Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-28T19:58:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FICHA_CATALOGR?FICA_EMBUTIDA_Disserta??o Cristiano_Jaeger Stradolini_Processo Poliol.pdf: 3080490 bytes, checksum: 6539be3aad396dd1f8b30cd3389b1469 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-06T13:07:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FICHA_CATALOGR?FICA_EMBUTIDA_Disserta??o Cristiano_Jaeger Stradolini_Processo Poliol.pdf: 3080490 bytes, checksum: 6539be3aad396dd1f8b30cd3389b1469 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-06T13:12:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FICHA_CATALOGR?FICA_EMBUTIDA_Disserta??o Cristiano_Jaeger Stradolini_Processo Poliol.pdf: 3080490 bytes, checksum: 6539be3aad396dd1f8b30cd3389b1469 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / During the past few years, nanosized noble metals have attracted much attention due to their unique electrical and physical properties. Among them, silver has been the subject of several studies, by having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity between all metals. For that reason, its one-dimensional nanometric structure (nanowires) has been receiving a lot of attention, due to its potential in the manufacture of devices that offer good electrical conduction and optical transparency. There are several methods of synthesis for the production of these silver nanowires, however the most widely used is the polyol process, due to its simplicity and low cost. Several studies show the influence of different parameters of the polyol process (reaction time, temperature and etc.) on the final morphology of the nanowires. Thus, a well-defined protocol of good practice for obtaining long and thin silver nanowires is required. The main objective of this work is the development of a low cost protocol capable of generating nanowires with great lengths by modifying the polyol process parameters. Variations were also performed in the method of addition of the main synthesis reagent, silver nitrate, and its influence on the final morphology of the silver nanowires was studied. In this work, by using the polyol process, nanowires up to 40 ?m in length were reported, demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed technique and conclusions about the final results were presented. / Ao decorrer dos ?ltimos anos, metais nobres na escala nanom?trica t?m atra?do muita aten??o, devido as suas propriedades el?tricas e f?sicas ?nicas. Dentre eles, a prata vem sendo alvo de diversos estudos, por possuir a maior condutividade el?trica e t?rmica entre todos os metais. Por conta disto, sua estrutura nanom?trica unidimensional (nanofios) vem recebendo muita aten??o, pelo seu potencial na fabrica??o de dispositivos que exijam alta condutividade el?trica e transpar?ncia ?ptica. Atualmente, existem diversos m?todos de s?nteses para a produ??o destes nanofios de prata, por?m o mais utilizado ? o processo poliol, por ser simples e de baixo custo. Diversos estudos demonstram a influ?ncia de diferentes par?metros do processo poliol (tempo de rea??o, temperatura e etc.) sobre a morfologia final dos nanofios. Assim, se faz necess?rio um protocolo bem definido de boas pr?ticas para a obten??o de fios longos e finos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho ? o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de baixo custo capaz de gerar nanofios com grandes comprimentos, atrav?s de altera??es nas vari?veis do processo poliol, como, por exemplo, varia??es no m?todo de adi??o do principal reagente da s?ntese, o nitrato de prata. Foi estudada a sua influ?ncia na morfologia final dos nanofios. Neste trabalho, os resultados finais apresentaram que nanofios de at? 40 ?m de comprimento foram produzidos pelo processo poliol, demonstrando a efic?cia da t?cnica desenvolvida e foram apresentadas as conclus?es acerca dos resultados atingidos.

This thesis studies networks of silver nanowires as a transparent conducting electrode material and presents an investigation into the relationship between electrical and optical properties in the networks. The work focusses on two main aspects: the production of networks via different deposition methods; and the development of a predictive model based on theory that relates the sheet resistance to the optical transmittance. The deposition methods of drop-casting, bar-coating and spray-coating are used to create networks and the randomness of these networks is compared using image analysis in ImageJ, a public domain image processing program, and Wolfram Mathematica, a computer algebra program. It is determined that spray-coating results in the most random networks, therefore all subsequent experiments are carried out using this as the deposition method. Annealing condition tests are carried out on the nanowire networks to determine the optimal annealing conditions required to burn off poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) remaining from the nanowire synthesis process and sinter the nanowire junctions to improve network conductivity. The sheet resistances and optical transmittances of the networks are measured and compared to networks created by other research groups. It is found that the networks created in this study exhibited similar optical and electrical properties to those in the literature, obtaining Rs = 100 Ω/sq for T = 81%.The developed model is based on theory and relates the sheet resistance to the optical transmittance using only the length and width of the nanowires used in the network and the mean network coverage as variables. The model can be used to predict the properties of a network if these factors are known. The model is compared with experimental data both from this study and from the literature, along with simulated data from the literature that was obtained by Monte Carlo methods. It is shown that there is an excellent fit between the model and all data that it is compared with. It is demonstrated that < 1% of the network coverage is greater than 2 for typical nanowire networks, proving that the networks are two-dimensional and therefore do not require a bulk regime to describe the relationship, as has been suggested in prior work.

Nanotechnology enabled synthesis of various shapes and morphologies of conventional materials. Nanotubes, nanoparticles, quantum dots and nanowires are the new form of materials. Especially nanowires have gotten great attention due to their unique physical, chemical and optical properties. Superior properties of nanowires are based on their high surface area and two quantum confinement directions. Silver is one of the most conductive metals and it has the highest thermal conductivity. Due to excellent properties of bulk silver its nanostructures especially silver nanowires have been widely studied. Silver nanowires have been demonstrated to be used in optical polarizers, photonic crystals, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and recently transparent and conducting electodes. Hence, production of silver nanowires through a cost-effective and well controlled method could make important contributions to these and other unprecedented. So far, many different methods have been explored for the synthesis of silver nanowires. Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique, hard template techniques such as porous anodic alumina synthesis and soft template techniques such as DNA based synthesis and polyol process are some silver nanowire synthesis methods. Among these methods, solution based polyol process is the most feasible one in terms of cost, yield and simplicity. In this thesis, polyol process, which is a novel and solution based method enabling the synthesis of silver nanowires with precise length and diameter control, is investigated. A detailed parametric study resulting in a full control over the resultant nanowire morphology is provided. The parameters affecting the structure have been determined as temperature, injection rate, poly(vinylpyrrolidone):silver nitrate (PVP:AgNO3) molar ratio, sodium chloride (NaCl) amount and stirring rate. The results show that polyol process method could replace the conventional silver nanowire fabrication methods. It was shown that specific nanowire lengths and diameters for any application can be obtained simply by adjusting the parameters of the process.

In the past few years, the synthesis and fabrication of inorganic nanostructures with manipulated morphology and size have attracted considerable attention due to their fundamental importance and potential wide-ranging applications. Silver nanowires are particularly interesting to study because bulk silver has the highest electric conductivity among all metals. A number of chemical approaches have been explored to synthesize 1D silver nanowires. We demonstrate a simple method to synthesize silver wires by thermal reduction of aqueous AgNO3 droplet with catalytic anatase TiO2 nanoparticles which were spin-coated on ITO or glass. Our simple method can be also applied to generate CuO with donut-shaped microstructure by using ITO conducting glass as matrix. We have found that the size and reproducibility are well-controllable. A single phase of CuO donut-shaped microstructure with outer diameters ranging from ∼ 13 to 17 £gm and inner diameters ranging from ∼ 1.4 to 3.3 £gm was obtained. The composition of CuO microdonut was confirmed by thin-film XRD and XPS analyses.

Ce projet vise à développer de nouvelles encres à base de nanofils d’argent et de nanocellulose pour des applications conductrices et transparentes. Les nanocelluloses, nanoparticules issues de la cellulose, sont de deux types : les nanocristaux de cellulose (NCC) et les nanofibrilles de cellulose (NFC) et possèdent des propriétés bien spécifiques. Ce travail a consisté d’une part (i) à utiliser la forme tubulaire et rigide des NCC pour produire des nanotubes d’argents par synthèse chimique, avant leur formulation en encre et d’autre part (ii) à utiliser les propriétés d’enchevêtrement des NFC flexibles pour stabiliser des nanofils d’argent commerciaux, habituellement instables en suspension. Les divers résultats de ce projet ont permis d’aboutir à la formulation brevetée et à la commercialisation d’une encre conductrice à base d’une faible quantité d’argent et de NCC et de deux encres conductrices et transparentes à base de NFC et de nanofils d’argent. Les interactions physico-chimiques et la stabilité colloïdale de ces suspensions hybrides ont été étudiée de manière fondamentale, tout en développant des formulations adaptées à divers procédés d’impression, que ce soit à échelle laboratoire mais aussi industrielle. / This project aims at developing new conductive inks based on nanocellulose and silver nanowires for transparent and conductive applications. Nanocellulose are nanoparticles extracted from the cellulose and two kinds currently exist: the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). This project have evaluated on one hand the ability of using tubular rigid CNC as template for producing silver nanorods, prior their formulation into conductive inks. On the other hand, the ability of using flexible and entangled CNF to stabilize commercial silver nanowires, usually unstable in suspension, was investigated. The results of this project lead to the patented formulation and commercialization of one low silver content conductive ink based on silver and CNC and two conductive transparent ink based on CNF and silver nanowires. Physico-chemical interactions and colloidal stability of such hybrid suspension have been scientifically studied meanwhile printing process adapted formulation have been successfully designed and tested at laboratory scale but also industrial scale.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’élaboration de films de nanofils d’argent orientés à l’aide de la technique de pulvérisation à incidence rasante. Couplée à la technique de dépôt couche-par-couche, il est possible de réaliser des films composés de plusieurs couches de nanofils d’argent orientées dans des directions différentes. Les films ainsi formés sont étudiés pour réaliser d’une part des supports conducteurs et transparents ordonnés et d’autre part pour réaliser des structures chirales aux propriétés optiques particulières. Une première étude est menée sur l’influence des différents paramètres de pulvérisation. Ils seront optimisés pour réaliser, dans un premier temps les échantillons transparents et conducteurs, puis dans un second, des structures chirales. Une seconde partie consiste à l’étude de structures hélicoïdales composées de plusieurs couches orientées de nanofils d’argent. Le dichroïsme circulaire de ces échantillons est étudié en fonction de différents paramètres de structure. Enfin une étude consistera à comparer les performances en tant que surface transparente et conductrice, de films orientés et d’argent sans ordre de nanofils. / This study consist in the elaboration of aligned films of silver nanowires by the Grazing Incidence Spraying (GIS) technique. Combined with the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique, it is possible to generate films composed of several aligned layers of silver nanowires with different directions of orientation. Optical and conductive properties of these films will be investigated to highlight the impact of these 3D ordered structures. The influence of different parameters of the GIS will be studied. These parameters will be optimized in ordrer to design samples for conductive and transparent films and to elaborate chiral structures. Chiral structures will be realized and their circular dichroism will be investigated in function of structural parameters. A last study will be realized about the influence of order for transparent and conductive electrodes by measuring performances of films with aligned and randomly deposed silver nanowires.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Phase change material (PCM) through latent heat of molten salt, is a convincing way for thermal energy storage in CSP applications due to its high volume density. Molten salt, with (60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3) has been used extensively for energy storage however; the low thermal conductivity and specific heat have limited its large implementation in solar applications. For that, molten salt with the additive of silver nanowires (AgNWs) was synthesized and characterized. This research project aims to investigate the thermophysical properties enhancement of nanosalt (Mixture of molten salt and silver nanowires). The results obtained showed that by simply adjusting the temperature, Silver nanowires with high aspect ratio have been synthesized through the enhanced PVP polyol process method. SEM results revealed a network of silver nanowires and TEM results confirmed the presence of silver nanowires with an average diameter of 129 nm and 16 μm in length.

The aim of this work was to investigate silver nanowire as well as carbon nanotube networks as transparent conducting electrodes for small molecule organic solar cells. In the framework of the nanowire investigations, a low-temperature method at less than 80 °C is developed to obtain highly conductive networks directly after the deposition and without post-processing. In detail, specific non-conductive organic materials act as a matrix where the nanowires are embedded in such that a mutual attraction based on capillary forces and hydrophobic interaction is created. This process is mediated by the ethanol contained in the nanowire dispersion and works only for sublayer materials which exhibit hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups at the same time. In contrast to high-temperature processed reference electrodes (210 °C for 90 min) without matrix, a slightly lower sheet resistance of 10.8 Ohm/sq at a transparency of 80.4 % (including substrate) is obtained by using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the sublayer material. In comparison to annealed silver nanowire networks, the novel approach yields a performance enhancement in corresponding organic solar cells which can compete with ITO-based devices. Furthermore, a novel approach for scalable, highly conductive, and transparent silver nanowire top-electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices is introduced. By utilizing a perfluorinated methacrylate as stabilizer, silver nanowires with high aspect ratio can be transferred into inert solvents which do not dissolve most organic compounds making this modified dispersion compatible with small molecule and polymer-based organic optoelectronic devices. The inert silver nanowire dispersion yields highly performing top-electrodes with a sheet resistance of 10.0 Ohm/sq at 80.0 % transparency (including substrate) directly after low-temperature deposition at 30 °C and without further post-processing. In comparison to similarly prepared reference devices comprising a thin-metal film as transparent top-electrode, reasonable power conversion efficiencies are demonstrated by spray-coating this dispersion directly on simple, air-exposed small molecule-based organic solar cells. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the percolation behavior of silver nanowire networks has been achieved. Herein, direct measurements of the basic network parameters, including the wire-to-wire junction resistance and the resistance of a single nanowire of pristine and annealed networks have been carried out for the first time. By putting the values into a simulation routine, a good accordance between measurement and simulation is achieved. Thus, an examination of the electrical limit of the nanowire system used in this work can be realized by extrapolating the junction resistance down to zero. The annealed silver nanowires are fairly close to the limit with a theoretical enhancement range of only 20 % (common absolute sheet resistance of approximately 10 Ohm/sq) such that a significant performance improvement is only expected by an enlargement of the nanowire length or by the implementation of new network geometries. In addition, carbon nanotube networks are investigated as alternative network-type, transparent bottom-electrode for organic small molecule solar cells. For that purpose, cleaning and structuring as well as planarization procedures are developed and optimized which maintain the optoelectronic performance of the carbon nanotube electrodes. Furthermore, a hybrid electrode consisting of silver nanowires covered with carbon nanotubes is fabricated yielding organic solar cells with only 0.47 % power conversion efficiency. In contrast, optimized electrodes comprising only carbon nanotubes show significantly higher efficiency. In comparison to identically prepared ITO devices, comparable or lower power conversion efficiencies of 3.96 % (in p-i-n stack), 4.83 % (in cascade cell) as well as 4.81 % (in p-n-i-p architecture) are demonstrated. For an inverted n-i-p stack design, the highest power conversion efficiency of 5.42 % is achieved.

Dispositivos baseados em eletrônica orgânica já estão presentes há vários anos no mercado com displays de OLEDs com alta definição de cores e contraste. Atualmente, essas telas são fabricadas com o uso de pequenas moléculas orgânicas depositadas por técnicas de evaporação a vácuo. A possibilidade de deposição dos materiais poliméricos em solução traz vantagens de fabricação com relação a custos e a velocidade de processamento, além de maiores escalas dimensionais. No entanto, diversos entraves técnicos ainda precisam ser superados para garantir desempenho e estabilidade de dispositivos eletrônicos e optoeletrônicos orgânicos. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta um equipamento de deposição roll-to-roll de proporções laboratoriais, com o intuito de servir de ponte entre o desenvolvimento acadêmico e as técnicas de produção industriais. Uma primeira versão do equipamento, já apresentado no trabalho de mestrado, foi agora modificado e atualizado com novas funcionalidades. Ele tornou-se mais completo e de operacionalidade mais eficiente, e foi utilizado para a deposição de várias camadas de dispositivos, incluindo a fabricação de eletrodos semitransparentes e da camada ativa de dispositivos luminescentes. Para solucionar as limitações do óxido de estanho e índio (principal condutor semitransparente atualmente) sobre substratos flexíveis, foi validado um eletrodo alternativo, através da síntese e aplicação de nanofios de prata e do polímero condutor PEDOT:PSS por diferentes técnicas de deposição. Também foi investigada a camada ativa de células eletroquímicas emissoras de luz (LEC), depositadas pela técnica slot-die, variando-se o polímero luminescente, de emissão azul, e o solvente utilizado. Por fim, foram fabricados dispositivos luminescentes do tipo LEC com diferentes arquiteturas e sobre diferentes substratos. O dispositivo final apresentado foi fabricado com eletrodos otimizados, depositados por spray com nanofios de prata e PEDOT:PSS, sendo os dois eletrodos semitransparentes. Com isso, obteve emissão em ambas as polaridades e em ambas as direções. / Devices based on organic electronics have been present for some years on the market with OLED displays with high color definition and contrast. Currently, these screens are manufactured using organic small molecules deposited by vacuum evaporation techniques. The possibility of deposition of polymeric materials in solution brings manufacturing advantages in terms of costs and processing speed, as well as larger dimensional scales. However, several technical barriers still need to be overcome to ensure performance and stability of organic electronic and optoelectronics devices. In this sense, this work presents roll-to-roll deposition equipment of laboratory proportions, in order to serve as a bridge between academic development and industrial production techniques. A first version of the equipment, already presented in the master\'s work, has now been modified and updated with new functionalities. It has become more complete and more operationally efficient, and has been used for the deposition of several layers of devices, including the manufacture of semitransparent electrodes and the active layer of luminescent devices. To solve the limitations of indium tin oxide (the main semitransparent conductor today) on flexible substrates, an alternative electrode was validated through the synthesis and application of silver nanowires and the PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer by different deposition techniques. It was also investigated the active layer of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEC), deposited by the slot-die technique, varying the blue-emitting luminescent polymer and the solvent used. Finally, luminescent LEC devices were manufactured with different architectures and on different substrates. The final device presented was manufactured with optimized electrodes, deposited by spray with silver nanowires and PEDOT:PSS, the two electrodes being semi-transparent. With this, it obtained emission in both polarities and in both directions.

Dispositivos baseados em eletrônica orgânica já estão presentes há vários anos no mercado com displays de OLEDs com alta definição de cores e contraste. Atualmente, essas telas são fabricadas com o uso de pequenas moléculas orgânicas depositadas por técnicas de evaporação a vácuo. A possibilidade de deposição dos materiais poliméricos em solução traz vantagens de fabricação com relação a custos e a velocidade de processamento, além de maiores escalas dimensionais. No entanto, diversos entraves técnicos ainda precisam ser superados para garantir desempenho e estabilidade de dispositivos eletrônicos e optoeletrônicos orgânicos. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta um equipamento de deposição roll-to-roll de proporções laboratoriais, com o intuito de servir de ponte entre o desenvolvimento acadêmico e as técnicas de produção industriais. Uma primeira versão do equipamento, já apresentado no trabalho de mestrado, foi agora modificado e atualizado com novas funcionalidades. Ele tornou-se mais completo e de operacionalidade mais eficiente, e foi utilizado para a deposição de várias camadas de dispositivos, incluindo a fabricação de eletrodos semitransparentes e da camada ativa de dispositivos luminescentes. Para solucionar as limitações do óxido de estanho e índio (principal condutor semitransparente atualmente) sobre substratos flexíveis, foi validado um eletrodo alternativo, através da síntese e aplicação de nanofios de prata e do polímero condutor PEDOT:PSS por diferentes técnicas de deposição. Também foi investigada a camada ativa de células eletroquímicas emissoras de luz (LEC), depositadas pela técnica slot-die, variando-se o polímero luminescente, de emissão azul, e o solvente utilizado. Por fim, foram fabricados dispositivos luminescentes do tipo LEC com diferentes arquiteturas e sobre diferentes substratos. O dispositivo final apresentado foi fabricado com eletrodos otimizados, depositados por spray com nanofios de prata e PEDOT:PSS, sendo os dois eletrodos semitransparentes. Com isso, obteve emissão em ambas as polaridades e em ambas as direções. / Devices based on organic electronics have been present for some years on the market with OLED displays with high color definition and contrast. Currently, these screens are manufactured using organic small molecules deposited by vacuum evaporation techniques. The possibility of deposition of polymeric materials in solution brings manufacturing advantages in terms of costs and processing speed, as well as larger dimensional scales. However, several technical barriers still need to be overcome to ensure performance and stability of organic electronic and optoelectronics devices. In this sense, this work presents roll-to-roll deposition equipment of laboratory proportions, in order to serve as a bridge between academic development and industrial production techniques. A first version of the equipment, already presented in the master\'s work, has now been modified and updated with new functionalities. It has become more complete and more operationally efficient, and has been used for the deposition of several layers of devices, including the manufacture of semitransparent electrodes and the active layer of luminescent devices. To solve the limitations of indium tin oxide (the main semitransparent conductor today) on flexible substrates, an alternative electrode was validated through the synthesis and application of silver nanowires and the PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer by different deposition techniques. It was also investigated the active layer of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEC), deposited by the slot-die technique, varying the blue-emitting luminescent polymer and the solvent used. Finally, luminescent LEC devices were manufactured with different architectures and on different substrates. The final device presented was manufactured with optimized electrodes, deposited by spray with silver nanowires and PEDOT:PSS, the two electrodes being semi-transparent. With this, it obtained emission in both polarities and in both directions.