This research involves an examination of the olfactory ability of individuals with Frontotemporal Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and geriatric individuals with cognitive complaints owing to Major Depressive Disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine if olfactory differences were useful in differentiating between demented and non-demented individuals. Due to the pathway of the olfactory tract, it can be expected that there would be equal olfactory deficits in those diagnosed with Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's disease, and that these deficits would be worse than those found in geriatric individuals with Major Depressive Disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Five hypotheses were investigated. The first utilized an ANCOVA and found that the olfaction of the demented group was worse than that of the non-demented, psychiatric group. The second utilized a series of Discriminant Function Analyses and F-tests and determined that olfaction best classified demented and non-demented individuals. The third implemented a Mixed Model ANOVA to assess for lateralized smell deficits within the demented group and between the demented and non-demented groups and found no main effects of lateralization or interaction effects. The fourth hypothesis investigated the relationship between smell and commonly used neuropsychological tests in a Frontotemporal Dementia sample, and found that there was no difference between the relationship of tests measuring the frontal and temporal lobes to those measuring other cerebral areas. The fifth hypothesis replicated Hypothesis 4 in an Alzheimer's disease sample and found that there was a significant difference between the relationship of tests measuring the frontal and temporal lobes to those measuring other cerebral areas. Primarily, this study demonstrated that dementia patients present with significantly more olfactory deficits than a psychiatric sample with subjective cognitive complaints. Additionally, olfaction correctly distinguished the Dementia Group from the Psychiatric Group with 81.6% accuracy, 90.2% sensitivity and 67.6% specificity. Alone, these classification statistics are quite impressive, appearing equivalent, or possibly superior to the classification statistics of commonly used neuropsychological tests of memory, executive functioning, and visuospatial ability. This study concluded that adding an olfactory measure to an assessment battery provides clinically relevant data, and enhances the diagnostic accuracy of the battery. However, though this study found the Alberta Smell Test was a valuable addition to a test battery, the absence of lateralized findings demonstrated the unirhinal format, by which the Alberta Smell Test is administered, does not provide diagnostically relevant information above and beyond the information a clinician will gain from birhinal assessment.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1967. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

The earliest stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology begins in one of the main components of the olfactory pathway, the entorhinal cortex, making deficits in smell a potential prospective biomarker for the early detection of AD. This study contributes to the field with a reproduction and extension of work by Wilson, Arnold, Schneider, Boyle, Buchman, and Bennett (2009). A sample of 1089 individuals (M=78.4 years), more than double the data available in 2009, completed annual assessments of olfactory functioning, and cognitive functioning for up to 18 years with brain donation at death. Mixed effects models conditioned on demographics estimated between and within-person effects in olfactory functioning and episodic memory (EM). After successful reproduction of Wilson et al. (2009), addition of AD pathology (ADP) demonstrated that both ADP and olfaction were significantly related to EM at baseline. Higher ADP at autopsy was significantly related to faster declines in olfaction, as well as more rapid declines in EM. Higher olfactory scores were associated with higher EM scores and a model for EM with olfaction as time-varying covariate indicated that at a given occasion, individuals with higher olfactory scores also have higher EM scores. These results align with the hypotheses that difficulty in identifying odors predicts development of cognitive impairment; increased levels of AD pathology are related to both decreased EM at baseline and faster declines, as well as faster rates of decline in olfaction; and olfaction and cognition are travelling together over time. / Graduate / 2018-06-01 / 0766 / 0633 / jknight@uvic.ca

The role of Ca++ in olfactory responses was investigated with inorganic and organic calcium channel antagonists. Electrophysiological responses to odorants were recorded from frog olfactory mucosa before and after aerosol application of different agents. Electroolfactogram responses were blocked by certain inorganic ions with the order of effectiveness Zn++ >Ln+++>Cd++>Ca++>Co++>Sr++>Mg++. Ba++ potentiated olfactory responses, and is known to potentiate calcium channel-mediated responses in other tissues. Certain local anesthetics which are thought to act through calcium channel blockade were inhibitory to olfactory responses, with the order of effectiveness being dibucaine>tetracaine>procaine. These data support the idea that Ca++ is involved in olfaction, perhaps acting as a current carrier and/or a second messenger. Preliminary experiments on channel localization were performed using a silicon-labeled amine. Attempts to localize the silicon label were inconclusive, although silicon was detected in the olfactory tissue.

Nous nous demandons constamment comment peut-on communiquer avec du parfum ? Ce langage sensoriel utilise le signe parfum dans un dispositif et comme une langue car le parfum est un système de signes qui forme une langue olfactive, dans la culture occidentale. Dans la première partie, nous confrontons cet argument à la culture chinoise, et nous observons que le parfum semble être un signe qui peut appartenir à un système de signes produisant du sens, de la signification, dans cette culture extrême-orientale. Le design, production occidentale, semble fortement influencé par la culture du signe extrême-orientale. La deuxième partie, étudie les manipulations de cette langue olfactive pour produire du sens : par le matériau, les images, la structure. Les clichés qui nous permettent de créer des projets de design olfactifs nous permettent de produire les codes d'un nouvelle langue, olfactive, pour produire un sens partageable, commun. Les formes de communication qui se dégagent de notre thèse sont l'écriture par le parfum, non pas sur un support, mais dans l'espace, et une forme pictographique et idéographique : une écriture imagée pour signifier une idée. Cette forme de communication logographique typique des écritures hiéroglyphiques et des sinogrammes, ne serait donc pas exotique. L'Occident aussi produit et manipule un tel langage, une telle écriture, mais pas uniquement sur une surface plane. Ceci s'applique au parfum, mais peut-être aussi à toute autre production de design. / We are constantly asking how can we communicate with perfume? This sensory language uses the sign perfume in a device and as a language because the perfume is a system of signs that form an olfactory language in Western culture. In the first part, we compare this argument to the Chinese culture, and we observe that the scent seems to be a sign that can belong to a system of signs producing meaning, in this far eastern culture. Design, western production, seems strongly influenced by the culture of the Far East sign. The second part studies the manipulations of the olfactory language to produce meaning: by the material, the images, the structure. The “clichés” that afford us to create projects of smell design allows us to produce the codes of a new language, olfactory, to produce a shareable and common meaning. Forms of communication that emerge from our thesis are written by the scent, not on a backing, but in space, and a pictographic and ideographic form: a pictorial writing to signify an idea. This form of communication typical logographic writing hieroglyphics and Chinese Character, would not be exotic. The West also produces and manipulates such language, such writing, but not only on a flat surface. This applies to perfume, but can also be any other production of design.

Não custa resumo na publicação. / Abstract not avaible

Não custa resumo na publicação. / Abstract not avaible

No description available.

No description available.

<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of present study was to determine the frequency of taste and smell disorders occuring in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.<strong> Methods: </strong>The study was of an empirical cross sectional quantitative descriptive design. During one month, consecutive cancer patients at outpatient units in two Swedish hospitals were asked to participate in the study by completing a questionnaire that had been developed previously for a similar study. All participants had undergone at least 1 cycle of intravenous chemotherapy or  a minimum of seven days of oral chemotherapy. <strong>Results: </strong>A total of<strong> </strong>102 patients completed the questionnaire. Results show that 55 % experienced taste disorders and  42 % experienced smell disorders. Both disorders are more common in women than in men. Of patients with taste disorders 47 % reported that it  impacted on their daily life to some degree and of patients with smell disorders the corresponding number was 33%. Patients with smell disorders reported a smaller degree of impact on their daily life than did patients with taste disorders.<strong> Conclusion: </strong>Both taste and smell disorders are common in cancer patients treated within chemotherapy. More research into factors that might eliminate or dimnish these problems is needed.<strong> </strong></p>