Title: Economic Impact of Jizerska 50 on the Czech Republic and Liberec District Objectives: The main objective of the thesis is to calculate the extent of the economic impact that the expanses of Jizerska 50 visitors have on Czech economy and the economy of Liberec District. The information about the amount and structure of the expenses plus other related information, i. e. the main data used for this calculation, were provided by Jizerska 50 participants themselves. The partial objective is to find out what impact do the expenses of the visitiors have on income of public budgets and to compare them with public support of Jizerska 50. Methods: The case study is based on analysis of internal secondary data from Raul agency, i.e. data that relate to Jizerska 50, and then primarily on the results from questionnaire constructions among its participants. The collected data were used for the calculation which quantified the economic impact of the expenses of the visitors on several indicators of Czech economy and Liberec District economy productivity. Results: The thesis' results claim that 48th Jizerska 50 in year 2015 was visited by 13 183 visitors. Their expenses related to this event generated growth of Czech economy by more than 60,5 million CZK, out of which almost 18,5 million resulted in overall...

Defining the problem: The aim of this study was to compare the two training systems between the Czech system and the system of the alpine leading countries, fitness training downhill skiers in the adult category. The study group was composed of the top skiers in the category of adult women aged 20-25 years. The result was a difference in the quantity of training units (Czech 287 h - 328 h ALC). Alpine leading countrie's system were leading in the number of hours the load by 12.5% higher than the Czech system, which will be reflected in the overall results of athletes. It was a different number of hours of development of endurance and strength assumptions in the preparation period, which could have repercussions on the overall results, power plants in season 2012/2013. Method: My task will be to compare the method of retrieval and quantification of the preparatory period downhill skiers from the Czech Republic and downhill skiers from the Alpine leading countries. Materials to compare the final work will be available from coaches of both systems of the European team and the World Cup team and the Czech section of the Alpine Skiing (UAD). Goals: The aim of this work is the processing of data on the practice of downhill skiers in the women's category. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of the...

Title: Incidents and injuries during outdoor courses Aims: The aim is to ascertain the extent of injuries that occurred during outdoor activity courses, conducted within the framework of teaching at the Department of Outdoor Sports FTVS UK. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of data from the book of injuries, regulations, and final reports of the classes issued by individual departments of the Department of Outdoor Sports FTVS UK which was collected during the school calender of 2009/10 to 2014/15, and their subsequent statistical processing. Using of NACA scoring system for assessing the severity of injuries. The research group consists of students and teachers of FTVS UK. Results: The result of this work is a clear summary of the frequency and severity of injuries incurred in various outdoor activity courses conducted within the framework of teaching at the Department of Outdoor Sports FTVS UK. Keywords: Outdoor sports, skiing, canoeing, accident, FTVS UK courses.

Title: Individualization of pre-race microcycle for cross-country skiers Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to estimate the appropriate load of selected competitors before the competition. Methods: The work is conceived as a case study. It is a quantitative research based on measured values obtained from the trainer Ercolina Upper Body Power. We estimated the appropriate load in pre-race microcycle of five elite cross-country skiers. Results: Collected data have prevented the pre-race microcycle to be identical for all competitors. We achieved microcycle individualization for each competitor, which lead to better physical and psychological preparedness. Keywords: cross-country skiing, double poling, load, simulator, heart rate

Uppsatsen beskriver vidareutveckling av en längdskidåkningsjacka till en värmande, mer multi- funktionell jacka med avslappnad passform, i samarbete med ett svenskt konfektionsföretag specialiserat på längdskidåkning. I uppdraget ingick att undersöka hur användningsområdet kan breddas utan att jackans funktion vid längdskidåkning försämras. En kravspecifikation utformades med hänsyn till synpunkter från utövare och återförsäljare samt produktionsmässiga förutsättningar. Arbetsprocessen dokumenterades och förankrades i vetenskaplig litteratur och resultatet validerades genom framtagning av en herrjacka som möter de framtagna kriterierna. Ett funktionellt plagg måste framför allt ha riktigt bra passform och komfort; specialiserade finesser kan bli störningsmoment för den som inte behöver dem. Funktionskläder för sport, träning och friluftsliv måste ofta uppfylla höga och motsägelsefulla krav; det kan krävas extrem rörelsefrihet, hög slitstyrka men låg vikt, väderskydd men effektiv ventilation under intensiv ansträngning. Högpulsaktivitet i vinterklimat ställer särskilda krav på klädsystemets temperaturreglerings- förmåga och rörelsefrihet; båda är avgörande för såväl komfort som prestation. Litteratur- översikten behandlar därför termisk och ergonomisk komfort, mönsterkonstruktion för rörlighet, passformsutvärdering, och beräkning av viddtillägg. Jag diskuterar även behoven av konstruktionsunderlag applicerbara på funktionsplagg, systematisering av passforms- utvärdering, och preciserad terminologi. Idag krävs ofta många prototyper för att uppnå god passform, komfort och funktionalitet; denna tidskrävande och kostsamma process bör kunna effektiviseras genom dokumentation och metodstandardisering. / This bachelor’s thesis describes the development of a cross-country skiing jacket for a Swedish niche brand. The assignment required investigation of possibilities to diversify the garment’s usage range while maintaining functionality for the original target group. The concept is a warm, multifunctional men’s jacket in a relaxed fit, complementing the present collection. Market research and literature studies were used to clarify user needs, retailer requests and production constraints. Functional requirements for sportswear are tough and often contradictory: high durability at low weight, weatherproof yet breathable. It is essential, both for comfort and performance, that clothing systems for high intensity activities in cold climate have outstanding thermoregulatory properties and mobility; literature on thermal and ergonomic comfort, patternmaking for mobility, fit evaluation and garment ease is reviewed. The results were validated through the production of a sample garment, while striving to document the process methodically. Numerous samples are usually required to achieve good fit, comfort and functionality; this process tends to be especially time-consuming and costly for quality functional clothing. Benefits of consistent documentation and standardized methods are discussed, as well as the lack of precise terminology and of patternmaking texts applicable to functional garments, systematization of fitting, and fit evaluation.

Traditionally, research on cross‐country skiing biomechanics is based mainly on experimental testing alone. Trying a different approach, this thesis explores the possibilities of using computational musculoskeletal biomechanics for cross‐country skiing. As far as the author knows, this has not been done before. Cross‐country skiing is both fast and powerful, and the whole body is used to generate movement. Consequently, the computational method used needs to be able to handle a full‐body model with lots of muscles. This thesis presents several simulation models created in the AnyBody Modeling System, which is based on inverse dynamics and static optimization. This method allows for measurementdriven full‐body models with hundreds of muscles and rigid body segments of all major body parts. A major result shown in the thesis is that with a good simulation model it is possible to predict muscle activation. Even though there is no claim of full validity of the simulation models, this result opens up a wide range of possibilities for computational musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross‐country skiing. Two example of new possibilities are shown in the thesis, finding antagonistic muscle pairs and muscle load distribution differences in different skiing styles. Being able to perform optimization studies and asking and answering “what if”‐questions really gives computational methods an edge compared to traditional testing. To conclude, a combination of computational and experimental methods seems to be the next logical step to increase the understanding of the biomechanics of crosscountry skiing. / Traditionellt har biomekaniska forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning baserats helt och hållet på experimentella metoder. För att prova ett annat angreppssätt undersöks i denna avhandling vilka möjligheter som beräkningsbaserad biomekanik kan ge för längdskidåkning. Så vida författaren vet, har detta inte gjorts tidigare. Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera simuleringsmodeller skapade i AnyBody Modeling System, som baseras på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna. Ett resultat som avhandlingen visar är att med en bra simuleringsmodell är det möjligt att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Även om ingen validering av simuleringsmodellen ges, så visar ändå resultatet att beräkningsbaserad biomekanik ger många nya möjligheter till forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning. Två exempel visas, hur muskelantagonister kan hittas samt hur lastfördelningen mellan musklerna förändras då skidåkaren förändrar stilen. Att kunna genomföra optimeringsstudier samt fråga och svara på ”vad händer om”‐ frågor ger beräkningsbaserad biomekanik en fördel i jämförelse med traditionell testning. Slutsatsen är att en kombination av beräkningsbaserade och experimentella metoder borde vara nästa steg för att addera insikt om längdskidåkningens biomekanik. / <p>Report code: LIU‐TEK‐LIC‐2008:4. On the day of the defence date the status of article V was: Submitted.</p>

Title: The comparison of the training preparation of cross-country skiers in distance and long-distance races. Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the training preparation and the applied training means of two selected long-distance and the distance cross-country skiers. Methods: The case study, in which we will use the method of literary research, the data analysis method and the data comparison to evaluate the training preparation of the long-distance and the distance competitors. Results: By comparing the records of distance and long-distance cross-country skiers' training indicators, we conclude that the training of the long distance racer achieves larger volumes than the distance racer. Another surprising finding was the lower load intensities in training preparation of the distance competitor compared to the long-distance competitor. Keywords: cross country skiing, sport training, annual training cycle, training indicators.

Title of the thesis: Interaction between a teacher and a student compared group and individual teaching skiing. Objectives: The aim of this work was to find, what differences are in the didactic interaction in comparison of group and individual ski lessons. Methods: In this work we used the method of observation, data collection was realized using a video camera and the subsequent recording was evaluated using the MADI method (modified analysis of didactic interaction). Results: From the results we found that the greatest difference was in the expression factual purportwhich in individual lessons grow avarage by 20%. Furthermore, in the individual lesson form grow education activity above organizational by on avarage10% and in the type of attitude activity integration has increased on avrage 7%. The results also showed that in the individual form of teaching did not appear activity without direct control. Key words: Individual and group skiing lessons, ski school, analysis of didactic interaction, ADI, MADI

<p>Traditionally, research on cross‐country skiing biomechanics is based mainly on experimental testing alone. Trying a different approach, this thesis explores the possibilities of using computational musculoskeletal biomechanics for cross‐country skiing. As far as the author knows, this has not been done before.</p><p>Cross‐country skiing is both fast and powerful, and the whole body is used to generate movement. Consequently, the computational method used needs to be able to handle a full‐body model with lots of muscles. This thesis presents several simulation models created in the AnyBody Modeling System, which is based on inverse dynamics and static optimization. This method allows for measurementdriven full‐body models with hundreds of muscles and rigid body segments of all major body parts.</p><p>A major result shown in the thesis is that with a good simulation model it is possible to predict muscle activation. Even though there is no claim of full validity of the simulation models, this result opens up a wide range of possibilities for computational musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross‐country skiing. Two example of new possibilities are shown in the thesis, finding antagonistic muscle pairs and muscle load distribution differences in different skiing styles. Being able to perform optimization studies and asking and answering “what if”‐questions really gives computational methods an edge compared to traditional testing.</p><p>To conclude, a combination of computational and experimental methods seems to be the next logical step to increase the understanding of the biomechanics of crosscountry skiing.</p> / <p>Traditionellt har biomekaniska forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning baserats helt och hållet på experimentella metoder. För att prova ett annat angreppssätt undersöks i denna avhandling vilka möjligheter som beräkningsbaserad biomekanik kan ge för längdskidåkning. Så vida författaren vet, har detta inte gjorts tidigare.</p><p>Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera simuleringsmodeller skapade i AnyBody Modeling System, som baseras på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna.</p><p>Ett resultat som avhandlingen visar är att med en bra simuleringsmodell är det möjligt att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Även om ingen validering av simuleringsmodellen ges, så visar ändå resultatet att beräkningsbaserad biomekanik ger många nya möjligheter till forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning. Två exempel visas, hur muskelantagonister kan hittas samt hur lastfördelningen mellan musklerna förändras då skidåkaren förändrar stilen. Att kunna genomföra optimeringsstudier samt fråga och svara på ”vad händer om”‐ frågor ger beräkningsbaserad biomekanik en fördel i jämförelse med traditionell testning.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att en kombination av beräkningsbaserade och experimentella metoder borde vara nästa steg för att addera insikt om längdskidåkningens biomekanik.</p> / Report code: LIU‐TEK‐LIC‐2008:4. On the day of the defence date the status of article V was: Submitted.

This research provides a sociological analysis of skiing as a form of outdoor recreation and nature tourism in British Columbia, Canada. A qualitative multi-method approach is used, combining discourse analysis, interviews with skiers, and unobtrusive field observation at Whistler Blackcomb and Whitewater ski resorts. Through a focus on discourse, embodied interactions among humans and non-humans, and flows of power, this research describes an environmental ambiguity at the centre of skiing. There is a tension between interpretations of skiing as an environmentally-sustainable practice and notions of skiing as an environmental and social problem. Skiing is based on the symbolic consumption of nature and is understood by many participants as a way of entering into a meaningful relationship with the non-human environment. However, interpretations of skiing as a non-consumptive use of non-human nature are too simple. Social movement groups disrupt pro-environmental discourses of skiing by challenging the sport’s ecological and social legitimacy. Many skiers also articulate a self-reflexive environmental critique of their sport. In these instances, skiing is brought into the realm of politics. Recreational forms of interaction with the non-human environment tend to be at the periphery of environmental sociology. At the same time, sport sociologists tend to focus on the social dimensions of outdoor recreation, while bracketing out non-human nature. This research brings these two fields of inquiry into dialogue with each other, thereby addressing this double lacuna.