Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A utilização de lajes nervuradas nas edificações em geral vem crescendo no Brasil, pois,com o desenvolvimento da computação, a modelagem destas estruturas tornou-se mais acessível aos projetistas e as vantagens inerentes ao sistema tornaram-se visíveis. Por esta razão, vários trabalhos foram publicados nos últimos anos tendo como finalidade a análise deste tipo de laje, sempre utilizando e comparando diferentes métodos de análise, dentre os quais pode-se destacar: analogia de grelha e método dos elementos finitos. Uma das razões para isto é a utilização da analogia de grelha pelos principais programas comerciais de cálculo de concreto armado. Este trabalho faz uma análise paramétrica de um modelo de laje nervurada de concreto armado denominada REDUZCON e determina a influência de diversos parâmetros relevantes na análise elástico-linear destas lajes. O sistema de laje REDUZCON é um sistema de laje nervurada que utiliza cubas cilíndricas invertidas metálicas denominadas BRC (barrote redutor de concreto). Por meio do estudo paramétrico das lajes nervuradas de concreto armado do tipo REDUZCON são abordados fatores importantes para o modelo de analogia de grelha, como a condição do apoio (deslocável ou indeslocável) e o momento de inércia à torção. Também é estudada a influência da relação entre os vãos e do número de nervuras para uma laje cuja quantidade de nervuras é diferente nos dois sentidos. Investiga-se, ainda, a freqüência fundamental de algumas destas lajes, para comparação com os valores recomendados pela NBR-6118 (2003). Os resultados obtidos ao longo do estudo indicam claramente, que os parâmetros mais relevantes na analogia de grelha, tais como momento de inércia à torção e condição de apoio das lajes, modificam substancialmente os resultados de deslocamento e esforços do sistema estrutural. / The use of ribbed slabs in the constructions in general is growing in Brazil, because, with the development of the computation, the modelling of these structures became more accessible to the designers and the inherent advantages to the system became visible. For this reason, several works were published in the last years having as purpose the analysis of this slabs type, always using and comparing different methods, among them, grillage analogy are the most used, since it is also used in the main commercial programs of reinforced concrete. In this work a parametric analyzes of a model of ribbed slabs of reinforced concrete called REDUZCON is made and it determines the influence of several relevant parameters in the elastic-lineal analysis of these slabs. This system makes use of inverse cylinder metallic cap named BRC (reduced concrete cap). Through the parametric analysis of the ribbed slabs REDUZCON, important factors are approached for the model of grillage analogy, as the boundary conditions, torsional inertia of the system (ribs and board beams), geometry of the edge beams, and the number of transversal ribbings. It is also studied the influence of the sides ratio. Finally is also investigated the natural frequency of some of these slabs and compared with the values recommended in the design codes. The results obtained along the study indicate clearly, that the most relevant parameters in the grillage analogy, such as torsional inertia and condition of support of the slabs, they modify the displacement results and efforts of the structural system substantially.

Neste trabalho é enfocada a análise estrutural de lajes pré-moldadas formadas por vigotas treliçadas. Esta análise foi realizada mediante o modelo de grelha, considerando a não-linearidade do concreto armado utilizando-se a relação momento x curvatura e carregamento incremental. O modelo da não-linearidade do concreto armado foi avaliado com resultados experimentais de vigas bi-apoiadas e painéis de laje contínua. O trabalho inclui uma análise teórico-experimental de uma laje pré-moldada bidirecional isolada e simulações numéricas de casos representativos de arranjos estruturais das lajes treliçadas. As principais conclusões do trabalho foram: a) o modelo de grelha é bastante adequado para a análise de lajes nervuradas pré-moldadas; b) os resultados da análise teórico-experimental da laje pré-moldada indicam que os deslocamentos foram fortemente influenciados pela rigidez à torção e c) a redistribuição de momentos fletores nas lajes contínuas é relativamente pequena. / This work aims the structural analysis in precast slabs made by lattice joist. The scheme was carried out by using the grillage model considering the non-linear of the reinforced concrete through the relationship moment x curvature and incremental loads. The non-linear model of the reinforced concrete was appraised with experimental of simply supported beams and panels of continuos slabs. The work includes a theoretical-experimental analysis of a isolated bidirectional precast slabs and numeric simulations of representative cases of structural arrangements of the slabs witch lattice joist. The main conclusions of the work were: a) the grillage model is quite appropriate for precast ribbed slabs; b) the results of theoretical-experimental analysis of the precast slabs point out the relevance the torsional in the deflections and c) the bending moments redistribution in the continuous slabs are quite small.

D. Tech. (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology. / Cracked concrete slabs are a problem due to several factors such as poor maintenance, insufficient reinforcement or steel corrosion leading to crack propagation. There is a need to increase the load-bearing capacity of concrete slabs and increase their life span. The use of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fibres and fly ash in a hybrid composite slab dramatically alleviates the problem of crack propagation and failure sustainably. This study aimed to optimize a waste PET fibre/fly ash hybrid cement composite for use in slabs. This study characterized the raw materials used, including fly ash and aggregates. After that, concrete test specimens were fabricated using the PET fibres and fly ash following the full factorial experimental design. The developed specimens were then tested to ascertain their material strength properties. Model development was carried out using Minitab Software Version 14, and subsequent experimental validation was carried out. After that, the PET and fly ash optimisation for maximum favourable response outcome was carried out. The fly ash was found to belong to the Class F category with particle size ranging from 0.31 μm to 800 μm. The fly ash was mainly spherical and consisted of Ca, Al, P, Si, and trace amounts of Ti and Mg. The spherical shape of the fly ash helped improve the concrete's workability. The river sand had a fineness modulus of 3.69, considered coarse sand. The fine aggregate showed uniform particle size distribution with a uniformity coefficient of 4.007. The coarse aggregate characterisation was carried out and revealed that the aggregate particle size was 13 mm in size. The coarse aggregate had a uniformity coefficient of 4.007, which implied the aggregate was well graded. The coarse aggregate had a high flakiness index of 74.82 % and an acceptable elongation index of 46.72 %. Full factorial methodology experimental design was employed to fabricate the test specimens by simultaneously varying the independent factors to develop a model for overall response variation. The slump value was observed to increase with the addition of fly ash. However, the addition of PET fibre decreased the slump value with incremental amounts of fibre. The combined effect of fibre addition and fly ash showed a general decreasing slump value for all quantities of fly ash content. The compressive strength of PET fibre only composite had maximum strength at 0.5% fibre addition, and the composite with fly ash alone had the maximum compressive strength at 15%. The combined optimum compressive strength for fibre and fly ash was at 0.5 % and 15 %, respectively, with a 15.54 N/mm2. The split tensile strength decreased with an increase in fibre content. However, the fibre provided crack retardation. Fly ash increased the split tensile strength significantly to a peak of 2.35 N/mm2 for 20 % fly ash addition. The combined addition of fibre and fly ash had an optimum split tensile strength of 2.79 N/mm2 at 0.5 % fibre and 20 % fly ash. The addition of fibre had an optimum split tensile strength at 0.5% of 1.82 N/mm2. The fly ash increased the flexural strength, with optimum strength at 15 %. The combined addition of fibre and fly ash created optimum flexural strength at 0.5% and 30 %, respectively. The trend observed by the rebound number followed that of the compressive strength. However, the non-destructive rebound hammer method gave significantly lower strength values than the destructive test method. The addition of fly ash had the effect of lowering the cost of producing the slab. However, the addition of fibres marginally increased the cost. The combined effect of fibre and fly ash resulted in a significant cost saving. Numerical optimisation was carried out concerning the fibre reinforced concrete's fresh and hardened mechanical properties. Predictive modified quadratic equations were developed for slump value, compressive, flexural, split tensile strength and total cost. Analysis of variance test carried out for all the responses indicated that the model could predict the slump value and mechanical properties of the fibre reinforced concrete correctly and effectively with a coefficient of determination in the range of 0.4151 to 0.9467. The developed model can predict the required fibre reinforced fresh and hardened properties in order to assist in decision making in construction in slabs. The optimum constituent combination for maximum mechanical strength at the lowest possible cost was found to be 15.7576 % Fly ash and 0.3232 % PET fibre with optimum responses as shown in Table 4-26. These predictions were validated experimentally, and a good correlation was observed between the actual and predicted values based on the observed standard deviations of 0.1335, 0.031, 0.005, 0.676, 0.02 for compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, slump value and cost, respectively. Concrete slabs were optimised for various possible end uses, and the optimum PET fibre % and fly ash % were ascertained as shown in Table 4-27.

The shear capacity of headed studs in precast concrete hollow-core slab construction has been determined experimentally in 12 full-scale push-off tests. The tests were used to study the effects of the size of the gap between the ends of the precast slabs, and the amount of tie steel placed transversely across the joint, and the strength of concrete infill. Under certain situations the capacity of the stud is reduced compared with that in a solid reinforced concrete slab. Maximum resistances are compared with the predictions of BS 5950 and EC4, and a reduction formula for the precast effect is derived.

L'approche scientifique a consisté en la combinaison de trois différentes méthodes de modélisation (analogique, semi analytique et numérique) afin de contraindre la rhéologie qui régit la déformation de la lithosphère et les flux mantelliques associés au niveau des zones de subduction. Par l'étroite confrontation des prédictions (modèles) et les observations disponibles (données sismologiques pour l'essentiel), j'apporte de nouvelles contraintes sur le devenir d'une lithosphère en subduction dans le manteau, couplées avec une précision sur la structuration du manteau. Les résultats des modèles au regard des données géophysiques prédisent une lithosphère faiblement visqueuse (le rapport de viscosité entre la lithosphère et le manteau ne saurait excéder 100) qui atteint lors de sa descente dans le manteau la forme spécifique d'une méduse. Ce résultat majeur apporte une nouvelle interprétation sur l'origine des épanchements de lithosphère dans le manteau profond et une précision sur la stratification entre le manteau supérieur et le manteau inférieur faible pour permettre ainsi la pénétration de la lithosphère dans le manteau inférieur. Cette étude apporte de nouvelles données sur la compréhension de l'interaction entre le flux mantellique et la lithosphère.

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Atualmente, alguns códigos como o CEB/90 e o texto base da NB-1/94 (ainda em fase de apreciação pelo meio técnico) têm apresentado inovações com relação à verificação da resistência à punção. Fez-se então, neste trabalho, uma análise do texto base da NB-1/94 referente à punção, comparando suas recomendações com algumas das fornecidas pelo CEB/90. Observou-se uma certa divergência entre os dois códigos com relação a pilares de borda e de canto, fornecendo o CEB/90 um tratamento mais simplificado para essas duas situações. Além disso, observa-se que, ao contrário do CEB/90, o texto base não menciona as seguintes recomendações: utilização de uma armadura a ser disposta ao longo das bordas livres da laje, destinada a combater esforços de torção, e limitação da resistência do concreto em 50 MPa para essas verificações. Observou-se, ainda, uma omissão desses dois códigos com relação à situação de pilares internos submetidos a momentos fletores atuando em duas direções diferentes. Sugere-se, ainda, ao texto base, a inclusão de expressões que visem a facilitar e agilizar a sua aplicação. Após essa análise, foram apresentados exemplos de cálculo para pilares internos, de borda e de canto, tanto com como sem armadura de punção, verificados segundo as recomendações do texto base da NB-1/94, do EUROCODE N.2, do CEB/90 e do ACI 318/89. Por fim, comparam-se resultados experimentais com valores dados por estes códigos, visando determinar suas respectivas eficiências frente a alguns parâmetros, tais como, por exemplo, a presença de armadura transversal ou a relação entre os lados do pilar. Verifica-se que a utilização de armaduras de combate à punção pode elevar substancialmente o valor da resistência da ligação, além de torná-la mais dúctil. As observações referentes à comparação entre os valores fornecidos através de ensaios e os dados pelos códigos devem ser levadas em consideração apenas como uma indicação de seus respectivos comportamentos, necessitando-se de mais dados para uma afirmação mais conclusiva. / Nowadays, some standards like CEB/90 and the Brazilian code basic text NB-1/94 (not approved yet) have presented some innovations for the punching shear strength. In this work, a comparative analysis is presented about the NB1-94 basic text recommendations and some presented by the CEB/90. Some differences are noted between the NB1-94 basic text and the CEB/90 recommendations relatives to corner and edge columns. The CEB/90 has a simplified treatment for these situations. lt is noted that, in opposition to the CEB/90, the NB1-94 basic text about punching shear strength does not mention an additional reinforcement to be placed at the free edges of the slab, to provide torsion strength, and neither have a limit value of 50 MPa for the concrete compressive strength. lt is also noted that the CEB/90 and the NB1-94 basic text do not have a recommendation for internal columns with bending moments acting on two different directions. lt is suggested that the NB1-94 basic text includes some expressions that can make its application easier and faster. After this analysis, some examples are presented with internal, edge and corner columns, with and without shear reinforcement, verified by the NB1-94 basic text, the EUROCODE N.2, the CEB/90 and the ACI 318/89 recommendations. Finally, a comparative analysis between some experimental results and those given by the codes is presented. The experimental results were related to some parameters like, for instance, the presence of shear reinforcement or the column sides ratio. lt is verified that the shear reinforcement utilization can give more resistance and ductility to the connection. Finally, it is noted that the observations about the comparison between the experimental results and the values given by the codes can just be taken like a behavior indication for the connections. For conclusive affirmations, more experimental analysis are necessary.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é calcular esforços e deslocamentos de estruturas tridimensionais de edifícios de andares múltiplos, sujeitos às ações verticais e laterais, considerando a rigidez transversal à flexão das lajes, em teoria de 2ª ordem. O elemento finito de placa adotado na discretização do pavimento, responsável pela consideração da rigidez transversal das lajes na análise do edifício é o DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Theory). Para os pilares o equilíbrio de forças é verificado na sua posição deformada, ou como é conhecido da literatura técnica, análise em teoria de 2ª ordem, considerando a não linearidade geométrica. Para o cálculo dos esforços e deslocamentos na estrutura são aplicadas as técnicas de subestruturação em série e paralelo na matriz de rigidez global da estrutura. Elaborou-se um programa de computador para o processo de cálculo, utilizando a linguagem computacional Fortran Power Station 90 e pré e pós processadores em Visual Basic 4.0 para ambiente Windows. Finalmente são apresentados alguns exemplos para comprovar a validade do processo de cálculo utilizado / The main aim of this work is to calculate stresses and displacements of threedimensional structures of multistory buildings, subjected to vertical and lateral loads, considering the transverse bending stiffness of slabs, in second order theory. The plate finite element adopted in floor discretization, responsible for considering the bending stiffness contribution of slabs in the analysis of buildings, is the DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Theory). For columns the forces equilibrium is verified for the columns in their deformed position, which is known in the technical literature as 2nd order analysis, considering the geometric non-linearity. The techniques of serial and parallel analysis of substructures are applied to the global stiffness matrix for the calculus of forces and displacements in the strucuture. A computer program was developed for the calculation process, using the computer language Fortran Power Station 90 and pre and post-processors in Visual Basic 4.0 for a Windows environment. Finally, some examples are presented to check the validity of the employed calculus process

A análise estrutural dos pavimentos de edifícios vem se constituindo de recursos cada vez mais refinados, com a difusão de inúmeros \"softwares\", dotados de pré e pós-processadores que possibilitam análises precisas, com a consideração da interação entre as rigidezes de todos os elementos que compõem o sistema estrutural do pavimento. Entretanto, há que se ressaltar que, diante desta ampla disponibilidade de recursos, os cálculos simplificados não podem ser deixados de lado nas análises dos projetistas, uma vez que propiciam confirmações dos resultados fornecidos por um \"software\". Assim sendo, o presente trabalho apresenta alguns aspectos da análise estrutural das lajes de edifícios, abordando conceitos relativos a ações e disposições construtivas a considerar nos projetos, ao pré-dimensionamento das lajes e aos tipos de análise estrutural possíveis de serem realizadas. São apresentados alguns modelos estruturais para análise linear das lajes de edifícios, a saber, o cálculo aproximado mediante tabelas do método elástico, a técnica da analogia de grelha e o método dos elementos finitos, mostrando as particularidades de cada um e definindo até que ponto cada um deles pode ser aplicado com segurança, apresentando resultados coerentes para o comportamento estrutural. No regime elasto-plástico, é apresentado um modelo estrutural de análise através da teoria das charneiras plásticas. São abordadas, para cada um dos modelos estruturais propostos, questões relativas à distribuição das armaduras e aos valores de esforços solicitantes a considerar para o correto dimensionamento das lajes do pavimento. Apresentam-se, ainda, os detalhamentos das armaduras positivas e negativas resultantes das análises realizadas. / The structural analysis of building pavements has been made through the use of very sophisticated instruments, with the dissemination of severa! softwares, characterized by pre- and post-processors which enable accurate analysis, considering the interaction between the stiffness of ali the elements that constitute the pavement structural system. lt is important to notice that even with the large number of available resources, simplified calculations cannot be disregarded in a designer\'s analysis, since they provide the confirmation of the results yielded by the software. So, this study presents some aspects of building slabs structural analysis, regarding concepts related to actions and constructive dispositions to be considered in such projects, to slabs pre-design and kinds of possible structural analysis. Some structural models for linear analysis of building slabs are presented: (1) the simplified calculation through the use of tables of elastic method; (2) crossing beams analogy technique and (3) the finite element method, showing the characteristics of each one and defining up to what point each of them can be used safely, presenting coherent results to structural behavior. In the elastic-plastic regime, a structural model of analysis through the yield line theory is presented. For each proposed structural model, questions about arm distribution and values of requested efforts are considered, regarding the correct pavement slabs design. The details regarding positive and negative arms resulting from the analysis performed is also presented.