dos enclaves. Os dados possibilitam que os plútons Serra do Boqueirão e Serra do Pereiro representam nível crustal mais profundo do que Serra do Zuza, mas o magma, que aqui se alojou, teve procedência justamente do sentido oposto, sugerindo-se que se tratem de pontos transtensivos isolados, ao longo do traço da zona de cisalhamento de Afogados da Ingazeira, considerado como um limite isotópico e estrutural, de segunda ordem. / Granitoids founded at Pajeú-Paraiba belt, Alto Pajeú Terrain, Central Tectonic Domain of Borborema Province, as near as 3Km maximum at south of Afogados da Ingazeira shear zone were studied. Short outcropping at most 20Km² each, Serra do Pereiro, Serra do Boqueirão, Açude do Caroá, Serra do Zuza and Serra do Minador pluton. The three first bodies intruded orthogneiss and metassediments (Sertanea complex) from the age Paleoproterozoic while last two intrude early Neoproterozoic São Caetano complex too. Monzonites, monzogranites, sienogranites and alkali-feldspar-granites rocks, while quartzdiorites, quartz monzodiorites, monzodiorites and granodiorites are petrographical compositions of enclaves. Açude do Caroa pluton is characteristically quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite. Serra do Pereiro and Serra do Boqueirão pluton are longest, the other way round Serra do Zuza and Serra do Minador pluton without foliation or lineation mineral. Metric and submetric enclaves reveal crenulate boundary and quartzmonzodioritc or dioritic composition at Serra do Pereiro and Serra do Boqueirão pluton, while there is smaller enclaves in Serra do Zuza and Serra do Minador pluton, leading decimeter to millimeter, longer and with more granodiorite in composition. Microprobe data point out biotites annite-rich, Fe / ( Fe + Mg) rate varies 0.62 to 0.87, while amphiboles are calcic, Fe-rich, named Fe-edenite hornblende and hornblend Fe-K-pargasitic, with rate Fe / (Fe + Mg) varying since 0.55 to 0.85. Plagioclases are Ab82.3 An16.7 until Ab61.6 An38.4 oligoclases, and K-feldspar varies since Or100 to Or80 Ab20. Microprobe data was applied to geothermobarometry to definite 3.57 to 5.86 +- 1.6 Kbar and temperatures since 776.2°C to 892.5°C for quartzmonzodiorites and quartzdiorites in Açude Caroá pluton, emplaced at 15 Km deep in crust. All path for Al-in-Hornblend barometry and amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer was regarded and calculate the pressures using Schmidt`s equation, regarding the interval 0.45 to 0.65 for a rate Fe / (Fe + Mg). The temperature evaluation counts only each amphibole plagioclase pair that equilibrium Na/Ca versus Si/Al has been verified through statistics correlation diagrams. This statistic criteria is grouped with other restrictions as the albite content plagioclase less than Ab90An10 and regard the interval 0,45 to 0,65 for a rate Fe / (Fe + Mg) of amphibole. Geochemical data in whole-rock calculate temperature Zr saturation when begin zircon crystallization, mineral phase common in most rocks. Mafic rocks and their magmas leading compatible results with microprobe data, as coherent as 872°C to 883°C for quartz monzodiorite and quartzdiorite of Açude do Caroá pluton, 865°C for monzodiorite of Serra do Boqueirão pluton, 890°C for quartzdiorite of Serra do Pereiro pluton and 830°C until 862°C for granodiorite of the Serra do Zuza pluton. Analogously in the type of rocks with more felsic mineral composition from Serra do Minador pluton, the temperatures of saturation in Zr show variation between 779°C and 844°C, while the Serra do Zuza`s types show variation between 815°C to 909°C. The geochemical of the bigger elements displays that the granitoids studied are metaluminous to peraluminous. It was took when this were compared with the biotites composition. It shows substances of SiO2 altering since 56% to 76%, (K2O / Na2O) > 1, low substance of CaO. So it's better classified lyke alkali-calcic. The granitoids show high purport of Ba, Zr, Y and Nb and low purport of Sr, as the same as the A-type granites. It can be seem in Serra do Pereiro, Serra do Boqueirão and Açude do Caroá. The substances of Zr, Ba and Sr get less in case of the type of rocks wealthy in SiO2. And it not happens with Y and Nb. REE patterns normalized for CHUR reveal Eu anomalies, as similarity as A-type Granitoids, mainly Serra do Zuza and Serra do Minador plutons. The higher relations Ce/Yb suggest a larger breach to the Serra do Zuza pluton (56 a 75 in granitoids and 29 to 38 in mafic enclaves) it is response to disclose the most regular an rich in Th, explaining the radiometric anomalies. Serra do Minador pluton exhibits the smallest relation between the REE, in class of 11 to 22, and in Serra do Pereiro the relations Ce/Yb changes since 46 to 62. The spiderdiagrams LILE/HFSE shows granitoids enriched, compared to the original mantle, in plutons of Serra do Minador, Serra do Pereiro, Serra do Boqueirão and Açude do Caroá. But this granitoids are ten times less enriched compared with Serra do Zuza pluton. There is a depression in Sr that suggests aluminous magma. Combined data of Nd-Sr aim to a lower crust origin (0 > Nd > -20 and 0 < Sr < 80) with protolite prevailing igneous, whose T (DM) send to Transamazonic ( 1.8 Gy. to 2.0 Gy). Absolut ages obtained by U-Pb in zircon method aim to the Serra do Pereiro 543 +- 7 Ma, and to the Serra do Zuza pluton 538 +- 23 Ma. This datas can be approximated to 540 Ma. All plutons are within plate and late orogenic, but Serra do Zuza and Serra do Minador plot as anorogenic in diagrams. There is features showing magma mixing evidences in Serra do Boqueirão pluton and Serra do Pereiro pluton and Caroá pluton, too: presence of microgranular enclaves showing crenular and cuspate contacts with hostless granitoids; feldspar crystals cutting crossly the contact between the hostless enclaves/granitoids; imbalance condition of texture with feldspar and amphibole manted; presence of acicular apatite; and feldspars xenocrystals and fragments of felsic rocks in mafic rocks. The lineation and foliation magnetic patterns results in a mixed texture without priority to any elements – linear or planar – showing the Serra do Zuza pluton took lodgings in a transtentional ambient, linked with the shear line. The preferential depression of the features is to the SW or WSW, widening to SE and NE, from we can conclude about an ascendant lodging of the magma that comes since SW or WSW. Finally, the less datas of depression of the magnetic lineations characterize amre separation from the rule. And that also is proved by reduced size and lengthened shape of enclaves. The data make possible that Serra do Boqueirão and Serra do Pereiro plutons represent crustal level deeper that Serra do Zuza. However, the magma which lodgings there, origins in the opositte direction, It suggests that this plutons are from the isolate relief points along the Afogados da Ingazeira shear zone, that is considered a isotopic and structural boundary.

A series of crustal-scale shear zones demarcates the northern and eastern margins of the North Caribou greenstone belt (NCGB), proximal to a Mesoarchean terrane boundary in the core of the western Superior Province of Canada. The dominant deformation produced a pervasive steeply dipping fabric that trends broadly parallel to the doubly arcuate shape of the belt and was responsible for tight folding the banded iron formation host to Goldcorp’s prolific gold deposit at Musselwhite mine. The shear zones in the North Caribou greenstone belt are of particular interest because of their ability to channel hydrothermal fluids with the potential to bear ore and cause alteration of the middle to shallow crust. Shear zones are commonly reactivated during subsequent tectonism, but exhibit a consistent and dominant dextral shear sense across the belt; fabric-forming micas and chlorite are generally Mg-rich. Although garnets samples from within the shear zones are dominantly almandine, they possess variable geochemical trends (HREEs of >2 orders of magnitude) and can be syn-, intra-, or post-tectonic in origin. In situ geochronological analysis of zircon (U-Pb) and monazite (total-Pb) in high strain rocks in and around the NCGB, interpreted in light of in situ geochemical analysis of garnet and fabric-forming micas and chlorite, reveals four relatively discrete events that span 400 million years. Metamorphism of the mid-crust was coeval with magmatism during docking of the Island Lake domain at c. 2.86 Ga and subsequent terrane accretion at the north and south margins of the North Caribou Superterrane from c. 2.75 to 2.71 Ga. Transpressive shear at c. 2.60 to 2.56 Ga and late re-activation of shear zones at c. 2.44 Ga produced a steeply-dipping pervasive fabric, and channeled fluids for late crystallization of garnet and monazite recorded in the Markop Lake deformation zone. These observations implicate a horizontal tectonic model similar to the modern eastern Pacific plate margin. Further, this study highlights the caution that should be exercised when using traditional rock forming metamorphic minerals (mica, chlorite, garnet) when attempting to vector into zones of hydrothermal alteration within midcrustal rocks.

No / The formation of tribo-layers during machining is very common phenomena, especially when machining `free machining¿ steels. Several kinds of tribo-layers formed in metal cutting processes have been reported, layers of inclusions from the workpiece, oxide layers due to chemical reaction, plastic deformation layers, material transfer layers (MTLs) or built-up layers (BULs). A new tool¿chip contact model is proposed to explain the tribo-layer phenomena, which considers the nature of the shear strain rate distribution in the secondary deformation zone. A shear strain rate distribution in this zone having a shape similar to that found in the preliminary zone is proposed. A cutting interface (CI) is defined and this interface is at different location to the material boundary of tool and chip (MBTC). This difference is a key factor in the formation of the tribo-layer in the secondary deformation zone. This model can be used in improving tool wear prediction and the estimation of tool life.

No description available.

Dense array seismic techniques can be applied to multiple types of seismic data to understand regional tectonic processes via analysis of crustal velocity structure, imaging reflection surfaces, and calculating high-resolution hypocenter locations. The two regions presented here include an intraplate seismogenic fault zone in Virginia and a steep cratonic margin in eastern Oregon and Idaho. The intraplate seismicity study in Virginia consisted of using 201 short-period vertical-component seismographs, which recorded events as low as magnitude -2 during a period of 12 days. Dense array analysis revealed almost no variation in the seismic velocity within the hypocentral zone, indicating that the aftershock zone is confined to a single crystalline-rock terrane. The 1-2 km wide cloud of hypocenters is characterized by a 29° strike and 53° dip consistent with the focal mechanism of the main shock. A 5° bend along strike and a shallower dip angle below 6 km points toward a more complex concave shaped fault zone. The seismic study in Idaho and Oregon was centered on the inversion of controlled-source wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic P- and S-wave traveltimes to determine a seismic velocity model of the crust beneath this part of the U.S. Cordillera. We imaged a narrow, steep velocity boundary within the crust that juxtaposes the Blue Mountains accreted terranes and the North American craton at the western Idaho shear zone. We found a 7 km offset in Moho depth, separating crust with different seismic velocities and Poisson's ratios. The crust beneath the Blue Mountains terranes is consistent with an intermediate lithology dominated by diorite. In the lower crust there is evidence of magmatic underplating which is consistent with the location of the feeder system of the Columbia River Basalts. The cratonic crust east of the WISZ is thicker and characterized by a felsic composition dominated by granite through most of the crust, with an intermediate composition layer in the lower crust. This sharp lithologic and rheologic boundary strongly influenced subsequent deformation and magmatic events in the region. / Ph. D.

The study of deformation zones is of great geological interest since these zones can separate rocks with different characteristics. The geometry of these structures with depth is important for interpreting the geological history of an area. Paper I to III present 2D reflection seismic data over deformation zones targeting structures in the upper 3-4 km of the crust. These seismic profiles were acquired with a crooked-line recording geometry. 2D seismic processing assumes a straight recording geometry. Most seismic processing tools were developed for sub-horizontally layered structures. However, in the crystalline rocks in Scandinavia more complex structures with contrasting dip directions and folding are common. The crooked-line recording geometries have the benefit of sampling a 3D volume. This broader sampling can be used to gain knowledge about the true geometry of subsurface structures. Correlation with geological maps and other geophysical data along with seismic data modeling can be used to differentiate reflections from faults or fracture zones from other reflectivity, e.g. mafic bodies. Fault and fracture zones may have a large impedance contrast to surrounding rocks, while ductile shear zones usually do not. The ductile shear zones can instead be interpreted based on differing reflectivity patterns between domains and correlations with geology or magnetic maps. Paper IV presents 3D reflection seismic data from a quick-clay landslide site in southern Sweden. The area is located in a deformation zone and structures in unconsolidated sediments may have been influenced by faults in the bedrock. The main target layer is located at only 20 m depth, but good surface conditions during acquisition and careful processing enabled a clear seismic image of this shallow layer to be obtained.The research presented in this thesis provides increased knowledge about subsurface structures in four geologically important areas. The unconventional processing methods used are recommended to future researchers working with data from crooked-line recording geometries in crystalline environments. The imaging of shallow structures at the quick-clay landslide site shows that the 3D reflection seismic method can be used as a complement to other geophysical measurements for shallow landslide site investigations.