Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2085.pdf: 5154474 bytes, checksum: f3c2afdf87d4edf9e5ec6f2b95dbabef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-28 / The beams, pillars and slabs, are basic structural elements which compose the superstructure of the vast majority of buildings, including those of small size, which account for approximately 90% of them. There is a lacuna in the technical publications that address the structure of these buildings with numerical examples, analysis of the results, comments and general recommendations. The structures are differentiated according to their complexity. The modeling and analysis of a structure seeking their behavior closest to the real, even for simple structures are often complex and difficult. By the constant evolution of computer programs, each day it is getting a greater approximation of the real behavior of the structures. For the same structure it can be taken several structural models, resulting in different consumption of materials. This paper deals with the calculation of the superstructure of a two-story house usually composed by prefabricated slabs, rectangular beams and rectangular pillars which are presented through a general theoretical introduction with the main prescriptions of NBR 6118: 2003 and NBR 14859-1 (prefabricated slab requirements Part 1: unidirectional slabs) and the main recommendations of the Recommended Practice Ibracon for structures of small size. Through numerical examples with variations in the shape of the superstructure on the basis of two types of masonry adopted, this elements are calculated using the software for structural calculation, taking into account the calculation by tridimensional portico and grillage analogy. Important aspects of the structural point of view are presented. The results were analysed and compared also general comments and recommendation are presented. / As vigas, pilares e lajes são elementos estruturais básicos que conformam a superestrutura da grande maioria das edificações, entre elas, as de pequeno porte, que constituem aproximadamente 90% delas. Existe uma lacuna nas publicações técnicas que abordam a estrutura destas edificações com exemplos numéricos, análise dos resultados, comentários e recomendações gerais. As estruturas se diferenciam em função da sua complexidade. A modelagem e análise de uma estrutura, buscando seu comportamento mais próximo possível do real, mesmo para estruturas mais simples, são geralmente complexas e difíceis. Com a constante evolução dos sistemas computacionais, a cada dia consegue-se uma aproximação maior do comportamento real das estruturas. Para uma mesma estrutura pode-se ter vários modelos estruturais, que resultam em diferentes consumos de materiais. Neste trabalho aborda-se o cálculo da superestrutura de um sobrado residencial, usualmente compostas por lajes pré-fabricadas e vigas e pilares de seção retangulares. Apresentam-se estes elementos estruturais através de uma introdução teórica geral, indicando as principais prescrições da NBR 6118:2003 e NBR 14859-1 (laje pré-fabricada - requisitos - parte 1: lajes unidirecionais) e as principais recomendações da Prática recomendada Ibracon para estruturas de pequeno porte. Através de exemplos numéricos, com variações da forma da superestrutura em função dos tipos de alvenarias adotadas, calculam-se os elementos utilizando-se um sistema computacional de cálculo estrutural, levando-se em consideração o cálculo por pórtico tridimensional e analogia de grelhas. São apresentados aspectos importantes do ponto de vista estrutural, analisados e comparados resultados, e apresentados comentários e recomendações gerais.

A presente tese visa a construir um princípio cujo conteúdo normativo e eficácia viabilizem a concretização, de forma ótima, das finalidades idealizadas na Constituição Federal de 1988, no que diz respeito às microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte, reunidas na expressão “empresas de porte reduzido”. A partir da relevância que essas empresas detêm ao redor do mundo destaca-se o caso do Brasil, em que há dois princípios constitucionais positivados (inciso IX do art. 170 e art. 179) que lhes atribuem um tratamento diferenciado e favorecido, de modo a incentivá-las. Todavia, os referidos princípios, isoladamente considerados, não têm o condão de transmitir todo o conteúdo normativo necessário para otimizar o atendimento às finalidades constitucionais, a partir de uma perspectiva tributária. Como decorrência mostra-se necessária a construção de uma norma jurídica, até então não vislumbrada pela doutrina, a qual contemple a mais ampla extensão da proteção às empresas de porte reduzido. A partir disso, e interpretando os referidos dispositivos constitucionais, é construída a norma com natureza de princípio, chamada de princípio da atenuação tributária das empresas de porte reduzido. Em relação ao conteúdo normativo desse princípio é defendido o seu caráter bidimensional, de modo a produzir efeitos não apenas perante a empresa como contribuinte (primeira dimensão), mas também perante seus titulares, sócios e administradores como responsáveis tributários (segunda dimensão). Com isso o princípio em tela acaba por ter eficácia também em duas dimensões, atingindo a relação da Fazenda Pública com o contribuinte e também com os terceiros responsáveis tributários. Como consequência, em sua primeira dimensão o princípio pode produzir uma redução da carga tributária das empresas de porte reduzido, e reduzir a quantidade e complexidade das obrigações tributárias acessórias que lhe são impostas, devendo a concretização desse desiderato se dar por lei complementar (art. 146 da CF/88). Além disso, não pode o Poder Legislativo elaborar norma que atribua carga tributária maior para as empresas de porte reduzido, em comparação com as demais empresas; ou obrigações tributárias acessórias em quantidade e complexidade maior para as empresas de porte reduzido, em comparação com as demais empresas. No que concerne à segunda dimensão o princípio em questão impõe limites ao Poder Legislativo para que não elabore normas de responsabilidade tributária de terceiros mais gravosas do que as normas gerais do Código Tributário Nacional. Além disso, fica o Poder Legislativo também impedido de elaborar normas de responsabilidade tributária de terceiros baseadas em presunções, em função do excessivo ônus imposto aos micro e pequenos empreendedores para afastamento do fato presumido. Ainda, o princípio em questão impõe limites ao Poder Judiciário, que não pode aplicar normas de responsabilidade tributária mais gravosas do que aquelas fixadas no CTN. E, por fim, o princípio em tela também impede que o Poder Judiciário atribua responsabilidade tributária a titulares, sócios e administradores de empresas de porte reduzido com base em presunções, enfatizando-se a inaplicabilidade da Súmula nº 435 do STJ. / The purpose of this thesis is to develop a principle which normative content and effectiveness make it possible to optimally achieve the goals envisaged in the Federal Constitution of 1988, in the case of micro-enterprises and small enterprises, named as “small size enterprises”. From the relevance of these companies around the world stands out in the case of Brazil, in which there are two written constitutional principles (section IX of article 170 and article 179) that give those companies a differentiated and favored treatment, in order to incite them. However, these principles, considered separately, do not have the power to transmit all the normative content that is necessary to optimize the attention for the constitutional purposes, from a tax perspective. As a result, it is necessary to develop a legal norm, hitherto not envisaged by the doctrine, which contemplates the broadest scope of protection for small size enterprises. From this, and interpreting the mentioned constitutional provisions, the norm is developed with the normative nature of principle, named as principle of tax relief for small size enterprises. With regard to the normative content of this principle, its two-dimensional nature is defended, so as to produce effects not only on the company as a taxpayer (first dimension), but also on its owners, partners and administrators as tax responsibles (second dimension). With this, the principle on the screen turns out to be effective also in two dimensions, reaching the relation of the Public Treasury with the taxpayer and also with the third party tax responsible. As a consequence, in its first dimension the principle can produce a reduction in the tax burden of small companies, and reduce the quantity and complexity of ancillary tax obligations imposed on it, considering that the accomplishment of this goal should be given by a complementary statute (article 146 of the Constitution). In addition, the Legislative Branch cannot elaborate a norm that assigns a higher tax burden to small companies compared to other companies; or ancillary tax obligations in a larger quantity and complexity for smaller companies compared to other companies. With regard to the second dimension, the principle in question imposes limits on the Legislature so that it does not elaborate norms of third-party tax liability that are more burdensome than the general rules of the National Tax Code. In addition, the Legislature is also prevented from elaborating norms of third-party tax liability based on presumptions, due to the excessive burden imposed on micro and small entrepreneurs to move away from the presumed facts. Moreover, the principle in question imposes limits on the Judiciary, which cannot apply tax liability rules that are more burdensome than those established in the National Tax Code. Finally, the mentioned principle also prevents the Judiciary from assigning tax liability to holders of smaller companies, members and managers based on presumptions, emphasizing the inapplicability of Superior Court Order 435.

This thesis deals with a real business plan, including the assessment of individual risks, the establishment of a small bakery shop, which should be located in one of the city districts of Brno, namely Maloměřice a Obřany. In the first theoretical part, the basic concepts, definition of necessary analyzes and detailed description of individual parts of the business plan are introduced. The practical part uses theoretical knowledge, a critical risk analysis, market analysis and a business plan for the enterprise.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-16T18:07:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 avaliacao_aplicacao.pdf: 1758677 bytes, checksum: 4e1e58da6988b4acbfea4d902b529b92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-16T18:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 avaliacao_aplicacao.pdf: 1758677 bytes, checksum: 4e1e58da6988b4acbfea4d902b529b92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Este trabalho enquadra-se na área de estudo da construção sustentável e visa contribuir para a redução do impacto ambiental provocado pela atuação do setor de construção civil. Nos últimos anos ocorreram grandes transformações no planejamento e na gestão de empreendimentos da construção de civil, incluindo mais recentemente a ênfase para a perspectiva ambiental do setor. Têm sido desenvolvidos alguns estudos referentes à sustentabilidade na construção, mas a aplicação de inovações em empresas de micro e pequeno porte tem ocorrido de forma mais lenta. É importante avaliar a aplicação de conceitos da construção sustentável para este nicho de mercado, porque estas empresas representam a maioria das empresas no setor. Diante disso, foi investigada a aplicação desses conceitos em construtoras de micro e pequeno porte, em especial frente às características regionais do Vale do Caí, RS. Foram propostos instrumentos de avaliação do grau de sustentabilidade, os quais foram aplicados em três empreendimentos típicos na região, incluindo a avaliação do comportamento dos agentes envolvidos com estes empreendimentos e o desempenho de projetos e obras. Os resultados indicam que ainda há um relativo desconhecimento sobre o assunto e que o grau de sustentabilidade dos empreendimentos é médio, existindo um grande potencial para o aperfeiçoamento / This research work is classified as a study about sustainable construction, and it aims at contributing to reduce the environmental impact provoked by civil construction sector. In recent years occurred great transformations in planning and management of building firms, and more recently these transformations includes the emphasis for the environmental perspective of the sector. Some studies about sustainable construction have been developed, but the application of innovations in micro and small building companies has occurred slowly, especially on small cities. It is important to study the application of concepts of sustainable construction for this niche, because these segments represent the majority of the companies in the sector. The application of concepts of sustainable construction in micro and small building companies, was investigated in special regarding to the regional characteristics of Vale do Caí, RS, region located in southern Brazil. Instruments of evaluation of sustainability were considered, which were applied in three typical enterprises, including the evaluation of the behavior of the involved agents and the performance of projects and building sites. The results indicate that still there is a relative unfamiliarity with the subject and that the degree of sustainability of the enterprises is medium, indicating a great potential for the improvement of this sector

The results of bark thickness analysis of pine and spruce trees at the thinning age are presented in the work. The main goal of the work was to investigate regularities of bark thickness variance of pine and spruce logs produced out of trees felled during the thinning cuttings. The main tasks of the work were to find out regularities of bark thickness variance depending on age of the stands, tree species and top diameter of the log, to evaluate adequateness modeled regularities to existing Swedish normatives. The empirical material. 200 pine and 200 spruce felled trees at the Kazlu Ruda state forest enterprise were used for the measurements. The trees were selected at the 4 cutting areas of Nb, Lb, Lc, site types. Diameter and bark thickness of imaginative crosscut at height of 0, 1, 1.3, 3 m and following each second meter were measured for each stem. Methods. The multiple linear and nonlinear regression were used to process empirical data. Calculations were made using software STATISTICA v6.0 and EXCEL. The main results. The differences of bark thickness variation regularities were found while comparing gotten results to Existing Lithuanian and Swedish legalized normatives.

La réussite du développement de vols spatiaux de longue durée, ainsi que de l’établissement de stations permanentes nécessite des systèmes fermés autonomes bien contrôlés. L’optimisation d’une boucle fermée d’un système support vie bio-régénératif, impose le contrôle de l’hydrodynamique et des transferts de chaleur et de masse couplés qui se développent au sein d’un habitacle spatial comprenant des hommes ou des plantes. Un protocole expérimental (expérience terrestre et méthode de mesure) a été conçu pour quantifier les vitesses de l’air et les transferts hétérogènes qui se développent par condensation d’air humide sur une surface plate horizontale de petite taille (25 cm2), en conditions contrôlées (régime d’écoulement, hygrométrie, température). Une surface active était maintenue isotherme sous le point de rosée par thermoélectricité et le flux de masse était mesuré par pesée. Un tunnel climatique a été utilisé pour générer des écoulements laminaires ou faiblement turbulents. Environ 70 expériences de condensation ont été réalisées à température ambiante (19-23°C) avec une humidité relative de 35-65 % et pour des vitesses comprises entre 1.0 et 3.0 m/s. Le dispositif de condensation a un comportement de type profil épais pour l’écoulement et les coefficients de transferts de masse ont été évalués. L’augmentation de l’intensité de l’écoulement se traduit par une dépendance du nombre de Sherwood en Re2/3. Une relation empirique est proposée pour estimer la température de la surface. Le comportement de l’écoulement au sein de la couche limite et de la croissance des gouttes sur la surface de la plaque sont discutées. Ce travail expérimental sera utile pour le développement de modèles théoriques adaptés à d’autres géométries. / For the development of successful long term space flights, and the establishment of permanent bases in space, a well controlled self sustained closed environment is required. In order to optimize a closed-loop bio-regenerative life support system, it is necessary to control the hydrodynamics and the coupled heat and mass transfer, which develop in a space habitat concerned with humans and plants. We have designed a ground based experimental setup and protocol to measure the air flow velocities and concomitant mass transfer by condensation of water vapour from humid air on a horizontal flat plate of small size (area 25 cm2), in a controlled air flow conditions (flow regime, hygrometry, temperature). An active isothermal surface was kept below the dew point, by using thermoelectricity, and precise weighing of the condensate in order to evaluate the rate of mass flux. An air-conditioned closed circuit wind tunnel has been used to produce laminar to weakly turbulent flows. Almost 70 condensation experiments have been performed at an ambient temperature (19-23 °C) for a relative humidity between 35-65 %, and for the velocity range 1.0-3.0 m/s. The condensing unit behaves as a blunt-faced body and mass transfer coefficients were deduced. When increasing the flow intensity it was found that the Sherwood number had a dependence on Re2/3. An empirical relation was proposed to estimate the surface temperature. The flow behaviour within the boundary layer and the analysis of the drop growth on the flat plate surface under weakly turbulent flows has been discussed. This experimental work will be helpful to develop theoretical models for further studies with other geometries.

This thesis describe detection of direction receiving sound with small–size microphone array. Work is based on analyzing methods of time delay estimation, energy decay or phase difference signal. Work focus mainly on finding of angle of arrival in small time difference. Results of measuring, as programming sound, so sound recorded in laboratory conditions and real enviroment, are mentioned in conclusion. All calculations were done by platform Matlab