Evaluation of the seismic stability of slopes often involves an estimate of the expected sliding displacements. This evaluation requires a suite of acceleration-time histories as input motions. The methods of selecting and scaling these motions can affect the computed sliding displacements. Linear scaling of recorded ground motions and modification of recorded motions by spectral matching are common approaches used for ground motion selection and these approaches were used in this study to select motions for use in sliding displacement analyses. Rigid sliding block analyses and decoupled flexible sliding block analyses were performed using a suite of linearly scaled motions and a suite of spectrally matched motions. . Generally, the spectrally matched motions predict 10 to 30%, on average, smaller displacements and significantly less variability than the linearly scaled motions, when both suites of input motions were developed to match the same acceleration response spectrum. When both suites of input motions were developed to match the same peak ground velocity and acceleration response spectrum, the spectrally matched motions generally predict 5 to 15%, on average, larger displacements than the linearly scaled motions. Because ground motion parameters beyond acceleration response spectrum affect the computed sliding displacement, parameters such as peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and mean period (T[subscript m]) should be considered in selecting and scaling motions for use in sliding displacement analyses. / text

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Millions of lives have been lost over the years as a result of the effects of earthquakes. One of these devastating effects is slope failure, more commonly known as landslide. Over the years, seismologists and engineers have teamed up to better record data during an earthquake. As technology has advanced, the data obtained have become more refined, allowing engineers to use the data in their efforts to estimate earthquakes where they have not yet occurred. Several methods have been proposed over time to utilize the earthquake data and estimate slope displacements. A pioneer in the development of methods to estimate slope displacements, Nathan Newmark, proposed what is now called the Newmark sliding block method. This method explained in very simple ways how a mass, in this case a rigid block, would slide over an incline given that the acceleration of the block surpassed the frictional resistance created between the bottom of the block and the surface of the incline. Because many of the assumptions from this method were criticized by scientists over time, modified Newmark sliding block methods were proposed. As the original and modified Newmark sliding block methods were introduced, the need to account for the uncertainty in the way soil would behave under earthquake loading became a big challenge. Deterministic and probabilistic methods have been used to incorporate parameters that would account for some of the uncertainty in the analysis. In an attempt to use a probabilistic approach in understanding how slopes might fail, the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center proposed a performance-based earthquake engineering framework that would allow decision-makers to use probabilistically generated information to make decisions based on acceptable risk. Previous researchers applied this framework to simplified Newmark sliding block models, but the approach is difficult for engineers to implement in practice because of the numerous probability calculations that are required. The work presented in this thesis provides a solution to the implementation of the performance-based approach by providing a simplified procedure for the performance-based determination of seismic slope displacements using the Rathje & Saygili (2009) and the Bray and Travasarou (2007) simplified Newmark sliding block models. This document also includes hazard parameter maps, which are an important part of the simplified procedure, for five states in the United States. A validation of the method is provided, as well as a comparison of the simplified method against other commonly used approaches such as deterministic and pseudo-probabilistic.

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to follow up and further develop an existing product at Fagerhult AB. The product is a support rail for pendant luminaires. The support rail facilitates the positioning of the luminaire when mounted in the ceiling. The problem with today’s support rail is that it doesn’t meet the requirements set by Fagerhult AB according to aesthetics and flexibility. The request is instead a support rail that takes less space, more aesthetically appealing and more flexible. Methodology – The thesis has followed a product development process, from pilot study until prototype. First thing was a time planning to establish milestones to see when different parts of the project were supposed to be done. Then a pilot study was made in terms of market research and a competitor analysis to get a more complete picture of the today’s market and also what the market wanted. From the pilot study a complete requirement specification was made together with the customer. By the requirement specification a concept generation started in terms of brainstorming and morphologic matrix. The concepts were screened through elimination matrices and together with Fagerhult AB. The final concept was chosen from four more worked through concepts. Those concepts have all been made in a CAD-environment, Solid Edge, and physical prototypes have partially been made to be evaluated in different areas. The prototypes were evaluated in aesthetics, installation friendliness and manufacturing cost. The final concept was developed into a working prototype. Results – Already from the beginning the final result was divided into three different areas, T-clips, rail and sliding block. The final prototype consisted of a T-clips which was made in two pieces, spring steel and sheet metal. This was to offer an installation friendly support rail and also to make an opportunity to hide the T-clips which was previously exposed. The rail was designed with integrated covers on the ends and the opportunity to fit the sliding block inside, this was made to make the support rail more aesthetic appealing and to make sure that focus was not taken from the luminaire. The sliding block was then developed to fit inside the rail and suspension was offered for the wire loop. That way the wire loop, which is attached to the sliding block, could be hidden inside the rail. This resulted in an even more hidden supporting rail. To maintain the target value for the supporting rail the material was kept in standard and to some extent the construction had elements of already existing functions. Restrictions – Because of the lack of time the thesis only dealt with the product development process until prototype. The prototype was partially made by the writers themselves because Fagerhult AB:s prototype workshop had been busy. Neither FEM-calculations nor simulations was made to verify and optimize functions on the prototype, also this because of time constraints. / Syfte - Syftet med detta arbete var att vidareutveckla en befintlig produkt hos Fagerhult AB. Produkten är en bärskena för pendlade armaturer. Bärskenan underlättar positionering av armaturen väl monterad i undertaket som den är anpassad för. Problemet med dagens bärskena är att den inte uppfyller de krav som Fagerhult AB ställer gällande estetik och flexibilitet. En bärskena som tar mindre plats, mer estetisk tilltalande och mer flexibel efterfrågas.           Metodik - Utförandet av arbetet har följt en produktutvecklingsprocess, från förstudie till prototyp. Först gjordes en tidsplanering för att upprätta milstolpar när olika delar i projektet bör vara klara. Sedan gjordes en förstudie i form av marknadsundersökning och konkurrensanalys för att få en mer komplett bild av hur marknaden såg ut i dagsläget samt vad marknaden ville ha. Utifrån förstudien sammanställdes en definitiv kravspecifikation tillsammans med kund. Med kravspecifikationens grund påbörjades konceptgenereringen i form av brainstorming och morfologisk matris. Koncepten sållades sedan genom elimineringsmatriser och tillsammans med Fagerhult. Det slutgiltiga konceptet valdes utifrån fyra mer genomarbetade koncept. Dessa koncept är uppritade i en CAD-miljö, Solid Edge, och till viss del är fysiska prototyper framtagna för att utvärderas i olika områden. De utvärderades i estetik, installationsvänlighet och tillverkningskostnad. Det slutgiltiga konceptet utvecklades till en funktionsduglig prototyp. Resultat - Det slutgiltiga resultatet hade från början delats upp i tre olika delområden, T-clips, skena och glidblock. Den slutgiltiga prototypen bestod av ett T-clips som var tvådelat i fjäderstål och tunnplåt. Detta för att erbjuda en installationsvänlig bärskena samt möjligheten att dölja T-clipset som förr exponerats. Skenan utformades med integrerade täcklock på ändarna samt möjligheten att placera glidblocket inuti skenan, detta för att få en mer estetiskt tilltalande bärskena samt att fokus inte skulle tas från belysningsarmaturen. Glidblocket utvecklades för placering inuti skenan samt erbjöds upphängning av vajeröglan. På så sätt kunde vajeröglan, som fästs i glidblocket, döljas inuti skenan. Detta resulterade i att bärskenan doldes ytterligare. För att bärskenan skulle bibehålla målpriset behölls standardmaterial och till viss del hade konstruktionen inslag av redan befintliga funktioner. Begränsningar – På grund av tidsbristen behandlade arbetet endast produktutvecklingsprocessen fram till funktionsprototyp. En prototyp författarna själva till viss del fick ta fram därför att Fagerhult AB:s prototypverkstad varit belastad. Varken simuleringar eller FEM-beräkningar har utförts på prototypen för att verifiera funktionerna och optimera, även detta på grund av tidsbrist.

Earthquake-induced slope instability is one of the major sources of earthquake hazards in near fault regions. Simplified tools, such as Newmark&rsquo / s Sliding Block (NSB) Analysis are widely used to represent the stability of a slope under earthquake shaking. The outcome of this analogy is the slope displacement where larger displacement values indicate higher seismic slope instability risk. Recent studies in the literature propose empirical models between the slope displacement and single or multiple ground motion intensity measures such as peak ground acceleration or Arias intensity. These correlations are based on the analysis of large datasets from global ground motion recording database (PEER NGA-W1 Database). Ground motions from earthquakes occurred in Turkey are poorly represented in NGA-W1 database since corrected and processed data from Turkey was not available until recently. The objective of this study is to evaluate the compatibility of available NSB displacement prediction models for the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) applications in Turkey using a comprehensive dataset of ground motions recorded during earthquakes occurred in Turkey. Then the application of selected NSB displacement prediction model in a vector-valued PSHA framework is demonstrated with the explanations of seismic source characterization, ground motion prediction models and ground motion intensity measure correlation coefficients. The results of the study is presented in terms of hazard curves and a comparison is made with a case history in Asarsuyu Region where seismically induced landslides (Bakacak Landslides) had taken place during 1999 D&uuml / zce Earthquake.