On October 1st, 2013, a mandate was adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) requiring that 1.325 GW of energy storage capability be installed on the California electricity grid by 2024, through the actions of the state’s three investor-owned utilities. While this is a bold first step towards mandated energy storage in the United States, it may be only the beginning for an energy storage industry in this state. It has been well established that energy storage would prove to be a useful asset on the California electrical grid, but the development of storage capacity past the requirements of the mandate will depend upon whether storage can be made cost-effective. Much of the value that storage creates is a public good: many storage applications allow the grid to operate more efficiently as a whole, but not necessarily in a way that can be monetized by any particular party. As a public good, these systemic benefits of storage capacity will be supplied sub-optimally in the absence of government intervention. The energy storage industry will accordingly be one that is strongly affected by the tides of change in technology, regulation and economics in the California energy market. This report will focus primarily on the intersection of the second two of these factors, largely leaving the technological questions to more well-informed parties while seeking to establish what regulatory and economic considerations might be undertaken to ensure that the road to deployment of appropriate energy storage systems is made as clear as possible so that this technology can reach the socially efficient level on the California electricity grid. It is the aim of this report not to promote a specific technology or even an energy storage industry, but rather to shed some light on the effects that the development of such an industry could have on the California electricity market and the energy use paradigm that governs modern electricity grids worldwide. With the adoption of AB 2514, a grand experiment was set in motion that will benefit the entire world as California tests the uncharted technological, regulatory and economic territories of grid-scale energy storage capacity. It is a time of change in the electricity industry, and energy storage is a potentially transformative technology that could very well enable the shattering of an energy use paradigm that has held the world captive to fossil fuels for over a century.

With the obvious evolution and acceleration of smart grid, it is crucial for its success to rely on a solid transmission protocol among its peripherals due to its real time streaming. TCP is the well known traditional transport protocol used for a reliable transmission, and is a major player for smart grid. However, it lacks a fault tolerance transmission method that overcomes potential failures which may mitigate smart grid progress and in its turn decrease its reliability. We propose that smart grid operators utilize SCTP as the principle transport protocol for their smart grid communications, by using the two very significant characteristics offered by SCTP multi-homing and multi-streaming respectively. Thus, we argue that they can override two major obstacles caused by TCP Head of Line Blocking (HLB) and the inability of handling automatically two or more paths to a final destination. Although SCTP resembles TCP in many aspects, SCTP can definitely play a dominant role in many current and future applications due to its key features that do not exist in TCP. We have used ns2.34 simulator as the tool whom we relied on to investigate whether or not smart grid may benefit over TCP by the two SCTP features, and have analyzed the output of simulated results by using other analytical tools. As we obtain results, we argue that smart grid operators should rely on SCTP as a feasible transmission protocol instead of TCP.

Vindkraftverk ansluts idag i snabb takt till elnät runt om i världen. Elnäten är ofta inte tillräckligt dimensionerade på platser där vindkraftutbyggnad är lämplig vilket leder till ett behov av nätförstärkning. Förstärkning sker konventionellt genom att övergå till en högre spänning, något som kan vara förenat med stora kostnader och ledtider. Bland annat därför har en filosofi med beteckningen smarta elnät uppstått, som handlar om hur elnätsystemet ska se ut när det är mer anpassat till de nya energikällornas karaktär och samtidigt medför ett mer effektivt totalutnyttjande. För vindkraftverk kan det då handla om att i högre grad än idag reglera produktionen och understödja nätet, t.ex. via intelligenta kontrollsystem, kraftelektronik och energilager. I den här rapporten undersöks hur mycket vindkraft som kan anslutas till ett svagt elnät då principer för smarta elnät tillämpas och för att se om kostnaden blir lägre än anslutning via konventionella nätförstärkningsmetoder. Det svaga elnätet som studien bygger på ligger i Tidaholm. Vindkraftseffekten som ska anslutas är på 62 MW. Begränsningar i befintliga regionnätets ledningar gör att 60,3 MW kan anslutas med principer för smarta elnät, fast det finns flera skäl till att anta att den fulla mängden vindkraft går att ansluta. Detta till en kostnad som väsentligt understiger kostnaden att förstärka nätet på konventionellt sätt, kostnadsbesparingen uppgår till ca 58 % eller ca 95 Mkr.

Orientador: Fábio Bertequini Leão / Resumo: No contexto de gestão e conservação de energia elétrica, ferramentas de apoio ao consumidor para gerenciar sua demanda são fundamentais para a otimização do uso dos recursos energéticos de modo a minimizar os custos com energia elétrica e ao mesmo tempo garantir o conforto do consumidor, considerando que este consumidor esteja inserido em um ambiente de Gerenciamento pelo Lado da Demanda (GLD). Assim, este trabalho propõe um novo modelo matemático de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) para resolver o problema de gerenciamento ótimo de energia elétrica pelo lado do consumidor. O modelo matemático é baseado na minimização do custo da energia elétrica e maximização do conforto do consumidor, levando em conta a minimização da diferença entre o consumo habitual e o consumo ótimo, e a minimização da potência absorvida da rede. O modelo é implementado em linguagem de programação AMPL e resolvido utilizando o solver CPLEX. A metodologia é aplicada para gerenciar um conjunto de cargas típicas residenciais e os resultados mostram sua eficiência e potencial para gerenciar de forma ótima a demanda do consumidor, considerando a tarifa de energia elétrica com preço variável, geração distribuída, armazenamento de energia em banco de baterias e veículos elétricos. / Abstract: In the context of the management and conservation of electric energy, consumer support tools to manage their demand are fundamental for optimizing the use of energy resources in order to minimize energy costs and at the same time guarantee consumer comfort, considering that the consumer is inserted in a Demand Response (DR) environment. Thus, this work proposes a new mathematical model of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to solve the problem of optimal management of electrical energy by the consumer side. The mathematical model is based on minimizing the cost of electrical energy, maximizing consumer comfort, taking into account the minimization of the difference between habitual consumption and optimal consumption, and minimizing the power consumed by the network. The model is implemented in AMPL programming language and solved using the CPLEX solver. The methodology is applied to manage a set of typical residential loads and the results show its efficiency and potential to optimally manage the consumer demand, considering the price of electricity with variable price, distributed generation, storage of energy in bank of batteries and electric vehicles. / Mestre

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des apports de la flexibilité dans les réseaux Smart Grids Basse Tension. Ces derniers étant fondamentalement différents des réseaux Moyennes et Hautes Tensions, la gestion des flexibilités BT ne peut être calquée sur celle des réseaux MT et HT. De nouveaux moyens de contrôle doivent donc être développés. L'apport de ces flexibilité est analysé selon deux principaux bénéfices: la gestion opérationnelle la réduction de la pointe. Le premier apport porte donc sur le maintien des variables critiques à l'interieur des contraintes admissibles. Le but est de pouvoir gérer le réseau au plus près de ses limites, et donc d'éviter d'avoir à le renouveler, nottament en cas d'insertion importante de production décentralisée ou de véhicules électriques. La flexibilité utilisée est la gestion coordonnée des production décentralisées (puissances actives, réactives et phase de connection) et d'un régleur en charge. Le second porte sur la réduction de la pointe de consommation, soit au niveau du transformateur, soit au niveau national. La flexibilité utilisée est le délestage du chauffage électrique pendant une courte durée, suivie d'un rebond de puissance lorsque le chauffage est rallumé. / This thesis investigates the potential contributions of flexibilities in Low Voltage Smart Grids. These networks are intrinsically different than Medium and High Voltages networks, so that the control of LV flexibilities cannot be directly taken from MV and HV networks, and new methods should be developed. The contribution of these flexibilities is studied through two main benefits: improved network operation and peak shaving. The first benefit focuses on maintaining the critical variables within the admissible constraints. The objective is to manage the network closer to its limits, reducing the need for margins, and therefore the need for upscaling. This is especially true in case of significant insertion of distributed generations or electric vehicles. The studied flexibility is the coordinated management of decentralized generation (active and reactive powers, phase switch) and a tap changer. The second benefit concerns the reduction of the peak consumption, either at the transformer, either at the national level. The studied flexibility is the shedding of electric heating for a short time, followed by a rebound when the heating is turned back on.

Actuellement, les stratégies de gestion de l’énergie dans les réseaux intelligents sont pour la plupart limitées à l’intérêt d’un sous-système. En règle générale, chaque acteur est géré de façon autonome sans tenir compte du fait qu’il est intégré dans un réseau électrique à proximité. Par exemple, un système de gestion de l’énergie des bâtiments vise à fournir le niveau de service souhaité aux occupants et ne se soucie pas de son impact sur le réseau, sauf s’il doit en respecter certaines contraintes.Cette manière de gérer peut conduire bien entendu à un équilibre donné mais la résultante ne sera qu’un ensemble de sous-systèmes optimisés qui amèneront rarement à un optimum global dans la poche à laquelle ils appartiennent.Compte tenu de ce qui est dit ci-dessus, et au vu d’une architecture de réseaux de distribution en évolution rapide; la restructuration physique et algorithmique en sous réseaux physiques ou virtuels permettra de répondre efficacement aux problématiques liées à :— La sûreté de la fourniture— L’intégration massive de renouvelable— La qualité de l’énergie— L’apparition de nouvelles charges non conventionnelles— Aux services systèmesDans la littérature, les aspects du contrôle et de la gestion de l’énergie de microréseaux sont traités séparément, et l’interaction de réseau intelligent est simplement proposée.Pour relever ces défis, le concept de réseaux intelligents est apparu au cours de la dernière décennie. Il s’appuie sur les capacités des systèmes de communication modernes qui permettent le flux continu de données entre les acteurs d’un réseau intelligent et sur les capacités de calcul évolutives permettant de mettre en œuvre des stratégies avancées de gestion de l’énergie à grande échelle.Cette thèse se propose de mener une étude systémique du contrôle de microréseaux lequel contrôle vise une gestion optimisée de l’énergie en lien avec une structure de ce qui est communément appelé « réseau intelligent » et ce, tout en optimisant la puissance locale sous un modèle prédictif de contrôle (MPC).Le MPC se distingue parmi les stratégies avancées de contrôle de réseau pour plusieurs raisons. D’abord, il permet de traiter facilement des systèmes multi variables qui sont soumis à de multiples contraintes. En second lieu, il est capable d’anticiper les événements futurs en tenant compte des prévisions (par exemple, prévisions météorologiques, prévisions de charges, ...). Pour ces raisons, une partie de cette thèse est dédiée aux algorithmes MPC qui visent à coordonner de manière optimale un grand nombre d’acteurs dans un microréseau (PV, Batteries, Éolienne, charges, ...). L’idée est d’avoir un contrôleur MPC local pour chaque microréseau et au-dessus, un coordinateur de contrôleur de gestion MPC qui influence le contrôleur local de telle manière que l’optimalité globale du réseau intelligent soit respectée. L’objectif de maximiser la consommation locale d’énergie produite localement est considéré. Cet objectif est une étape vers l’indépendance énergétique des microréseaux locaux vis à vis du réseau principal lequel toutefois peut intervenir pour acheter l’excès de puissance de l’ensemble des microréseaux de la coopérative.Cette thèse a été préparée en co-tutelle entre le Gipsa-Lab de l’Université Grenoble-Alpes (UGA) et le PREEA de l’université de technologie et de sciences appliquées libano-française dans l’application du projet PARADISE.Ce dernier projet vise par ses contributions à optimiser des réseaux de distribution ilôtables en présence d’un fort taux de production intermittente à base de renouvelable ; et ce, par des architectures physiques et algorithmiques incrémentales. / Currently, energy management strategies in smart grids are mostly limited to the interest of a subsystem. As a general rule, each actor is autonomously managed regardless of whether it is integrated into a nearby power grid. For example, a building energy management system aims to provide the desired level of service to occupants and does not care about its impact on the system unless it has to meet certain constraints.This way of managing can of course lead to a given equilibrium but the resultant will be only a set of optimized subsystems that will rarely lead to an overall optimum in the pocket to which they belong.In view of what has been said above, and in view of a rapidly evolving distribution system architecture; The physical and algorithmic restructuring in physical or virtual sub networks will allow to answer efficiently the problems related to:- Security of supply- Massive integration of renewable energy- The quality of energy- The appearance of new unconventional loads- System servicesIn the literature, aspects of microgrid energy control and management are treated separately, and intelligent network interaction is simply proposed.To meet these challenges, the concept of smart grids has emerged over the last decade. It builds on the capabilities of modern communication systems that enable the continuous flow of data between the players in an intelligent network and the scalable computing capabilities to implement advanced large-scale energy management strategies ladder.This thesis proposes to carry out a systemic study of the control of microgrid which control aims at an optimized management of the energy in connection with a structure of what is commonly called "intelligent network", while optimizing the local power under a model Predictive control (MPC).The MPC stands out among advanced network control strategies for several reasons. Firstly, it makes it possible to easily handle multi-variable systems which are subjected to multiple constraints. Secondly, it is able to anticipate future events by taking into account forecasts (for example, weather forecasts, forecast loads, etc.). For these reasons, part of this thesis is dedicated to MPC algorithms which aim to coordinate optimally a large number of actors in a microgrid (PV, Batteries, Wind, loads ...). The idea is to have a local MPC controller for each microgrid and above it, an MPC management controller coordinator that influences the local controller in such a way that the overall optimality of the intelligent network is respected. The objective of maximizing local consumption of locally produced energy is considered. This objective is a step towards the energy independence of the local microgrids with respect to the main network, which however can intervene to buy the excess power of all microgrids of the cooperative.This thesis was prepared in co-supervision between the Gipsa-Lab of the Grenoble-Alpes University (UGA) and the PREEA of the Lebanese-French University of Technology and Applied Sciences in the application of the PARADISE project.This project aims, through its contributions, to optimize distribution networks that are portable in the presence of a high rate of intermittent production based on renewable energy; And this, by physical architectures and incremental algorithm.

abstract: Photovoltaics (PV) is an important and rapidly growing area of research. With the advent of power system monitoring and communication technology collectively known as the "smart grid," an opportunity exists to apply signal processing techniques to monitoring and control of PV arrays. In this paper a monitoring system which provides real-time measurements of each PV module's voltage and current is considered. A fault detection algorithm formulated as a clustering problem and addressed using the robust minimum covariance determinant (MCD) estimator is described; its performance on simulated instances of arc and ground faults is evaluated. The algorithm is found to perform well on many types of faults commonly occurring in PV arrays. Among several types of detection algorithms considered, only the MCD shows high performance on both types of faults. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

abstract: Buildings (approximately half commercial and half residential) consume over 70% of the electricity among all the consumption units in the United States. Buildings are also responsible for approximately 40% of CO2 emissions, which is more than any other industry sectors. As a result, the initiative smart building which aims to not only manage electrical consumption in an efficient way but also reduce the damaging effect of greenhouse gases on the environment has been launched. Another important technology being promoted by government agencies is the smart grid which manages energy usage across a wide range of buildings in an effort to reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. As a great amount of efforts have been devoted to these two initiatives by either exploring the smart grid designs or developing technologies for smart buildings, the research studying how the smart buildings and smart grid coordinate thus more efficiently use the energy is currently lacking. In this dissertation, a "system-of-system" approach is employed to develop an integrated building model which consists a number of buildings (building cluster) interacting with smart grid. The buildings can function as both energy consumption unit as well as energy generation/storage unit. Memetic Algorithm (MA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based decision framework are developed for building operation decisions. In addition, Particle Filter (PF) is explored as a mean for fusing online sensor and meter data so adaptive decision could be made in responding to dynamic environment. The dissertation is divided into three inter-connected research components. First, an integrated building energy model including building consumption, storage, generation sub-systems for the building cluster is developed. Then a bi-level Memetic Algorithm (MA) based decentralized decision framework is developed to identify the Pareto optimal operation strategies for the building cluster. The Pareto solutions not only enable multiple dimensional tradeoff analysis, but also provide valuable insight for determining pricing mechanisms and power grid capacity. Secondly, a multi-objective PSO based decision framework is developed to reduce the computational effort of the MA based decision framework without scarifying accuracy. With the improved performance, the decision time scale could be refined to make it capable for hourly operation decisions. Finally, by integrating the multi-objective PSO based decision framework with PF, an adaptive framework is developed for adaptive operation decisions for smart building cluster. The adaptive framework not only enables me to develop a high fidelity decision model but also enables the building cluster to respond to the dynamics and uncertainties inherent in the system. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Industrial Engineering 2012

O sistema de energia atual passou por poucas alterações desde sua concepção original, há mais de 100 anos. No entanto, a crescente complexidade da infraestrutura e da demanda global por energia vem criando diversos desafios que a sua constituição original não previa, culminando em problemas como apagões e outras falhas no seu fornecimento. Além disso, nota-se nos últimos anos, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos, uma certa diversificação na matriz energética, incentivando a utilização de fontes de energia renováveis e distribuídas. Isto se deve não apenas ao potencial energético das, mas também visando uma menor utilização de combustíveis fósseis, devido tanto a volatilidade e tendência de alta dos preços do petróleo, mas também pela necessidade de contenção do volume de emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Apesar desta defasagem do sistema de energia contemporâneo, avanços nas áreas de informática, eletrônica embarcada, além das tecnologias empregadas na construção de sensores e atuadores, têm possibilitado a criação de uma rede de energia moderna, automatizada e distribuída. Esta rede, conhecida como Mart Grid, traz novas perspectivas no gerenciamento e na operação dos sistemas de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, inserindo propostas que visam melhorar diversos fatores da rede de energia atual, aumentado sua eficiência, segurança e confiabilidade de transmissão, além da eliminação de obstáculos para a integração em larga escala de fontes de energia distribuídas e renováveis. Este novo paradigma é caracterizado por um fluxo bidirecional de eletricidade e de informações, afim de criar uma rede automatizada e distribuída de energia. Ele incorpora à grade os benefícios da computação distribuída e de comunicações para fornecer informações em tempo real e permitir o equilíbrio quase instantâneo da oferta e da procura dos bens energéticos. Dentro do contexto de Smart Grids, Smart Appliances são uma modernização dos aparelhos eletrodomésticos quanto a sua utilização de energia, de forma que estes sejam capazes de monitorar, proteger e ajustar automaticamente o seu funcionamento às necessidades do proprietário e a disponibilidade deste recurso. Ou seja, estes possuem não apenas características de inteligência, mas também a capacidade de utilizarem as informações disponibilizados no Smart Grid para adaptar seu funcionamento. Apesar do grande interesse despertado em torno destes conceitos, há ainda uma enorme carência de padrões e tecnologias que permitam a criação de tais aparelhos inteligentes inseridos nos ambientes domésticos e prediais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar e conceituar o Smart Grid, pesquisando os grupos existentes que buscam uma padronização deste, bem como conceituar Smart Appliances, avaliando projetos e pesquisas existentes, e, principalmente, propondo uma arquitetura que permita a construção de tais dispositivos. Os requisitos necessários para a criação desta arquitetura são discutidos ao longo da dissertação, bem como as tecnologias necessárias e existentes para permitir sua proposta. Finalmente, o funcionamento bem sucedido, através de uma implementação da mesma, é demonstrado através de diferentes experimentos, avaliando como as características do Smart Grid podem ser utilizadas para criar aparelhos eletrodomésticos capazes de usarem as informações disponíveis para melhorar seu funcionamento. / Since its original conception, for over 100 years, the current energy system has experienced little changes. However, the increasing complexity of the infrastructure, together with the growing global demand for energy, have imposed many challenges that its original constitution did not foresee, which has resulted in problems such as blackouts along with other energy supply failures. Moreover, over the last few years, some diversification in energy generation has been seen, especially in developed countries, encouraging the use of distributed and renewable energy sources. Apart from the energetic potential offered by those sources, it aims to decrease the greenhouse gases emission volume, in addition to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which tend to increase in price. Despite the lack of upgrades, improvements in the areas of computing, embedded electronics, and technologies employed in sensors and actuators assembly have enabled the creation of a modern automated and distributed power grid. This grid, better known as Smart Grid, enhances several factors of the current power network, bringing new perspectives in electricity management, operation, generation, transmission and distribution. That result in increased efficiency, transmission safety and reliability, additionally eliminating obstacles in large-scale integration of renewable and distributed energy sources. This new paradigm also features a bi-directional electricity and information flow, enabling an automated and distributed energy network that incorporates the grid benefits of distributed computing and communications to provide real-time information and allowing almost instantaneous supply and demand balance of energy goods. Within the context of Smart Grids, Smart Appliances proposes an extension of regular appliances with intelligence and self-awareness of their energy use, so that they are able to monitor, protect and automatically adjust its operation according to the owner's needs and availability of this resource. That is, besides of being smart, they feature ability to use the information available on the Smart Grid to adapt its running behavior. Even though the increased interest around these concepts, there is still a gap of standards and technologies enabling the creation and embedding of intelligent devices in residences and buildings. The present projects attempts to study and conceptualize Smart Grid, surveying existing standardization groups, as well as conceptualize Smart Appliances, evaluating existing projects and research, proposing an architecture allowing the building of such devices. The requirements for this architecture, together with the required and existing technologies to make the implementation feasible, are discussed throughout the project development. Finally, the architecture's successful functioning is demonstrated through an implementation of it, together with different experiments, relying on them to evaluate the Smart Grid characteristics and how appliances can improve their operation based on the information shared throughout the Smart Grid.

Le Smart Grid a révolutionné la politique énergétique et a permis de redistribuer les rôles des différentes entités dans le marché de l'électricité. Le client résidentiel est au cceur de cette révolution. Il est désormais capable de gérer sa consommation à travers le contrôle et la commande des appareils électriques domestiques à distance, de produire de l'électricité, de la stocker et de la vendre. Le CPL bas débit est adopté par plusieurs acteurs de distribution d'électricité à l'échelle mondiale. Ce travail a comme objectif d'évaluer la possibilité de l'utilisation des protocoles CPL bas débit dans des applications de gestion de consommation électrique et de contrôle et de commande des appareils électriques domestiques à distance. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une campagne de mesure de réponse du canal CPL dans 12 maisons pour caractériser et modéliser les fonctions de transfert dans la bande de fréquence [9kHz-500kHz]. A l'issue de cette campagne de mesure, nous avons distingué 5 classes de canaux selon leurs capacités de transmission et nous avons modélisé les fonctions de transfert à l'aide des filtres numériques FIR. En plus des réponses du canal, nous nous sommes intéressés aux perturbations électromagnétiques dans la bande [9kHz-500kHz]. Nous avons réalisé 376 enregistrements de bruits CPL dans différentes maisons. Les mesures de bruits ont été par la suite caractérisées et classifiées en bruits stationnaires, bruits périodiques et bruits apériodiques. Pour chaque type de bruit, nous avons proposé des exemples de régénération. / The Smart Grid is an important part of the third technological revolution. The final client is now able to improve his energy consumption efficiency via the control of the domestic appliances. The narrowband power lines protocols are adopted by many international utilities and DSO to ensure the control of the distribution power grid. In this thesis, we propose to use theses protocols for domestic electrical grid management. To assess the performances of the narrowband PLC systems in domestic environment, we have realized two measurements campaigns in many houses. The first campaign is dedicated to the domestic PLC channel response in the band of [9kHz-500kHz]. The measurements are classified into 5 classes according to their transmission capacities. To model the channel measurements, a modeling approach based on FIR filters is adopted. The second measurements campaign aims to characterize and to reproduce the PLC domestic noise in the band of [9kHz-500kHz]. The measurements are classified into stationary noise, periodic noise and aperiodic noise. Some examples of noise generation are proposed for every form of noise.