A space camera is a promising candidate to address the non-stop rising interest for astrophysics research in the Compton regime. The MeVCube mission is intended to be launched in 2022, hosting an on-board Compton Camera. To better support the development of the instrument in this early stage, a series of feasibility studies to assess two potential launch orbits were performed. The studies were composed by a series of mission analysis simulations which permitted the characterisation of the orbital environments for the two orbital options. Several sources of background noise to the instrument were identified. The population of trapped protons and trapped electrons were simulated for the periods of Solar Minimum and Solar Maximum, as well as the levels of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) flux. The performance of trade-off studies concluded that an equatorial orbit is more preferable for reducing the influence of background noise. To better estimate the environment effects at the equatorial orbit, the number of particles which can penetrate the detector shielding were simulated. The next step was to perform a series secondary studies whose aim were to simulate the induced current on the electrodes, produced by the interactions occurring within the detector. The actualisation of these simulations required the study of photon interaction with matter, the various Cadmium-Zink-Telluride (CZT) types and the how they operate, and the use of a sophisticated software to perform the appropriate simulations. COMSOL, which allows the method of FEA, was chosen as the tool to perform the simulations. The geometry of the detector voxel was primarily designed in SIEMENS NX. The geometry was inserted into COMSOL, where a number of iterations were performed to finalise the appropriate mesh size, which ensured an accurate representation of the Electric field and the Weighting potential within the detector voxel. The induced current on the electrodes was decided to be calculated via MATLAB. As a verification step it was thought useful to firstly plot the weighting potential of the three electrodes under test; the chosen anode pixel, the steering grid and the cathode. The process revealed a series of numerical errors, most likely introduced by the type of mesh chosen or by the data manipulation process via MATLAB. Significant reduction of the numerical errors would lead to more accurate values for the induced current. Unfortunately, due to time constraints this was a task that was not completed. Solving this problem would be optimal for future studies with MATLAB, as the induced current on the electrodes can be correctly calculated based on charge transport within the detector bulk. / MeVCube, DESY

Master’s thesis deals with the generation of digital audio signals with band-limited frequency spectrum, i.e. without the aliasing distortion. Various methods of generating band-limited rectangular, triangular, and sawtooth waveforms are described in the theoretical part. The described methods are programmed in the Matlab programming environment and compared in terms of real-time parameter changes, such as duty cycle change of rectangular waveform or continuous change of frequency. The main part of the thesis describes implementation of methods of successive integration of band-limited impulse train and method of differentiated parabolic waveforms in C++ language. The implemented methods were integrated into a plug-in of VST technology that generates an audio signal in real time. The implemented methods are compared in terms of computational complexity and distortion of the generated signal.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como finalidade analisar diferentes estratégias de detecção passíveis de aplicação em sistemas de transmissão OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) operando em canais que variam rapidamente no tempo. Além dos métodos clássicos de detecção lineares tais como filtro casado, Zero Forcing e MMSE (Minimum Mean-Square Error), outras duas técnicas são estudadas, abrangendo também combinações entre elas. A primeira é a técnica de cancelamento paralelo de interferência (PIC - Parallel Interference Cancellation), a segunda é a detecção por busca por verossimilhança ascendente (LAS – Likelihood Ascent Search), ambas empregadas em conjunção com o filtro casado. Esse trabalho apresenta também um estudo dos efeitos de uma estimativa imperfeita do canal, no desempenho dos esquemas de detecção aqui enfocados. Os resultados dos experimentos são analisados em termos da taxa de erro de bit (BER) e custo computacional (complexidade)associado a estes esquemas. / [en] This work analyzing different detection strategies that can be applied in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission systems over fast time-varying channels. In addition to classical linear methods of detection such as a Matched Filter, Zero Forcing and MMSE, two other techniques are studied, also encompassing combinations of them. The first is the Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) technique, the second is Likelihood Ascent Search (LAS), both used in conjunction with the Matched Filter. This work also presents a study of the effects of imperfect channel estimation on the performance of the detection schemes studied here. The results of the experiments are analyzed in terms of bit error rate (BER) and computational cost (complexity) associated with these schemes.

This thesis deals with optical synthesis of unmodulated and modulated microwave signals. Generation of microwave signals based on optical heterodyning is discussed in detail. The effect of phase noise of laser on heterodyned output has been studied for different phase noise profiles. Towards this, we propose a generic algorithm to numerically model the linewidth broadening of a laser due to phase noise. Generation of microwave signals is demonstrated practically by conducting an optical heterodyning experiment. Signals ranging in frequency from 12.5 MHz to 27 GHz have been generated. Limitations of optical heterodyning based approach in terms of phase noise performance and frequency stability are discussed and practically demonstrated. A hardware-efficient Optical Phase Locked Loop (OPLL) is proposed to overcome these issues. Phase noise tracking performance of the proposed OPLL has been experimentally demonstrated. Phase noise values as low as -105 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz offset have been achieved. Optical modulators, owing to their extremely low electro-optic response time, can support high frequency modulating signals. This makes them highly attractive in comparison to their microwave counterparts. In this thesis, we propose techniques to generate microwave signals modulated at very high bit rates by down-converting the corresponding modulated optical signals to microwave domain. Down-conversion required for this process is achieved by optical heterodyning. The proposed concept has been theoretically analyzed, simulated and experimentally validated. Amplitude Modulated and ASK modulated microwave signals have been generated as Proof-of-Concept. Limitations posed by OPLL in generation of angle modulated microwave signals by optical heterodyning have been brought out. Schemes overcoming these limitations have been proposed towards generation of BPSK and QPSK modulated microwave signals. Integrated Optics (IO) technology has been studied as a means of implementation of the proposed concepts. IO components like Sinusoidal bends, Y-branch splitters and Electro-Optic-Modulators (EOMs) have been designed towards optical synthesis of modulated microwave signals. Propagation of modulated optical signal through these IO components has also been studied. An all-optic scheme based on Optical Beam Forming is proposed for transmission of QPSK modulated signal. Limitation of phase-shifting based approach, in terms of beam-squint, has been brought out. True-Time-Delay based approach has been proposed for applications demanding wide instantaneous bandwidth to avoid beam-squint. Algorithms / numerical methods required for analyses and simulations associated with the above-mentioned tasks have been evolved. This study is envisaged to provide useful insight into the realization of high-speed, compact, light-weight data transmitting systems based on Integrated Optics for future onboard spacecraft applications. This work, we believe, is a step towards realization of an Integrated Optic System-on-Chip solution for specific microwave data transmission applications.

This thesis proposes tasks of exercises for mentioned course and design and creation of automated evaluation system for these exercises. This thesis focuses on discussion and exemplary solutions of possible tasks of each exercise and description of created automated evaluation system. For evaluation program are made tests with chosen special data sets, which will prove it’s functionality in general data sets.

This thesis deals with lossless and losing methods of data compressions and their possible applications in the measurement engineering. In the first part of the thesis there is a theoretical elaboration which informs the reader about the basic terminology, the reasons of data compression, the usage of data compression in standard practice and the division of compression algorithms. The practical part of thesis deals with the realization of the compress algorithms in Matlab and LabWindows/CVI.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como finalidade o estudo das possibilidade do sistema GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing). Para o estudo feito foi apresentado um modelo matricial para representar os sinais gerados no sistema GFDM, a semelhança do modelo de sinal do sistema OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Tal modelo permitiu a obtenção de expressões analíticas para a Densidade Espectral de Potência (DEP, Spectral Power Density) dos sinais e sua comparação com a DEP dos sinais transmitidos em sistemas OFDM. A partir do modelo matricial apresentado são estudados o desempenho de diferentes tipos de equalizadores/detectores lineares clássicos passíveis de utilização neste sistema de comunicações digitais, tais como Zero Forcing, Minimum Mean Square Error e Matched Filter. Além disso o trabalho propõe e analisa o desempenho resultante da aplicação de técnicas de supressão de interferência PIC (Parallel Interference Cancellation) em conjunto com os detectores lineares mencionados e dos detectores LAS (Likelihood Ascent Search) precedidos por equalizadores Matched Filter (MF-LAS). O número de estágios PIC realizados em cada detecção é controlado por uma estratégia de parada baseada na métrica de distância. Diferentes esquemas de detecção MF-LAS em conjunto com PIC são também propostos e examinadas. Finalmente, partindo do modelo matricial desenvolvido neste trabalho é realizada a estimação de canal empregando a estratégia de símbolos pilotos ortogonais. As diferentes estratégias de detecção examinadas para o sistemas GFDM são comparadas em termos de desempenho BER (Bit Error Rate) e da complexidade computacional associada aos respectivos detectores. Comparações entre os sistemas GFDM e OFDM com destaque na complexidade na geração de sinais, eficiência espectral e desempenho estão também incluídos nesta dissertação. / [en] The main goal of the presented work is to study the possibilities of the GFDM system (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing). For achieving this purpose, a matrix model is presented which represents the signals generated in the GFDM system, similar to the signal model of the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system. This model allows the obtainment analytical expressions for the Spectral Power Density (DEP) of the signals and their comparison with the DEP of the signals transmitted in OFDM systems. Furthermore, we study the performance of different types of classical linear equalizers/detectors that can be used in the digital communications systems, such as Zero Forcing, Minimum Mean Square Error and Matched Filter. In addition, we propose and analyze the performance resulting from the application of PIC (Parallel Interference Cancellation) interference suppression techniques together with the linear detectors mentioned and LAS (Likelihood Ascent Search) detectors preceded by Matched Filter (MF-LAS) equalizers. The number of PIC stages performed at each detection is controlled by a stop strategy based on the distance metric. Different MF-LAS detection schemes together with PIC are also proposed and examined. Finally, the channel estimation is performing based on the matrix model developed in this work and using orthogonal pilots symbols. The differents strategies of detection examined for GFDM systems are compared in terms of BER performance (Bit Error Rate) and the computational complexity associated with the respective detectors. Comparisons between GFDM and OFDM systems based on criterions as the complexity of the signal generation, spectral efficiency and performance are also included in this dissertation.