The existing local fire code ¡§Standard for Installation of Fire Protection Facilities in Classified Areas¡¨ is prescriptive in nature and suitable for buildings, which can be well compartmented. It also described the minimum requirement for specific system designs such as fire and smoke compartmentation, mechanical smoke extraction rate, etc. on item 188. In this reserch, the concourse level encountered large spaces and is the vital part for passengers¡¦ movement, either under normal condition or in emergency cases. Therefore, a performance-based fire engineering design has been exercised which is also allowed in local fire code subject to approval from the authorities having jurisdiction. First, a comparative study of the code compliances should be addressed, with the alternative design options supported by 3D CFD simulation. The FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulation) program was utilized for this reserch for 3D CFD simulation. It is developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of U.S.. FDS is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow. The software solves numerically a form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for thermally-driven flow with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from fires. Secondly, it is decided that a full-scale hot smoke test should be conducted to validate the smoke management system performances under the as-built conditions. It can be summarized that, following the NFPA 92B N-percentage Criteria, both test 1 and test 2 results indicated that the hot smoke tests are successful, in validating that a sufficient smoke clear height can be maintained for safe evacuation should a 5 MW t-squared fast fire occurred at the concourse level. Finally, following the NFPA 130 and NFPA 92B as the design guides, the performance-based fire safety engineering design conducted in concourse level, is successful through 3D CFD simulations and full-scale hot smoke test. A smoke¡Vfree escape route can be maintained for a period of time much longer than needed for the worst case fire scenario which warrants a safe evacuation in case of a 5 MW fire occurred on concourse level.

Many large space buildings have been built in Taiwan during the past decade and people are very concerned about the fire safety inside the large space. Therefore, a performance-based smoke management system with makeup air system has been exercised. For steady flow, the mass flow of air or smoke exhaust from the top of an atrium equals the mass flow of air entering below the smoke layer. This airflow entering the atrium is referred to as makeup air, and the makeup air can be either supplied naturally or by fan power. In this research, various full-scale hot smoke tests for makeup air systems will be performed to evaluate the temperature distribution of smoke layer and the smoke descending rate at ABRI large space fire lab in Tainan. The experimental results obtained will be utilized as an important reference to establish the code of smoke management system with makeup air system in Taiwan.

"The construction of smoke hazard management systems in large buildings such as shopping malls, cinemas, airports and train stations are increasingly being based on performance based design. Hot smoke tests are a method of using simulated fire conditions to evaluate the functionality of the completed building and the installed systems without causing damage. The author amongst others performed hot smoke tests (HST) according to Australian Standard AS 4391 -1999 in several buildings. In some tests air temperatures, air speed and smoke optical density were recorded at several locations during the test of which two tests are reported. These were later modelled by the author using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) to show that typical fire protection engineering consultant applying the computer model may reasonably predict some results comparable to a full sized simulation scenario. However, some aspects were not well predicted. The modelling was improved by the outcomes of an investigation of the relationship between fuel properties, plume temperature and dynamics, and grid sensitivity. Areas of potential further improvement were identified. This work highlighted that the conditions witnessed in a hot smoke test can provide a guide, but do not represent all aspects of a real fire or design fire scenario. Although the FDS hot smoke model predicted comparable results to the hot smoke test, whilst suitable for system design, computer modelling should never be used as a system installation certification tool. Data from hot smoke tests, if gathered cost effectively, can be a valuable resource for computer model verification."

As a measure to deal with Covid-19, the Swedish Armed Forces built field hospitals inStockholm and Gothenburg, in order to accommodate several patients, as the Stockholm regionand the Västra Götaland region feared that the pandemic would overload the intensive care unitin particular. Field hospitals were criticized for poor coverage and dimensioning of the variouscare facilities as well as poor ventilation.The aim of the study is to limit the spread of infection in the intensive care unit at field hospitalsand hospitals. The ventilation systems are studied and investigated the possibility ofsupplementing the system with cost-effective equipment, such as air purifiers. The two questionsare how do the number of air turnovers per hour affect the air quality in the room and how is theparticle concentration in a care room affected by the placement of independent air purification.The study is based on several particle measurements and a smoke test.Particle measurements were performed sequentially, to create a level playing field before eachmeasurement. In addition, three different placements were presented on standalone airpurification and a smoke test was performed to visualize the movement of the air. The resultsshow that with the help of the air purifier, particle reduction can increase to 50% already at 5air turnovers per hour (ACH). The most effective air turnover is considered to be ACH, as thisreduces the particle content of a room with a patient to as low levels as if ther was not a patientin the room.

This master thesis is focused on the issue of air distribution in residential buildings. The main part of thesis is devoted to experimental testing of diffusers by a smoke test. Achieved results are applied to design of air conditioning in passive house. Radiant heating and energy optimalization in PHPP are also proposed.