Title: Comparison of Cross-Country Skiing Training in the Czech Republic and in Norway Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis was to gain information about Norwegian nordic skiers' training and to compare it with the preparation of nordic skiers in the Czech Republic. The possibility of applying Norwegian training methods to the Czech Republic was considered with relation to local conditions. Methods: The methods of questionnaire, observation and content analysis were used in the diploma thesis. Results: The evaluation and comparison of the questionnaire data were illustrated in tables and charts. The evaluation of observations and training documentation in the Czech team Olfin Car - Vella Trutnov and the Norwegian team Holmen IF Langrenn. Key words: Cross-country skiing, system of training preparation, training methodics

Title: Accomplishments of our cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympic Games Abstract: This thesis is focus on history of Czech and Czechoslovak cross-counrty skiing at the Winter Olympic Games from the first competition at WOG Chamonix 1924 to Vancouver 2010. Using the direct method and the method of content analysis it documents and summarizes the accomplishments of our cross-country representatives. It finds out that representatives of such a small country reached splendid results. But the available literature doesn't mention them as far as they didn't win a medal. Very interesting is the comparison between two skiing generations using the interview with their representatives Kveta Jeriova and Katerina Neumannova. The resulting comparison between their answers reaches a conclusion: the first of them had much harder conditions and worse facilities. In spite of this fact, she proved to be successful but her career was shorter and the number of medals smaller. Keywords: Winter olympic games, history, cross-country skiing, accomplishment

Title: Comparison of selected parameters when skiing and snowboarding. Objectives: The aim of this work is to compare pulse rate and functioning speed while skiing and snowboarding in the slalom track. Methods: Statistical indicators used to calculate BMI (body mass index), pulse rate measuring using the Polar brand sport tester, the stopwatches to time the functioning speed, statistical methods to calculate the arithmetic average. Results: According to the results the hypothesis H1 was confirmed, so the functioning speed while skiing will be shorter than while snowboarding in the slalom track. In second hypothesis H2, the fact that the volume of strain while snowboarding is higher than while skiing in the slalom track did not confirm. Key Words: skiing, snowboarding, pulse rate, speed, slalom track

SUMMARY: Title: The development of ski bindings after World War II Objectives: The objective of the work is to capture and describe the major events in the development of the downhill bindings that took place since the end of II. World War II to the present. Methodology: The work has a historical character using histographic methods supplemented by a content analysis of the document. In particular, the historical, chronological and direct method was used to supplement the content analysis of the document Conclusion: A summary of the data in chronological form enriches the theoretical background of skiing history. The work extends available information sources on topics that have not been elaborated in a comprehensive way. Keywords: Ski equipment, ski bindings, history of skiing

<p>”Nästa generations ryggskydd” är ett examensarbete vid Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet på Karlstads Universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Stefan Ytterborn på POC Sweden i Stockholm.</p><p>POC är ett företag som satsar på att utveckla ny och effektiv skyddsutrustning till alpinskidåkare för att förhindra allvarliga skador. Då utrustningen och åkstilen ständigt blir mer extrem måste även skyddsutrustningen utvecklas för att ge så bra och smidigt skydd som möjligt.</p><p>Uppdraget har gått ut på att ta fram en produkt eller metod som skyddar ryggen vid alpin skidåkning. Denna problemformulering har varit väldigt öppen och gett en hel del spelrum vid idégenerering och produktframtagning.</p><p>Examensarbetet resulterade i en produkt som skyddar ryggen mot den nuförtiden mer frekventa skadeformen, kompressionsskador. Att det inte finns några befintliga skydd mot dessa skador på marknaden har gjort att researcharbetet har blivit en stor del i projektet.</p> / <p>”The next generation of spine protection” is a degree project in the Innovation and design engineering program at the University of Karlstad. The employer is Stefan Ytterborn at POC Sweden in Stockholm.</p><p>POC is a company that works towards developing new and efficient protection for alpine skiers to prevent serious injuries. Both the equipment and the way people ski are getting more and more extreme and therefore new protection must be developed to offer as good and flexible protection as possible.</p><p>The assignment has been to develop a product or method to protect the spine at alpine skiing. Due to the openness of the problem there has been a lot of scope during the idea generating and product developing phase.</p><p>This degree project has resulted in a product that protects the spine against the increasingly frequent damage, the compression injury. Due to the lack of existing protection against these types of damages on the market the research phase has been a big part of the project.</p>

”Nästa generations ryggskydd” är ett examensarbete vid Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet på Karlstads Universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Stefan Ytterborn på POC Sweden i Stockholm. POC är ett företag som satsar på att utveckla ny och effektiv skyddsutrustning till alpinskidåkare för att förhindra allvarliga skador. Då utrustningen och åkstilen ständigt blir mer extrem måste även skyddsutrustningen utvecklas för att ge så bra och smidigt skydd som möjligt. Uppdraget har gått ut på att ta fram en produkt eller metod som skyddar ryggen vid alpin skidåkning. Denna problemformulering har varit väldigt öppen och gett en hel del spelrum vid idégenerering och produktframtagning. Examensarbetet resulterade i en produkt som skyddar ryggen mot den nuförtiden mer frekventa skadeformen, kompressionsskador. Att det inte finns några befintliga skydd mot dessa skador på marknaden har gjort att researcharbetet har blivit en stor del i projektet. / ”The next generation of spine protection” is a degree project in the Innovation and design engineering program at the University of Karlstad. The employer is Stefan Ytterborn at POC Sweden in Stockholm. POC is a company that works towards developing new and efficient protection for alpine skiers to prevent serious injuries. Both the equipment and the way people ski are getting more and more extreme and therefore new protection must be developed to offer as good and flexible protection as possible. The assignment has been to develop a product or method to protect the spine at alpine skiing. Due to the openness of the problem there has been a lot of scope during the idea generating and product developing phase. This degree project has resulted in a product that protects the spine against the increasingly frequent damage, the compression injury. Due to the lack of existing protection against these types of damages on the market the research phase has been a big part of the project.

No description available.

Whistler Blackcomb Resort experiences the highest skier visits of any resort in North America and consequently demand at the ski school is high. Due to various factors, the daily number of lesson participants is highly variable and the best number of instructors to staff each day is correspondingly difficult to estimate. The consequences of scheduling incorrectly could lead to either overstaffing or understaffing. Overstaffing results in unnecessary costs; understaffing results in lost sales and customer dissatisfaction. A scheduling tool that can assist the Ski School in staffing decisions, therefore, is developed to minimize excess costs. Daily demand predictions are made using a forecasting model and a staffing policy is applied to it to obtain a recommended staffing level. The demand forecasting model is a regression model that takes into account pre-bookings, day of the week, holidays, and yesterday's demand. The staffing rules are determined through a Newsvendor-type model derived from a marginal cost analysis of the trade-off between overstaffing and understaffing applied to the daily demand forecasts. The project is intended to formalize a systematic approach to staffing for certain lesson types (pods) one day in advance. It will assist the Whistler Blackcomb Ski and Snowboard School, as a decision support tool, in the development of daily instructor schedules that rninimize any unnecessary costs.

Previous research investigating endurance sports from a physiological perspectivehas mainly used constant or graded exercise protocols, although the nature ofsports like cross-country skiing and road cycling leads to continuous variations inworkload. Current knowledge is thus limited as regards physiological responses tovariations in exercise intensity. Therefore, the overall objective of the present thesiswas to investigate cardiovascular and metabolic responses to fluctuations inexercise intensity during exercise. The thesis is based on four studies (Studies I-IV);the first two studies use a variable intensity protocol with cardiorespiratory andblood measurements during cycling (Study I) and diagonal skiing (Study II). InStudy III one-legged exercise was used to investigate muscle blood flow duringvariable intensity exercise using PET scanning, and Study IV was performed toinvestigate the transition from high to low exercise intensity in diagonal skiing,with both physiological and biomechanical measurements. The current thesisdemonstrates that the reduction in blood lactate concentration after high-intensityworkloads is an important performance characteristic of prolonged variableintensity exercise while cycling and diagonal skiing (Studies I-II). Furthermore,during diagonal skiing, superior blood lactate recovery was associated with a highaerobic power (VO2max) (Study II). Respiratory variables such as VE/VO2, VE/VCO2and RER recovered independently of VO2max and did not reflect the blood lactate oracid base levels during variable intensity exercise during either cycling or diagonalskiing (Studies I-II). There was an upward drift in HR over time, but not inpulmonary VO2, with variable intensity exercise during both prolonged cyclingand diagonal skiing. As a result, the linear HR-VO2 relationship that wasestablished with a graded protocol was not present during variable intensityexercise (Studies I-II). In Study III, blood flow heterogeneity during one-leggedexercise increased when the exercise intensity decreased, but remained unchangedbetween the high intensity workloads. Furthermore, there was an excessiveincrease in muscular VO2 in the consecutive high-intensity workloads, mainlyexplained by increased O2 extraction, as O2 delivery and blood flow remainedunchanged. In diagonal skiing (Study IV) the arms had a lower O2 extraction thanthe legs, which could partly be explained by their longer contact phase along withmuch higher muscle activation. Furthermore, in Study IV, the O2 extraction in botharms and legs was at the upper limit during the high intensity workload with nofurther margin for increase. This could explain why no excessive increase inpulmonary VO2 occurred during diagonal skiing (Study II), as increased O2extraction is suggested to be the main reason for this excessive increase in VO2(Study III).

The instrumentation and methodology of this study provided quantitative data for a group of six advanced slalom skiers. Rope load, skier velocity, ski roll, ski acceleration and ski deceleration were calculated during the deep water start and cutting portion of a slalom run. Four different ski designs were tested in order to determine if the test subjects were able to achieve a different level of performance on each ski. Through a statistical analysis there was enough evidence to suggest that a different performance was achieved between the skis, for rope load and peak roll. There was also enough evidence to suggest that the skiers were achieving different overall levels of performance. The analysis procedure of this study achieved the goal of proving that it could be used to improve coaching capabilities and product design in the water ski industry.