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<p>In every market, competition is a vital ingredient for any working market economy. Large stores like IKEA, OnOff and El-Giganten are often positioned in locations near each other. Shopping areas like Gekås have proven to have large attraction power towards the customers. In down-town shopping areas it is common that large stores take advantage of each other’s capabilities to invoke customers’ interest. By doing so, businesses work together to create a large customer base.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to determine how owners and managers of medium sized retail stores should choose location for their shop.</p><p>Both a qualitative and quantitative approach were used in this thesis; the qualitative approach was used for conducting interviews with 6 people involved in running the stores and municipality. This was done to collect information from actors that had the experience and knowledge about the subject of the thesis. The quantitative approach involved a survey done upon shopping habits of consumers in the same area. The reason for conducting both these researches was to diminish the biased answers that we would have got from conducting the research from one group only. By asking the store managers/owner and customers, as well as a representative of the municipality, we were able to provide a complete perspective on the situation.</p><p>Our findings showed that there were some major differences between a down-town shopping area and a shopping mall. It also became clear that the preferences and capabilities of the stores were important for selecting locations. Consumer preference on where to go shop was showed to be almost the same for A6 and down-town with a slight advantage towards A6. Still, the requirements on opening a store in a shopping mall oppose down-town was different.</p>

In every market, competition is a vital ingredient for any working market economy. Large stores like IKEA, OnOff and El-Giganten are often positioned in locations near each other. Shopping areas like Gekås have proven to have large attraction power towards the customers. In down-town shopping areas it is common that large stores take advantage of each other’s capabilities to invoke customers’ interest. By doing so, businesses work together to create a large customer base. The purpose of this paper is to determine how owners and managers of medium sized retail stores should choose location for their shop. Both a qualitative and quantitative approach were used in this thesis; the qualitative approach was used for conducting interviews with 6 people involved in running the stores and municipality. This was done to collect information from actors that had the experience and knowledge about the subject of the thesis. The quantitative approach involved a survey done upon shopping habits of consumers in the same area. The reason for conducting both these researches was to diminish the biased answers that we would have got from conducting the research from one group only. By asking the store managers/owner and customers, as well as a representative of the municipality, we were able to provide a complete perspective on the situation. Our findings showed that there were some major differences between a down-town shopping area and a shopping mall. It also became clear that the preferences and capabilities of the stores were important for selecting locations. Consumer preference on where to go shop was showed to be almost the same for A6 and down-town with a slight advantage towards A6. Still, the requirements on opening a store in a shopping mall oppose down-town was different.

What is the shopping centre, and how can the works of Gilles Deleuze, help us to understand it ethnographically? In light of a growing interest in Deleuze’s work across both the humanities and social sciences (see Jensen and Rodje, 2010) as well as the long-standing calls to “take Deleuze into the field” (Bonta, 2005) and develop what research methodologies might emerge in conjunction which his philosophy (see Coleman and Ringrose, 2013), this thesis explores the possibilities of an ethnography which tries to take seriously the questions surrounding an ethical practice of working with philosophy in the field, grappling not only with Deleuze’s concepts during and as part of fieldwork but attempting to meaningfully engage with the incongruities between the philosophical assumptions which underpin ethnographic practice and Deleuze’s metaphysic (often labelled a “transcendental empiricism”); the most salient of these being “the subject”. In unfolding the stories of the shopping centre, a behemoth of social machination which is both reflective and productive of the contemporary sociocultural milieu, this thesis will explore the various forms of “madness” which populate the field, threading connective lines between the highly plural groups of interlocutors, widely separated spaces and the varying rhythms and temporalities which can be said to correspond to the shopping centre. Focusing on central issues of bodies (space) and time as they are encountered in the shopping centre , this thesis shall take, as one of its major points of inquiry, the questions surrounding the writing of ethnography and the ways in which this represents and reaffirms the metaphysic which is taken-for-granted as a part of the ethnographic encounter; at times delving into what might be called the ‘pataphysical or the absurd, playing with thick and thin description and taking various flights of madness in order to find ways of pushing against what Deleuze calls, the ossified and dogmatic images of thought at the core of Western philosophy.

The contemporary North American believes that you can purchase happiness. We search in boxes labeled new and improved, looking for products that are forever bigger, stronger, and faster. We want these things because they will make our lives easier, make us look prettier, and bring us social acceptance. It is our social insecurities that blindly drive this lifestyle. Happiness cannot be sold, and we have become mindless in our consumption. It is in the heart of the suburban world where you can find the beginning of the end. It is the North American shopping mall. We created it as means to meet our demands for more convenient access to stores and services. Its design was manipulated, unapologetically perfected, and rigorously overproduced. The mall has replaced our town squares and main streets with fields of asphalt, yields of the same giant signs, neon lights and brand names. The public realm has been privatized and commercialized. The zombie apocalypse is upon us. The shopping mall stands among us as the reanimated corpse of the dead downtown and represents the loss of great space. Through horror films and personal inflection, a biography of the mall, and a literary dissection of its contemporaries, this thesis examines the misconceptions of North American public spaces through the shopping mall and branded culture. This thesis rediscovers the practise of creating great space through an architectural discourse of the Humbertown Shopping Centre. We desperately need spaces for the living. I argue for public spaces that serve no commercial intent, but rather nourish our desires for authentic human interaction.

Sammanfattning Titel: Framgångsfaktorer för Köpcentrum Nivå: C-uppsats inom ämnet marknadsföring Författare: Emil Eliasson &amp; Anna Haapalehto Handledare: Lars Steiner Datum: 2011-06 Syfte: Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på vilka faktorer som behövs för att ett köpcentrum ska bli framgångsrikt. Vad efterfrågar konsumenterna i dagsläget om vilka preferenser de har till ett köpcentrum. Metod: Vi valde att genomföra en kvantitativ metod till detta examensarbete. Först genomförde vi en datainsamling, för att sedan kunna framställa en enkät som vi skickade ut till personer mellan 20-30 år. Förutom den primärdata vi använde har vi även använt oss av sekundärdata som utgörs av forskningsartiklar och litteratur som passade till vårt ämne. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Svarspersonerna ansåg att nöjesattribut är viktigt för att ett köpcentrum ska bli framgångsrikt. Andra framgångsfaktorer är parkeringstillgång, matställen, evenemang och säkerhet. Det som saknas i Gävles butikutbud i nuläget enligt svarspersonerna är butiker som Zara, Topshop, Monki och second hand butiker. Något som inte ansågs vara viktigt är lekrum, gym och skönhetssalonger.    Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I vår studie har vi valt att bortse från den ekonomiska aspekten och den geografiska aspekten. För fortsatt forskning bör fler personer tillfrågas i enkätundersökningen. Gå djupare in på de framgångsfaktorer vi presenterat i detta examensarbete, hitta ytterligare data som förstärker arbetet. Intervjua ett fastighetsföretag som arbetar med köpcentrum för att få mer resonemang om hur de tänker kring ämnet. Uppsatsens bidrag: Det finns sedan tidigare liknande uppsatser inom detta ämne. Vi har valt att rikta in oss på vilka faktorer som eftersträvas hos kunderna för att ett köpcentrum ska bli framgångsrikt. Den här studien ger en förståelse över hur personer som är 20-30 år tänker och tycker kring vad som krävs för att ett köpcentrum i Gävle ska kunna bli framgångsrikt. Det påvisar även att nöjesattribut är en viktig faktor för att ett köpcentrum ska bli populärt. Nyckelord: Köpcentrum, framgångsfaktorer / Summary Title: Factors of Success in Shopping Centres Level: Bachelor thesis, 15 credits in Business Administration Authors: Emil Eliasson &amp; Anna Haapalehto Supervisor: Lars Steiner Date: 2011-06 Aim: The main purpose with this paper is to establish the factors that are of importance when creating a successful shopping centre. What are the consumers asking for and what their preferences to shopping centers are. Method: We chose to use the quantitative research method in our paper. To begin with we collected data, and then we developed a survey that we sent out to people in the age between 20-30 years. Besides the primary data we used, we also used secondary data from science articles, journals and other literature suited to our subject. Conclusion: The respondents considered that entertainment is a factor of importance in the success of a shopping centre. Other factors of success are parking space, food, events and security. Something that is missing in Gävle at this point is stores like Zara, Topshop, Monki. Something that was not of importance to our respondents was a play area to children, gym or beauty salons.  Suggestions for future research: In our study we chose to ignore the economic aspect as well as the location aspect. In suggestions for future research we recommend to broaden the surveys to more respondents, and to deepen into the factors of success that we have established. We also suggest to find more data to strengthen our study. Another aspect could be to interview a real estate company to know their opinion. Contribution: There already are similar papers in this subject. What we did was to establish was what customers find is important factors of success. This study contributes with an understanding in what customers in the age of 20-30 considers is important in order to make a shopping centre successful. Our contribution is also that entertainment is an important factor of success to make a shopping centre popular. Key words: Shopping centre, factors of success

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Masters Degree of Technology: Public Relations Management, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / In South Africa, the competition between shopping centres has increased significantly over the years due to the increase in the number of shopping centres and the changing shopping behaviour. The success of any shopping centre depends on the revenue generated by customers who frequent the mall to make purchases or use the services of the retail/entertainment outlets. To attract customers to shopping centres, management has to ensure that malls are effectively promoted to relevant stakeholders. Communication is important in any promotional, public relations or marketing activity and should be effective, persuasive and managed in a formal and structured way which fits into the overall goals of the mall. Shopping centre management may use a number of communication tools such as (and are not limited to) advertising, sales promotions, public relations, personal selling and sponsorship. However, do these strategies play a role in generating revenue to promote the overall success of a shopping centre? This dissertation, therefore, sets out to identify and examine the communication tools used by shopping centre managers within the greater Durban area in South Africa. It does so by interviewing marketing managers and the tenant mix of five competitive shopping centres within the greater Durban area in South Africa. Data will be collected from the respondents through questionnaires and an interview schedule. One of the significant results emerging from this study is that the function of tenant relations; promotions; publicity; and public relations plays an integral part in the effective functioning of a shopping centre.

The shopping centre was born in Europe and matured in North America, and it now exists in cities with a wide variety of cultures and politics (Dawson, 1983: 1). According to Casazza et al. (1985:1), the shopping centre is probably the most successful land use, development, real estate, and retail business concept of the 20th century. According to Casazza et al. (1985: 2), the shopping centre is a specialised, commercial land use and building type that previously thrived primarily in suburbia, but today is found throughout the country. When using the term ?shopping centre? accurately, a shopping centre refers to: ?A group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site that is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size, and type of shops to the trade area that it serves. The unit provides on-site parking in definite relationship to the types and total size of the stores? (Casazza et al., 1985: 2). This study investigated the need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Therefore, this study determined whether a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp would be viable. Klerksdorp and its district are quite unique in certain ways, especially due to the farming and mining activities that are found there. Klerksdorp provides goods and services especially for the people residing in Klerksdorp itself, Kanana, Alabama, Jouberton, Hartbeesfontein, Orkney, Vaal Reefs and Stilfontein. The main shopping activity is generally found in the Central Business District (CBD) of Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. Klerksdorp has only one major shopping centre (the City Mall) that provides goods and services for the people in an enclosed surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. The need for Klerksdorp to provide a bigger centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas, is high. Another regional shopping centre close to Klerksdorp is found in Potchefstroom, namely the Mooirivier Mall, and mainly provides in the extra shopping needs of the people living in Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. This study therefore determined whether there is a need for a shopping centre from a retail and consumer point of view, and also whether it will be viable. The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Klerksdorp and that more than half of the respondents feel that the shopping centres do not cater for enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Urban-Econ Development Economists (2009: 56) concluded that the retail market has been fairly buoyant, and although the effects of interest rate hikes and increased inflation and global recession have become visible, fair growth is still expected in the following years, once the economy starts to recover. This indicates that Klerksdorp has a need for a new shopping centre, as 89,705 m2 GLA is available. This shows that if a new shopping centre is built, the other shopping centres in Klerksdorp will still be sustainable, and a new shopping centre will be sustainable and viable. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The shopping centre was born in Europe and matured in North America, and it now exists in cities with a wide variety of cultures and politics (Dawson, 1983: 1). According to Casazza et al. (1985:1), the shopping centre is probably the most successful land use, development, real estate, and retail business concept of the 20th century. According to Casazza et al. (1985: 2), the shopping centre is a specialised, commercial land use and building type that previously thrived primarily in suburbia, but today is found throughout the country. When using the term ?shopping centre? accurately, a shopping centre refers to: ?A group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site that is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size, and type of shops to the trade area that it serves. The unit provides on-site parking in definite relationship to the types and total size of the stores? (Casazza et al., 1985: 2). This study investigated the need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Therefore, this study determined whether a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp would be viable. Klerksdorp and its district are quite unique in certain ways, especially due to the farming and mining activities that are found there. Klerksdorp provides goods and services especially for the people residing in Klerksdorp itself, Kanana, Alabama, Jouberton, Hartbeesfontein, Orkney, Vaal Reefs and Stilfontein. The main shopping activity is generally found in the Central Business District (CBD) of Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. Klerksdorp has only one major shopping centre (the City Mall) that provides goods and services for the people in an enclosed surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. The need for Klerksdorp to provide a bigger centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas, is high. Another regional shopping centre close to Klerksdorp is found in Potchefstroom, namely the Mooirivier Mall, and mainly provides in the extra shopping needs of the people living in Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. This study therefore determined whether there is a need for a shopping centre from a retail and consumer point of view, and also whether it will be viable. The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Klerksdorp and that more than half of the respondents feel that the shopping centres do not cater for enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Urban-Econ Development Economists (2009: 56) concluded that the retail market has been fairly buoyant, and although the effects of interest rate hikes and increased inflation and global recession have become visible, fair growth is still expected in the following years, once the economy starts to recover. This indicates that Klerksdorp has a need for a new shopping centre, as 89,705 m2 GLA is available. This shows that if a new shopping centre is built, the other shopping centres in Klerksdorp will still be sustainable, and a new shopping centre will be sustainable and viable. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The contemporary North American believes that you can purchase happiness. We search in boxes labeled new and improved, looking for products that are forever bigger, stronger, and faster. We want these things because they will make our lives easier, make us look prettier, and bring us social acceptance. It is our social insecurities that blindly drive this lifestyle. Happiness cannot be sold, and we have become mindless in our consumption. It is in the heart of the suburban world where you can find the beginning of the end. It is the North American shopping mall. We created it as means to meet our demands for more convenient access to stores and services. Its design was manipulated, unapologetically perfected, and rigorously overproduced. The mall has replaced our town squares and main streets with fields of asphalt, yields of the same giant signs, neon lights and brand names. The public realm has been privatized and commercialized. The zombie apocalypse is upon us. The shopping mall stands among us as the reanimated corpse of the dead downtown and represents the loss of great space. Through horror films and personal inflection, a biography of the mall, and a literary dissection of its contemporaries, this thesis examines the misconceptions of North American public spaces through the shopping mall and branded culture. This thesis rediscovers the practise of creating great space through an architectural discourse of the Humbertown Shopping Centre. We desperately need spaces for the living. I argue for public spaces that serve no commercial intent, but rather nourish our desires for authentic human interaction.