Fossil fuel is a rare commodity and the combustion of this fuel results in negative environmental effects. This paper evaluates and validates the electronics needed to run intelligent algorithms to lower the fuel consumption for commercial vessels. This is done by integrating advanced fuel saving functions into an electronic device that controls the fuel injection of large diesel engines, as known as a diesel engine governor. The control system is classified as a safety critical system. This means that the electronics needs to be designed for fail safe operation. To allow for future research and development, the platform needs flexibility in respect to hardware reconfiguration and software changes, i.e. this is the basis for a system that allows for hardware-software co-design. For efficient installation and easy commissioning, the system shall allow for auto-calibration combined with programmable jumper selections to attain a cost effective solution. The computation of the fuel saving algorithm require accurate data to build a model of the vessels motions. This is achieved by integrating state of the art sensors and a multitude of communication interfaces. Among other things gyroscopes contra accelerometers where evaluated to find the best solution in respect to cost and performance. This design replace the current product DEGO III. The new product requires the same functionality and shall allow for more functions. Focus has been spent on communication, methods of accruing sensor data and more computation speed. In creating a new generation of a product there are tasks like selecting components, questions pertaining to layout of the printed circuit board and an evaluation of supply chains. The manufacturing aspects are considered to rationalize production and testing. / Fossila bränslen är en dyrbar råvara och förbränningen av detta bränsle leder till negativa miljöeffekter. Detta papper utvärderar och verifierar elektroniken som behövs för att beräkna intelligenta algoritmer som minskar bränsle konsumtionen för kommersiella fartyg. Detta görs genom att sammanfoga avancerade funktioner i en och samma elektroniska enhet som kontrollerar bränsle insprutningen på stora diesel motorer, denna elektronik är känd som en varvtals regulator. Kontroll systemet är klassificerat som ett säkerhetskritiskt system. Detta betyder att elektroniken måste utformas för att vara felsäker. För att tillåta framtida forskning och utveckling behöver plattformen vara flexibel. Den ska tillåta konfiguration av hårdvara och mjukvara ändringar. Samverkan mellan hårdvara och mjukvara. För effektiv installation samt drifttagning, måste systemet vara automat-kalibrerande och utrustat med programmerbara byglingar som möjliggör en kostnadseffektiv lösning. Beräkningen av bränsle optimeringen behöver en detaljerad modell av fartygets rörelse. Detta möjliggörs genom att integrera moderna sensorer och en mängd olika kommunikationsmedier. Bland annat så utvärderades gyroskop kontra accelerometrar för att hitta den bästa lösningen i förhållande till kostnad och kvalitet. Denna design ersätter den nuvarande produkten DEGO III. Den nya produkten behöver samma funktionalitet samt en mängd nya funktioner. Fokus har varit kommunikation, metoder för att samla sensordata och ökad beräknings kraft. När en ny generation av en produkt ska utvecklas finns uppgifter så som att välja komponenter, frågor gällande mönsterkorts layout och en utvärdering av leverantörs källor. Tillverkningen av prototypen inkluderar utvärdering av produktions metoder för att effektivisera tillverkning och verifiering.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08984.pdf: 7815530 bytes, checksum: 2846bcddfb4f882d621deacbf8447f3e (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08984.pdf: 7815530 bytes, checksum: 2846bcddfb4f882d621deacbf8447f3e (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Conventional wire bond power modules have limited application for high-current operation, mainly because of their poor thermal management capability. Planar power modules have excellent thermal management capability and lower parasitic inductance, which means that the planar packaging method is desirable for high-power applications. For these reasons, a planar power module for an automotive motor drive system was developed, and a gate-driver circuit with an over-current protection was planned to integrate into the module. This thesis discusses a current-sensing method for the planar module, and the integrated gate driver circuit with an over-current protection. After reviewing several current-sensing methods, it becomes clear that most popular current-sensing methods, such as the Hall-Effect sensor, the current transformer, the Shunt resistor, and Rogowski coils, exhibit limitations for the planar module integration. For these reasons, a giant magneto resistive (GMR) magnetic-field detector was chosen as a current-sensing method. The GMR sensor utilizes the characteristics of the giant magneto resistive (GMR) effect in that it changes its resistance when it is exposed to the magnetic-flux. Because the GMR resistor can be fabricated at the wafer level, a packaged GMR sensor is very compact when compared with conventional current sensors. In addition, the sensor detects magnetic-fields, which does not require direct contact to the current-carrying conductor, and the bandwidth of the sensor can be up to 1 MHz, which is wide enough for the switching frequencies of most of motor drive applications. However, there are some limiting factors that need to be considered for accurate current measurement: • Operating temperature • Magnetic-flux density seen by a GMR resistor • Measurement noise If the GMR sensor is integrated into the power module, the ambient temperature of the sensor will be highly influenced by the junction temperature of the power devices. Having a consistent measurement for varying temperature is important for module-integrated current sensors. An experiment was performed to see the temperature characteristics of a GMR sensor. The measurement error caused by temperature variation was quantified by measurement conditions. This thesis also proposes an active temperature error compensation method for the best use of the GMR sensor. The wide current trace of the planar power module helps to reduce the electrical/thermal resistance, but it hinders having a strong and constant magnetic-field-density seen by the GMR sensor. In addition, the eddy-current effect will change the distribution of the current density and the magnetic-flux-density. These changes directly influence the accurate measurement of the GMR sensor. Therefore, analyzing the magnetic-flux distribution in the planar power module is critical for integrating the GMR sensor. A GMR sensor is very sensitive to noise, especially when it is sensing current flowing in a wide trace and exposed to external fields, neither of which can be avoided for the operation of power modules. Post-signal processing is required, and the signal-conditioning circuit was designed to attenuate noise. The signal-conditioning circuit was designed using an instrumentation amplifier, and the circuit attenuated most of the noise that hindered accurate measurement. The over-current protection circuit along with the gate driver circuit was designed, and the concept was verified by experiments. The main achievements of this study can be summarized as: • Characterization of conventional current-sensing methods • Temperature characterization of the GMR resistor • Magnetic-flux distribution of the planar power module • Design of the signal-conditioning circuit and over-current protection circuit / Master of Science

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-24T11:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5459157 bytes, checksum: e363929cf9a6a71b88515b8a24c12af6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T11:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5459157 bytes, checksum: e363929cf9a6a71b88515b8a24c12af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Amid a scenario, that contrasts the increasing demand for electricity, and decreased ability to generation from conventional sources, which is creating serious problems for the energy sector, the concept of smart grids popularizes up and presented as an alternative to, among other possibilities, minimize the effects of power outages in the design of distributed generation from alternative sources. In order for alternatives to that end, it will develop a data acquisition system, low cost and high performance for applications in smart grids, which facilitates monitoring of electricity in real time, where the user can manage their own control avoiding waste and consequently saving. The system will be developed based on the standards of ANEEL (Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency), body responsible for determining the minimum parameters a measuring equipment must possess. The data acquisition system showed results with a high degree of agreement when compared with the reference instrument, the fluke 434/435. A response curve of voltage and current, showing the system behavior compared to other instruments of measurement was introduced. Still, it is objective of the work that the signs Conditioning Unit can be adapted for multiple microprocessor platforms, using simple settings, without the need for hardware reconfiguration. This fact has been proven to be used with Black BeagleBone with satisfactory results. / Em meio a um cenário que contrasta o aumento da demanda por energia elétrica, e a diminuição da capacidade de geração a partir das fontes convencionais, o que vem gerando sérios problemas para o setor energético, o conceito de smart grids populariza-se e apresenta-se como uma alternativa para, entre outras possibilidades, minimizar os efeitos da falta de energia elétrica, na concepção de geração distribuída a partir de fontes alternativas. Com vistas em alternativas com esse fim, será desenvolvido um sistema de aquisição de dados, de baixo custo e alto desempenho, para aplicações em smart grids, que viabilize o monitoramento da energia elétrica em tempo real, onde o usuário possa gerir o seu próprio controle evitando o desperdício e, consequentemente, economizando. O sistema será desenvolvido com base nas normas da ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), órgão responsável por determinar os parâmetros mínimos que um equipamento de medição deve possuir. O sistema de aquisição de dados apresentou resultados com alto grau de concordância ao ser comparados com o instrumento de referência, o fluke 434/435. Foi apresentado uma curva resposta da tensão e corrente, mostrando o comportamento do sistema em comparação a de outros instrumentos de medições. Ainda, é objetivo do trabalho que a Unidade de Condicionamento dos Sinais, possa ser adaptada para múltiplas plataformas microprocessadas, através de simples ajustes, sem a necessidade de reconfiguração de hardware. Esse fato foi comprovado ao ser utilizada com a BeagleBone Black, apresentando resultados satisfatórios.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Telemetry & Instrumentation, in conjunction with NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, has developed a commercial, intelligent, data acquisition module that performs all functions associated with acquiring and digitizing a transducer measurement. These functions include transducer excitation, signal gain and anti-aliasing filtering, A/D conversion, linearization and digital filtering, and sample rate decimation. The functions are programmable and are set up from information stored in a local Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS). In addition, the module performs continuous self-calibration and self-test to maintain 0.01% accuracy over its entire operating temperature range for periods of one year without manual recalibration. The module operates in conjunction with a VME-based data acquisition system.

Este projeto de pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento de protótipos de transmissores industriais de pressão do tipo diferencial piezoresistivo com saída analógica a dois fios 4-20 mA. Os dispositivos usam um DSSP (processador digital de sinal do sensor) para realizar compensação térmica nas temperaturas de 0°C até 80°C e a calibração de pressão diferencial na faixa de 0-25 bard e de pressão de linha de 0-7 barg. Os transmissores permitem a leitura de diversas variáveis industriais: pressão diferencial, pressão relativa e pressão absoluta em fluidos. Os transmissores têm um TEB (total error band) menor que 0,15 de porcentagem de escala plena. A saída analógica dos transmissores diferenciais de pressão é caracterizada utilizando como base normas internacionais BS (British Standards). Os parâmetros avaliados nos transmissores de pressão são: a exatidão, o coeficiente térmico do offset, o coeficiente térmico do span, o total error band, e os desvios no tempo a curto e longo prazo. Esse trabalho é resultado da parceria dada entre o Laboratório de Sistemas Integráveis da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (LSI/EPUSP) e a empresa MEMS Microssistemas Integrados Híbridos de Pressão. / This research project presents the prototypes development of piezoresistive differential pressure transmitters with analog two-wire output of 4-20 mA. The devices use a DSSP (Digital Signal Processor Sensor) to achieve temperature compensation at temperatures from 0°C to 80°C and differential pressure calibration range from 0 bard to 25 bard and line pressure range from 0 barg to 7 barg. The transmitters measure several industrial variables: differential pressure, relative pressure and absolute pressure at fluids. The transmitters have a TEB (total error band) less than 0.15 percent of full scale. The analog output of the differential pressure transmitters is characterized using British Standards-BS. The parameters evaluated in the pressure transmitters are: the accuracy, the thermal coefficient of the offset, the thermal coefficient of the span, the total error band, the start-up drift and long-term drift. This work is the result of the academic and technological partnership between the Laboratory of Integrated Systems of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (LSI / EPUSP) and the MEMS company - Microssistemas Integrados Híbridos de Pressão Ltda.

Este projeto de pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento de protótipos de transmissores industriais de pressão do tipo diferencial piezoresistivo com saída analógica a dois fios 4-20 mA. Os dispositivos usam um DSSP (processador digital de sinal do sensor) para realizar compensação térmica nas temperaturas de 0°C até 80°C e a calibração de pressão diferencial na faixa de 0-25 bard e de pressão de linha de 0-7 barg. Os transmissores permitem a leitura de diversas variáveis industriais: pressão diferencial, pressão relativa e pressão absoluta em fluidos. Os transmissores têm um TEB (total error band) menor que 0,15 de porcentagem de escala plena. A saída analógica dos transmissores diferenciais de pressão é caracterizada utilizando como base normas internacionais BS (British Standards). Os parâmetros avaliados nos transmissores de pressão são: a exatidão, o coeficiente térmico do offset, o coeficiente térmico do span, o total error band, e os desvios no tempo a curto e longo prazo. Esse trabalho é resultado da parceria dada entre o Laboratório de Sistemas Integráveis da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (LSI/EPUSP) e a empresa MEMS Microssistemas Integrados Híbridos de Pressão. / This research project presents the prototypes development of piezoresistive differential pressure transmitters with analog two-wire output of 4-20 mA. The devices use a DSSP (Digital Signal Processor Sensor) to achieve temperature compensation at temperatures from 0°C to 80°C and differential pressure calibration range from 0 bard to 25 bard and line pressure range from 0 barg to 7 barg. The transmitters measure several industrial variables: differential pressure, relative pressure and absolute pressure at fluids. The transmitters have a TEB (total error band) less than 0.15 percent of full scale. The analog output of the differential pressure transmitters is characterized using British Standards-BS. The parameters evaluated in the pressure transmitters are: the accuracy, the thermal coefficient of the offset, the thermal coefficient of the span, the total error band, the start-up drift and long-term drift. This work is the result of the academic and technological partnership between the Laboratory of Integrated Systems of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (LSI / EPUSP) and the MEMS company - Microssistemas Integrados Híbridos de Pressão Ltda.

Orientador: Jose Antonio Siqueira Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AlexVenanciode_M.pdf: 3915758 bytes, checksum: 2659008da021c19c0fea44959159f885 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o projeto, desenvolvimento e montagem de um Condicionador de Sinais de baixo custo, versátil e com recursos básicos comparáveis aos equipamentos semelhantes existentes no mercado nacional, que são na sua grande maioria importados. O equipamento faz a conversão, filtragem, isolação e condicionamento de pequenos sinais de controle provenientes de diversos tipos de sensores e transdutores, comuns em ambiente industrial, utilizando uma tecnologia bem consolidada de transporte de sinais em malhas de controle industriais: o transporte no modo corrente de 4-20mA. Esta tecnologia, mesmo frente à novos desenvolvimentos digitais na área de controle e transmissão de sinais em ambiente industrial, resiste como alternativa econômica e de ótimos resultados, mesmo em ambientes extremamente agressivos, com altos níveis de interferência / Abstract: In this work it is presented the design, development and implementation of a low cost and versatile signal conditioner which is similar to the products available in the Brazilian market, most of them imported. The developed equipment performs the conversion, filtering, isolation and conditioning of small control signals from various types of sensors and transducers commonly used in industrial environments, by using a mature technology of signal transport in industrial control loops: current mode of 4-20mA. This technology, despite of new digital developments in the area of control and signal transmission in industrial environments, resists as an economic alternative with excellent results, especially in extremely aggressive environments with high levels of interference / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

In a process monitoring/control applications tens to thousands of sensors are used for monitoring system parameters. To achieve overall system goals, their reliable performance is critical. Generally a sensor’s output signal is too small or too noisy and may not be compatible with the input requirements of a Data Acquisition System. The sensor is interfaced to Data Acquisition System, through cabling, junction boxes and Interface Electronics like excitation circuitry, multiplexers, signal-conditioning circuitry etc. An interface or signal conditioning circuit does impedance matching, filtering, multiplexing, pre-amplification, amplification and digitization to make the sensor’s output signal compatible with the Data Acquisition System. Conventional Signal Conditioning includes Multiplexers, Anti aliasing filters, Operational Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Isolation Amplifiers and Charge Preamplifiers etc. Operational Amplifiers e.g. voltage followers with High input impedance and low output impedance are used for impedance matching between the sensor and processing electronics. Anti aliasing filters remove noise from the sensor’s output signal. Normally the sensor is located away from the processing electronics and data is transmitted through wires/cables. During transmission, interference from external fields’ especially strong Audio Frequency, Radio Frequency and 50Hz power line fields affects the sensor’s output signal. To minimize the effect of external field twisted pair shielded cables are used. Amplifiers with Differential input configuration are used to suppress the effect of interfering signals. Differential input Instrumentation Amplifiers with High input impedance, high CMRR; are most widely employed. Isolation Amplifiers isolate the input and output circuits by an extremely high impedance. Galvanic, optical isolations are most common. The conditioned data is transmitted to Data Acquisition System (DAS) and at the DAS the signal is multiplexed, filtered and digitized using Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs), followed by Digital Filtering and processing. For Control applications, the processed data is converted back to analog form using Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) for interfacing to external world. The transmission distance varies from tens of centimeters to few meters. Depending upon the distance twisted pair cables, IR transmission and Optical transmission is employed. During transmission, the data is prone to interferences from EMI, EMC, Noise and Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) degradation with distance. This affects the reliability of the system and increases the overall system cost. To eliminate the effects due to the environmental disturbances during transmission and to maintain signal integrity, it is preferred to have a unique and compact solution for each sensor where signal conditioning (excitation, filtering, amplification, compensation and digitization) is carried out and digital data can be transmitted to Data Acquisition System. Here each sensor has its own signal conditioning module. Directly interfacing sensors with micro controller yields simple and compact design solutions. Direct Sensor interface Technology (DSiT) is one of the state of the art technologies for sensor interfaces where an unconditioned, uncompensated, raw output signals from sensors are interfaced directly to a single-chip solution. The sensors’ output are multiplexed using Multiplexer; Amplified using Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA), digitized using ADC, filtered using Digital Filters and transmitted using Digital Interfaces (SPI, I2C, UART) in a single chip. DSiT scheme incorporates all the elements necessary in an instrumentation system creating a balanced combination of features, to create truly intelligent sensor systems. The sensors are interfaced directly to a single DSiT chip, without any additional circuitry and the direct digital data transmission is achieved with the help of Digital Interfaces SPI, UART, SMBus/I2C. As this involves onchip signal conditioning and digital data transmission, expenditure on additional signal conditioning circuitry, analog interfaces for analog data transmission, separate Analog to Digital Converter for each sensor is reduced. This reduces the overall system cost and as the count of discrete components is reduced the system reliability is improved. In addition, as the data is transmitted digitally the effects of noise, S/N degradation and electromagnetic interferences are eliminated. The accuracy level achieved is sufficiently good for monitoring and control applications. In Launch Vehicles/Satellites number of sensors are used for performance evaluation, monitoring and control purposes. Harnessing, signal conditioning of the sensors’ output and onboard processing of the sensor data is carried out individually for each sensor. Implementation of the DSiT system will reduce the total weight of the launch vehicles and satellites, resulting in reduced overall system cost, increased reliability and reduced onboard processing overhead. In addition, the reduction in weight allows incorporation of larger payloads/ more propellant loading in payloads which increases the life of the Satellites. As it is compact, it can be readily used for facility parameter measurements during the ground testing of liquid engines and stages at LPSC/ISRO. Implementation of DSiT for facility parameter measurements will reduce the cabling cost and improve the reliability of the chain.