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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Quantification of deep drainage flux and drainage water quality characterization below the root zone of a short rotation coppice of willow and poplar receiving municipal treated wastewater irrigation in the lower foothills natural subregion of Alberta

Gainer, Amy E. Unknown Date
No description available.
2

Eucalypts as a genus for short rotation forestry in Great Britain

Leslie, Andrew Dunbar January 2016 (has links)
The study focused on four research objectives: 1. To identify the species and provenances of eucalypts most suitable for biomass production in Great Britain. 2. To compare growth of eucalypts with other promising short rotation forestry genera. 3. To develop volume and biomass functions for E. gunnii. 4. To estimate yields and patterns of growth for E. gunnii. Searches on CAB abstracts and World of Science showed that there was limited research conducted on eucalypts in the UK. This research provides an original contribution to knowledge through; a long term assessment of the performance of species of cold tolerant eucalypts across a range of sites, identification of the basis for the rapid growth of eucalypts in comparison with trees from other genera, identification of the best fit function to describe stem form in E.gunnii and a characterisation of the pattern of growth in this species. The thesis provides an account of the long history of eucalypts in the UK, the first record of a eucalypt being planted in Britain probably being Eucalyptus obliqua in the late 1700s (Aiton 1789). A review is then provided of the experience and constraints to growing nine eucalypt species in the UK and their potential for short rotation forestry are described. The rapid growth of eucalypts makes them well suited to short rotation forestry, but there are considerable risks from frosts and extreme winters. Results from a trial established in Cumbria, north west England are described. Survival and growth was compared between E.gunnii, E. nitens and native or naturalised species, identified by Hardcastle (2006) as having potential for short rotation forestry. The rapid rate of growth of E. gunnii was attributed to a combination of large leaf area, a long period of growth during the year and a high specific leaf area. There was 99% mortality of E. nitens at the trial over winter, preventing comparison with other species. At the same trial and assessment was made of frost damage during the winter of 2009-2010, which proved to be the coldest for thirty years (Met Office 2010). E. gunnii was found to be more cold-tolerant than E. nitens, with 35% of the former surviving the winter and less than 1% of the latter. Larger trees were damaged more so than smaller trees reinforcing the argument for good silviculture to promote rapid, early growth. The study on stem form and growth of E. gunnii represents the first in the UK. Volume, height and dbh of a total of 636 trees, measured by felling, optical dendrometer and terrestrial laser scanner were used to test the goodness of fit of a volume function developed in France by AFOCEL and is South America by Shell Oil. The AFOCEL function was found to predict volume with less bias and be suitable for all but the smallest trees. Characterisation of growth curves using mined historic data indicated yields of 16 m3 ha-1 y-1 or approximately 8 t ha-1 y-1 at 20 years old. In contrast, growth curves derived from stem analysis of nine trees from Chiddingfold (south east England) and Glenbranter (central western Scotland) indicated lower yields at 7 m3 ha-1 y-1 at age 28 years and 4.5 m3 ha-1 y-1 at age 30 years respectively. Evidence from plantings elsewhere in the UK show that higher rates of growth are possible, but also that yields are often compromised by high mortality.
3

Gasification-based biomass fuel cycles : a decision and policy analysis

Bauen, Ausilio Walter January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
4

Impacts of land use change to short rotation forestry for bioenergy on soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon

Parmar, Kim January 2016 (has links)
Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) for bioenergy could be used to meet biomass requirements and contribute to achieving renewable energy targets. As an important source of biomass it is important to gain an understanding of the implications of large-scale application of SRF on the soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. This study examined the effects of land use change (LUC) from grassland to SRF on soil fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and the important drivers in action. Examining soils from a range of sites across the UK, CO2 emission potentials were reduced under SRF with differences between coniferous and broadleaved transitions; these changes were found to be related to changes in soil pH and microbial biomass. However, there were limited effects of SRF tree species type on CH4 and N2O fluxes. A detailed study at an experimental SRF site over 16 months demonstrated a reduction in CH4 and net CO2 emissions from soils under SRF and revealed intriguing temporal dynamics of N2O under Sitka spruce and common alder. A significant proportion of the variation in soil N2O fluxes was attributed to differences between tree species, water table depth, spatial effects, and their interactions. The effects of microtopography (ridges, troughs, flats), and its interactions with water table depth on soil GHG fluxes under different tree species was tested using mesocosm cores collected in the field. Microtopography did not significantly affect soil GHG fluxes but trends suggested that considering this spatial factor in sampling regimes could be important. N2O fluxes from Sitka spruce soils did not respond to water table depth manipulation in the laboratory suggesting that they may also be determined by tree-driven nitrogen (N) availability, with other research showing N deposition to be higher in coniferous plantations. An N addition experiment lead to increased N2O emissions with greatest relative response in the Sitka spruce soils. Overall, LUC from rough grassland to SRF resulted in a reduction in soil CH4 emissions, increased N2O emissions and a reduction or no change in net CO2 emissions. These changes in emissions were influenced both directly and indirectly by tree species type with Sitka spruce having the greatest effect on N2O in particular, thus highlighting the importance of considering soil N2O emissions in any life cycle analysis or GHG budgets of LUC to SRF for bioenergy. This research can help inform decisions around SRF tree species selection in future large-scale bioenergy planting.
5

Comparison of physiological parameters and growth metrics in 99 unique Populus varietals across five taxa in northeastern Mississippi

Pitts, Justin 07 August 2020 (has links)
Species in the genus Populus (poplars) have shown the potential to be utilized as short rotation woody crops for bioenergy production in the Southeast. A lack of knowledge on which poplar taxa perform best on marginal sites throughout the Southeast exists. Through measurement of relationships between growth metrics, water usage and physiological parameters of 2400 poplar trees, I was able to assess: 1) early rotation suitability of numerous poplar varietals to be grown as bioenergy feedstocks in northeast Mississippi, and 2) the effectiveness of early rotation physiological parameters in predicting future productivity and water usage. Overall findings from this study suggest that trees with D x M parentage may be best fit for large-scale plantation growth in the Southeast. They demonstrated low mortality and collectively grew the tallest of all taxa. Early-rotation physiology demonstrated mixed results in predicting future growth and water usage. Findings from this study will be used in future bioenergy feedstock selection.
6

Economic evaluation of silvoarable short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS) in Brandenburg - model calculations including carbon sequestration

Jakob, Maximilian 13 November 2024 (has links)
Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Agroforstsysteme einen Beitrag zur Lösung der 3 größten aktuellen Probleme der brandenburgischen Landwirtschaft leisten können: der Biodiversitätskrise, Klimakrise und der wirtschaftlichen Krise vieler landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen. Hierfür wurden insgesamt 642 verschiedene 20 ha große Modellschläge mit den 5 verschiedenen Brandenburger Landbaugebieten und verschieden strukturierten Agroforstsystemen über einen Zeitraum von 24 Jahren betrachtet. Die Kalkulationen der Agroforstsysteme ermöglichten einen ökonomischen Vergleich unter Einbeziehung der durch diese zusätzlich erbrachten Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Die kalkulierten Agroforstsysteme in dieser Arbeit bestehen aus ackerbaulich genutzten Flächen und Gehölzstreifen, welche aus Pappeln (Populus spp.) im Kurzumtrieb in Kombination mit Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris) im Mittelumtrieb bestehen. Ohne Abzinsung können diese Agroforstsysteme dieselben Erlöse wie eine rein ackerbaulich genutzte Fläche erreichen. Bei einer Berücksichtigung eines Zinssatzes von 3,5% erreichen die Agroforstsysteme maximal 97.60% der Annuität einer rein ackerbaulich genutzten Fläche. Die höchsten Annuitäten erreichen Agroforstsysteme mit der Produktion von Pflanzenkohle oder einem maximal großen Anteil an Ackerbaufläche. Die Produktion von Pflanzenkohle und deren Einarbeitung in den Ackerboden ist besonders vorteilhaft, wenn dadurch eine Steigerung der Ackererträge bewirkt wird. Wird das im Agroforstsystem dauerhaft gespeicherte CO2 mit einem CO2-Preis von 55€/t bepreist, können Agroforstsysteme auch bei einem Zinssatz von 3,5% genauso wirtschaftlich wie reine Ackerbauflächen sein. In diesem Fall haben Agroforstsysteme mit Pflanzenkohleproduktion oder integrierten Kiefern die höchsten Annuitäten. Für die ökologische Aufwertung der Gehölzstreifen sind die Integration von ökologisch wertvollen Gehölzen und die zeitversetzte Teilernte der Gehölzstreifen mit durchschnittlichen Annuitätskosten von 4,01 €/ha wesentlich günstiger als 4m breite Brachstreifen neben den Gehölzstreifen mit durchschnittlichen Annuitätskosten von 20,45 €/ha. Die ökonomisch optimale Gestaltung eines Agroforstsystems hängt neben dem jeweiligen Landbaugebiet von vielen weiteren Faktoren ab. Für die großflächige erfolgreiche Etablierung von Agroforstsystemen in Brandenburg sind daher 4 Maßnahmen nötig: sicherer Rechtsrahmen für die Bewirtschaftung und Förderung, Bezahlung der zusätzlich bereitgestellten Ökosystemdienstleistungen durch die Gesellschaft, Beratung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe vor der Etablierung eines Agroforstsystems, deutliche Verringerung der verpachteten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen.:Abstract 1 Introduction: actual problems in agricultural………………………..………………….11 1.1 Climate change and erosion……………………………………….………….……...11 1.2 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………...…………………13 1.3 Economy………………………………………………………………….……….……13 1.4 Potential of agroforestry systems………………………………………….…………13 2 Characteristics and basics of agroforestry systems................................................14 2.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………....……..……14 2.2 Policy……………………………………………………………………….……...……15 2.2.1 Legal framework…………………………………………………………............….15 2.2.2 Grants……………………………………………………………………............…..15 2.2.2.1 Current situation……………………………………………….....................…...15 2.2.2.2 Outlook into the future……………………………….....................…………….16 2.3 Different systems (outline)………………………………………………….…………18 2.4 Tree-environment interactions……………………………..…………………………22 2.5 Characteristics of short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……….………23 2.5.1 Influence of woody stripes in SRACS on the arable crop yields in modelling..25 2.5.2 Wind speed reduction……………………………………………………….35 2.5.3 Carbon sequestration………………………………………………………..35 2.5.4 biochar production through pyrolysis………………………………………37 2.5.5 Influence of outer rows on the wood yields (WS)…………………..……...41 2.6 Limitations of the assumptions of this thesis…...…………………………………41 3 Research question……………………………………………………………….….…42 3.1 Research field……………………………………………………………….……..…42 3.2 Research gaps……………………………………………………………….……..…46 3.2.1 Modelling long standing valuable wood production…………………………46 3.2.2 Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……………………….….…48 3.2.2.1 Medium to long standing trees for log production (timber)……….….48 3.3 Elected Questions……………………………………………………………….……49 4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…….50 4.1 Characteristics of the examined agroforestry systems (AS)…………..……….…50 4.2 Economic calculations…………………………………………………………………54 4.3 Carbon storage…………………………………………………………………………60 4.4 Reference arable area……………………………………………………..…………62 4.5 Discounting.……………………………………………………………………………66 4.6 Calculated model plots (MP)………………………………………………..………67 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……69 5.1 Analysis of the individual parameters………………………………………….…...73 5.1.1 Alley width (AW)…………………………………………………………….….73 5.1.2 Integrated timber production with pines……………………..…………….……74 5.1.3 Fallow strips, staggered partial harvest of the SRC and integration of ecological valuable coppices in the SRC…………………………………………………….……75 5.1.4 Biochar…………………………………………………………………….…….76 5.2 Compilation of the most economically advantageous agroforestry systems…….79 5.2.1 Analysis of the MP #47-48/6/0-LBGI-biochar……………………………….….80 5.2.2 Effects of establishing agroforestry systems all over Brandenburg…….…….81 6 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..82 6.1 Limitations……………………………………………………………………..…..82 6.2 Answers to research questions………………………………………………….….87 7 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..………..89 8 Outlook…………………………………………………………………………..…….90 9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………92 / This thesis shows that agroforestry systems can make a contribution to solving the 3 biggest current problems of Brandenburg agriculture: the biodiversity crisis, climate crisis and the economic crisis of many agricultural companies. For this purpose, a total of 642 different 20-hectare model plots with the 5 different Brandenburg agricultural areas and differently structured agroforestry systems were considered over a period of 24 years. The calculations of the agroforestry systems enabled an economic comparison, taking into account the additional ecosystem services provided by them. The calculated agroforestry systems in this thesis consist of arable land and strips of wood, which consist of poplars (Populus spp.) in short rotation in combination with pines (Pinus sylvestris) in middle rotation. Without discounting, these agroforestry systems can achieve the same revenues as a purely arable land. If an interest rate of 3.5% is taken into account, the agroforestry systems achieve a maximum of 97.60% of the annuity of a purely arable land. Agroforestry systems achieve the highest annuities with the production of biochar or a maximum proportion of arable land. The production of biochar and its incorporation into the arable soil is advantageous if it results in an increase in arable yields. If the CO2 permanently stored in the agroforestry system is priced at a CO2 price of 55 €/t, agroforestry systems can be just as economical as pure arable land, even at an interest rate of 3.5%. In this case, agroforestry systems with biochar production or integrated pines have the highest annuities. For the ecological upgrading of the wood strips, the integration of ecologically valuable coppices and the timeshifted partial harvest of the wood strips with average annuity costs of 4.01 € / ha are much cheaper than 4m wide fallow strips next to the wood strips with average annuity costs of 20.45 €/ha. The economically optimal design of an agroforestry system depends on the respective agricultural area and many other factors. For the large-scale successful establishment of agroforestry systems in Brandenburg, 4 measures are therefore identified: Secure legal framework for the management and granting, payment of the additionally provided ecosystem services by society, advice to farms before the establishment of an agroforestry system, significant reduction of the leased agricultural land.:Abstract 1 Introduction: actual problems in agricultural………………………..………………….11 1.1 Climate change and erosion……………………………………….………….……...11 1.2 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………...…………………13 1.3 Economy………………………………………………………………….……….……13 1.4 Potential of agroforestry systems………………………………………….…………13 2 Characteristics and basics of agroforestry systems................................................14 2.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………....……..……14 2.2 Policy……………………………………………………………………….……...……15 2.2.1 Legal framework…………………………………………………………............….15 2.2.2 Grants……………………………………………………………………............…..15 2.2.2.1 Current situation……………………………………………….....................…...15 2.2.2.2 Outlook into the future……………………………….....................…………….16 2.3 Different systems (outline)………………………………………………….…………18 2.4 Tree-environment interactions……………………………..…………………………22 2.5 Characteristics of short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……….………23 2.5.1 Influence of woody stripes in SRACS on the arable crop yields in modelling..25 2.5.2 Wind speed reduction……………………………………………………….35 2.5.3 Carbon sequestration………………………………………………………..35 2.5.4 biochar production through pyrolysis………………………………………37 2.5.5 Influence of outer rows on the wood yields (WS)…………………..……...41 2.6 Limitations of the assumptions of this thesis…...…………………………………41 3 Research question……………………………………………………………….….…42 3.1 Research field……………………………………………………………….……..…42 3.2 Research gaps……………………………………………………………….……..…46 3.2.1 Modelling long standing valuable wood production…………………………46 3.2.2 Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……………………….….…48 3.2.2.1 Medium to long standing trees for log production (timber)……….….48 3.3 Elected Questions……………………………………………………………….……49 4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…….50 4.1 Characteristics of the examined agroforestry systems (AS)…………..……….…50 4.2 Economic calculations…………………………………………………………………54 4.3 Carbon storage…………………………………………………………………………60 4.4 Reference arable area……………………………………………………..…………62 4.5 Discounting.……………………………………………………………………………66 4.6 Calculated model plots (MP)………………………………………………..………67 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……69 5.1 Analysis of the individual parameters………………………………………….…...73 5.1.1 Alley width (AW)…………………………………………………………….….73 5.1.2 Integrated timber production with pines……………………..…………….……74 5.1.3 Fallow strips, staggered partial harvest of the SRC and integration of ecological valuable coppices in the SRC…………………………………………………….……75 5.1.4 Biochar…………………………………………………………………….…….76 5.2 Compilation of the most economically advantageous agroforestry systems…….79 5.2.1 Analysis of the MP #47-48/6/0-LBGI-biochar……………………………….….80 5.2.2 Effects of establishing agroforestry systems all over Brandenburg…….…….81 6 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..82 6.1 Limitations……………………………………………………………………..…..82 6.2 Answers to research questions………………………………………………….….87 7 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..………..89 8 Outlook…………………………………………………………………………..…….90 9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………92
7

Drought stress response of tetraploid hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx.) of protoplast fusion experiments)

Hennig, Anne 08 July 2015 (has links)
Pappelsorten (Populus) für den Anbau in Kurzumtriebsplantagen sollten neben einer hohen Biomasseproduktion und der Vermehrbarkeit über Steckhölzer auch Trockentoleranz aufweisen. Trockenheit stellt einen wichtigen abiotischen Stressor dar, der das Wachstum der Pflanze, ihre Vitalität und ihre Produktivität negativ beeinflussen kann. Polyploide Sorten von Getreidepflanzen (Triticum), krautigen Pflanzen (Lonicera, Spathiphyllum und Nicotiana) aber auch Baumarten (Betula) zeigen eine höhere Toleranz gegenüber Stress, wie z.B. Trockenstress, im Vergleich zu Sorten mit niedrigerem Ploidiegrad. Hybridaspen Populus tremula (L.) x P. tremuloides (Michx.) der Sektion Populus können auch auf Grenzertragsböden ökonomische Zuwächse verzeichnen, auf denen andere Baumarten ausfallen. Den Hybridaspen fehlt allerdings die Vermehrbarkeit über Steckhölzer. Anderen Pappelarten der Sektionen Tacamahaca und Aigeiros wie beispielsweise P. nigra (L.) and P. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) x P. deltoides (Bartram ex Marsh) zeigen diese entscheidende Eigenschaft. Da Kreuzungen zwischen den Sektionen Populus und Tacamahaca oder Aigeiros auf natürlichem Weg schwierig sind, wurde die Methode der somatischen Hybridisierung eingesetzt. Der Klon P. tremula x P. tremuloides ('Münden 2') wurden als ein Fusionspartner und einer der Klone P. x canescens (INRA clone No. 717 1‑B4), P. nigra oder P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides (B19) als zweiter Fusionspartner in Hybridisierungsexperimenten verwendet. Blattmorphologisch und durch Mikrosatellitenanalysen konnten die erhaltenen Fusionsprodukte dem Ausgangsklon P. tremula x P. tremuloides ('Münden 2') zugeordnet werden, wiesen dabei aber einen tetraploiden Chromosomensatz auf. In der vorliegenden Dissertation war das zentrale Ziel, Trockenstressreaktionen tetraploider Hybridaspenlinien (HAL) im Vergleich zur diploiden Ausgangslinie P. tremula x P. tremuloides ('Münden 2') zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden die folgenden Fragen aufgestellt. (i) Sind die tetraploiden HAL dem diploiden Ausgangsklon unter Trockenheit überlegen z.B. hinsichtlich des Wasserverbrauchs und des Verwelkungs- und Vertrocknungszeitpunktes der Blätter? (ii) Unterscheiden sich die tetraploiden HAL von dem diploiden Ausgangklon in morphologischen Ausprägungen wie beispielsweise der Stomatamorphologie, der Höhe, der Biomasse und der Gesamtblattfläche? (iii) Ist die höhere Trockentoleranz der tetraploiden HAL durch den erhöhten Ploidiegrad verursacht? (iv) Zeigen die tetraploiden HAL unter Trockenstress früh physiologische Veränderungen im Kohlenhydratgehalt, dem relativen Blattwassergehalt und der stomatären Leitfähigkeit? (v) Gibt es genetische Modifikationen abgesehen von der Tetraploidie wie z.B. Duplikationen und Deletionen, die eventuell Einfluss auf das Trockensressverhalten haben könnten? In einem ersten Experiment wurden vier tetraploide HAL untersucht. Zwei HAL zeigten einen geringeren Wasserverbrauch und drei HAL eine spätere Verwelkung als der diploide Ausgangsklon. Außerdem entwickelten die tetraploiden HAL eine geringere Stomatadichte, größere Stomata und eine vergleichbare oder geringere Höhe, Biomasse und Gesamtblattfläche im Vergleich zum diploiden Ausgangsklon. Das zweite Experiment wurde mit vier diploiden und 16 weiteren tetraploiden HAL durchgeführt. Auch die diploiden Linien stammten aus Protoplastenfusions-experimenten. Die tetraploiden HAL wiesen im Mittel eine höhere Überlebensrate als die diploiden HAL auf, entwickelten aber durchdschnittlich ein geringeres Höhenwachstum. Unter Berücksichtigung der Höhe verwelkten 11 tetraploide, aber keine diploide HAL später als der diploide Ausgangsklon. In einem dritten Experiment wurden zwei Linien aus dem zweiten Experiment ausgewählt, die vergleichbares Höhenwachstum zeigten, aber später verwelkten als der diploide Ausgangklon. Es wurden physiologische Merkmale wie der Wasserverbrauch und der Verwelkungszeitpunkt der Blätter beobachtet und der relative Blattwassergehalt, die stomatäre Leitfähigkeit und der Kohlenhydratgehalt in einer Zeitreihe untersucht. Geringerer Wasserverbrauch im Vergleich zum diploiden Ausgangsklon konnte in beiden tetraploiden HAL gezeigt werden. Diese Beobachtung deckt sich mit dem höheren relativen Bodenwassergehalt der tetraploiden HAL im Vergleich zum diploiden Ausgangsklon. Insgesamt spricht das für geringeren Trockenstress in den tetraploiden HAL. Auf der anderen Seite sollte ein geringerer Wasserverbrauch auch eine geringere stomatäre Leitfähigkeit nach sich ziehen. Dies war in den tetraploiden HAL nicht durchgehend der Fall. Relativ zur Kontrolle konnten die tetraploiden Linien aber eine höhere stomatäre Leitfähigkeit bei Bodenwassergehalten aufrechterhalten, bei denen die diploide Ausgangslinie bereits ihre Stomata geschlossen hatte. Dies weist ebenfalls auf eine höhere Trockentoleranz der tetraploiden HAL hin. Genetische Modifikationen wie beispielsweise Duplikationen und Deletionen wurden mit Hilfe von “copy number variation”(“Kopienzahlvariation”)-Analysen an drei tetraploiden HAL und der diploiden Ausgangslinie durchgeführt. Die drei tetraploiden Linien zeigten vergleichbares Höhenwachstum, aber spätere Verwelkung als die diploide Ausgangslinie. Bei dieser Analyse konnten nur drei Segmente detektiert werden, die bei allen drei tetraploiden HAL im Vergleich zum diploiden Ausgangsklon verändert vorlagen. Die putativen Gene der detektierten Segmente wiesen keine Annotation auf. Eine der drei tetraploiden HAL zeigte eine hohe Anzahl von 90 Segmenten, die hier aber weder in dem diploiden Ausgangsklon noch in den beiden anderen tetraploiden Linien erhöht vorlagen. Diese Linie zeigte zwar eine höhere Trockentoleranz als der diploide Ausgangsklon, aber nicht gegenüber der anderen untersuchten tetraploiden HAL (Experiment 3). Beide tetraploiden HAL waren bezüglich des Wasserverbrauchs, des Verwelkungszeitpunktes und der stomatären Leitfähigkeit ähnlich. Dies lässt vermuten, dass die Trockentoleranz durch die Tetraploidie und nicht durch weitere genetische Modifikationen bedingt ist. Trotzdem ist eine weiterführende funktionelle Untersuchung der drei Segmente, die in allen tetraploiden HAL verändert auftraten, sinnvoll, da auch hier ein trockenrelevantes Gen verändert sein könnte. Um eine Relevanz der putativen Gene bezüglich Trockenheit zu testen, könnte zukünftig das Verhalten von Knock-out-Mutanten, denen die entsprechende Sequenz fehlt, unter Trockenstress untersucht werden. Abschließend ist zu bemerken, dass neben den hier untersuchten HAL mehrere hundert Fusionsprodukte in einem Verbundprojekt genetisch charakterisiert wurden. Die Heterofusionsfrequenz war äußerst gering und die Hybriden waren bereits in der in vitro Phase nicht überlebensfähig. Geringe Heterofusionsfrequenz wurde beteits in anderen Arten beobachtet (Cyclamen, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae). Da in dieser Dissertation nur Homofusionslinien verwendet wurden, wurde die Vermehrbarkeit über Steckhölzer nicht getestet, sondern der Fokus auf das Trockenstressverhalten der tetraploiden Homofusionslinien gelegt. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass veränderte morphologische Ausprägungen und eine höhere Trockentoleranz in den HAL mit erhöhten Ploidiegrad auftraten. Dies prädestiniert die tetraploiden Linien für Standorte, an denen Wasser als limitierender Faktor auftritt und hohe Ausfallraten durch Dürre erwartet werden.
8

Modelling the UK perennial energy crop market

Alexander, Peter Mark William January 2014 (has links)
Biomass produced from perennial energy crops, Miscanthus and willow or poplar grown as short-rotation coppice, is expected to contribute to UK renewable energy targets and reduce the carbon intensity of energy production. The UK Government has had incentives in place, targeting farmers and power plant investors to develop this market, but growth has been slower than anticipated. Market expansion requires farmers to select to grow these crops, and the construction of facilities, such as biomass power plants, to consume them. Farmer behaviour and preferences, including risk-aversion, are believed to be important to crop selection decisions. Existing research estimating the total potential resource has either only simplistically considered the farmer decision-making and opportunity costs, or has not considered spatial variability. No previous work has modelled the contingent interaction of farmers’ decisions with the construction of biomass facilities. This thesis provides an improved understanding of the behaviour of the perennial energy crop market in the UK, by addressing these limitations, to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of energy crop adoption. It attempts to determine the factors that govern the rate and level of adoption, to quantify the greenhouse gas abatement potential, and to assess the cost effectiveness of policy mechanisms. A farm-scale mathematical programming model was implemented to represent the crop selection of a risk-averse farmer. This was applied using spatially specific data to produce maps and cost curves economic supply, for the UK. To represent the contingent interaction of supply and demand within the market, an agent-based model was then developed. The results indicate that perennial energy crop supply may be substantially lower than previously predicted, due to the time lags caused by the spatial diffusion of farmer adoption. The model shows time lags of 20 years, which is supported empirically by the analogue of oilseed rape adoption. Results from integrating a greenhouse gas emissions balance shows that directly supporting farmers, via establishment grants, can increase both the carbon equivalent emissions abatement potential and cost effectiveness of policy measure. Results also show a minimum cost of carbon abatement is produced from scenarios with an intermediate level of electricity generation subsidy. This suggests that there is a level of support for electricity generated from energy crops that reduces emissions in the most cost effective manner.
9

Characterization of Fungal Communities Associated to Willow SRIC Plantations in the Canadian Prairies Ecozone Using PCR-Based Molecular Methods

2012 February 1900 (has links)
Willow (Salix spp.), a major source of biomass and renewable fiber production, is one of the best choices for short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) in Canada. Since fungal communities play important roles in the plant’s health status, it is vital to understand their interactions with willows and their roles in the sustainability of SRIC. In this study, fungal diversity of the above-ground organs (stem/leaf) of healthy and diseased willow plants in western Canadian Prairies were assessed using cultural and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) techniques. Comparison of the mycoprofiles within established plantations vs. newly introduced cuttings revealed differences in the fungal communities. Ascomycota were mainly isolated, followed by Basidiomicota and Zygomycota. Willow genotypes seem have an influence on the abundance of fungal pathogens and disease severity; among them Charlie (Salix alba x gladfelteri) and SV1 (S. eriocephala) cultivars demonstrated superior performances. Photosynthesis measurements and biomass compositions confirmed these findings. Potentially pathogenic fungi (Dothioraceae, Diaporthaceae, Glomeraceae, and Pleosporaceae) dominated in diseased or symptomatic willows, whereas potentially beneficial fungi (Coniochaetaceae, Hypoceraceae, Nectriaceae, Trichocomaceae, and Agaricaceae) prevailed in healthy plants. In-vivo and greenhouse assays showed that inoculation with potentially pathogenic fungi induced leaf necrosis, anthracnose and open cankers. However, suppression of the latter was still possible using fungal antagonists. Hence, assessment of stem/bark and leaf fungal communities with respect to willow genotypes, cuttings origin, and SRIC location, is useful for the design of an effective management strategy to increase the productivity of the SRIC-biomass systems.
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On-farm evaluation of short-rotation forestry : economics of willow plantations and windbreaks in Central Canada

Girouard, Patrick January 1995 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is the determination of a minimum market price for Short-Rotation Forestry (SRF) willow biomass grown in monoculture and windbreaks in Quebec and Ontario. Full cost budgeting was used and developed on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Harvest cycles of 3 and 4 years for monoculture plantations, and 8 years for windbreaks were investigated. Estimates for establishment and other preharvest costs were obtained from mid-sized (5 hectares) commercial SRF willow plots in Quebec and Ontario. / For the monoculture plantations, irrespective of cycle length, and using the base case figures, the final delivery cost of willow biomass ranged between 74-126 $/odMg and 63--109 $/odMg based on current and projected costs respectively. These hold for yields between 7 and 11 odMg/ha/yr. Moreover, the 4-year cycle was revealed to be more economically efficient than a 3-year cycle. Along with yield, the main cost factors affecting the economics of SRF monoculture plantations are: harvesting, transportation to a processing plant, land lease management. For the two major energy markets, ethanol and electricity production (biomass in replacement of coal), SRF willow biomass in monoculture plantations does not appear to be a viable feedstock given present technology and yields. In the short run, a more promising outlet for willow biomass is space heat production for small buildings, farm complexes, etc. In this market, many potential buyers can afford to pay a higher price for biomass than ethanol or electricity utilities. / In the windbreak system, biomass could be produced for between 44 and 68 $/odMg, assuming that yields between 12 to 20 odMg/ha/yr can be achieved. At this price, windbreak biomass is not a competitive feedstock for ethanol or electricity generation, but is attractive for space heat production. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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