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Research into the divergent results achieved by developing countries has traditionally been separated into two distinct approaches. While some scholars have attributed failures to weak governance at the national level, many others have criticised the pursuit of a narrow set of pre-defined liberal market reforms. Using the experiences of China and Botswana as case examples this research moves beyond the limitations of existing explanations to examine the necessity for both national accountability and contextualised policy making. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the connection between good governance and substantive human development indicates that while national accountability is vital, the individual circumstances of a state are equally important to consider.

In the early nineteenth century, the ideal type of Anglican parish clergyman was a member of a gentlemanly profession. Although he had few formal duties, he exercised a benevolent influence in a small, deferential community. His liberal education, independent income and ample leisure enabled him to pursue scholarly hobbies. In every English village, he was a light of civilization. The parson was spiritual half-brother of the squire, and the Church as a whole was closely identified with the landed classes in the social rank, governing role (the magistracy) and political sympathies of the parochial clergy. Urbanisation was the main force that largely destroyed the authenticity of this ideal. As society became horizontally divided, the power of locality dwindled. The Church's opponents - sceptics, Dissenters and organised labour - gained confidence. Rival authorities (to the pulpit) overwhelmingly established themselves in popular favour - especially the mass circulating press. The franchise was extended to the working classes, or at least to the aristocracy of labour with whom the Church of England had rarely felt easy. Finally, two of the props of the old ideal were knocked away - the prosperity of the agricultural sector, and the acceptance of the clergyman's calling as a learned profession. In Australia, there were similar problems for the Anglican minister, although most were in a more intense form. A lack of endowment, the prevailing democratic and anti-clerical sentiment in much of the political debate, and the high degree of geographical and social mobility characteristic of much of the colonial population, made the problems of the Church and of her parochial ministers appear overwhelming. The result was the development of a form of careerism in the clerical order that seemed to some censorious contemporaries to have been not merely improper but quite destructive of the ideal of the parish priest, an ideal which was still upheld despite its manifest inappropriateness.

Prejudice and discrimination against people infected with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is widespread. A significant body of research has examined what personality and demographic characteristics appear to be related to discriminatory behavior, in an attempt to suggest who might be more likely to express prejudicial attitudes and discrimination against people with AIDS. This study tested two causal models which attempted to verify existing theories explaining the influences of demographic and attitudinal factors on the evaluation of a person with AIDS. Specifically, these models sought to answer questions related to what personality characteristics and demographic information are most important to AIDS educators and counselors when examining prejudice and discrimination towards persons with AIDS. Three hundred university undergraduates participated in the study. Structural equations modeling was used to analyze the extent to which the models fit the data. Results showed that both models adequately explained the data, with the model establishing a direct causal link between homophobic attitudes and AIDSbased prejudice as the preferred model. Alternative models were also considered in a post-hoc fashion. Implications of the results are discussed, with specific emphasis given to the potential ramifications to further research, counseling practice, and AIDS education. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

A phenomenological study was carried out to find out from patients with a history of cannabis use. admitted at Bophelong Psychiatric Hospital, reasons or factors that caused them to use/abuse cannabis. An original sample of 30 male patients between the ages of 16-30 years was selected from chronic (rehabilitation) wards of mentally stable patients awaiting discharge. Out of the 30 subjects, 10 protocols were selected for phenomenological explication. An unstructured type of interview was conducted to aid data collection. According to the data obtained and analysed, youth drug taking is being influenced by peer pressure, the need to escape from reality problems, the need for cognitive enhancement, the desire for improved sell-confidence and modelling of parental drug behaviour. Other significant associated findings were that adolescents who come from single-parent families and low socio-economic status backgrounds are at a high risk of developing cannabis use problems. Male gender was also shown to be a predictive factor towards the abuse of cannabis. Finally. there is an on-going need to identify causative and curative factors of adolescent drug use in an effort to reduce this tremendous loss of our resources. particularly the youth. Therefore, in the development of suitable programmes for assessment, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention, it is Important riot to emphasise any one particular factor as the main and only cause of drug abuse, but to view the different reasons and factors as related to and interacting with one another and forming part of a bigger whole. / M.Soc.Sc. (CP) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005

This thesis examines the extent of the diffusion of baseball across the world. Tracing the diffusion of baseball, and the diverse receptions the game has encountered on foreign soils, holds out the prospect of offering many insights into the global spread of sport and our understanding of the processes of globalization in general. By examining different responses to baseball, and developing our empirical knowledge on the extent of its diffusion, we will be in a position to draw more reliable and valid conclusions than have, thus far, been offered in relation to the global diffusion of baseball specifically, and globalization processes more generally. The thesis endeavours to determine the extent to which baseball can be regarded as a global sport. This objective will involve charting the development of baseball in America, its diffusion to other countries and the different receptions the game has received on foreign soil, via a series of national case studies Given the magnitude of global diffusion processes it is hardly surprising that its study has attracted the attention of academics from a number of disciplines and orientations. This particular thesis tests the figurational approach, assessing the adequacy of this approach in being able to make sense of the global baseball figuration. It does this by first providing an outline for the incipient modernization, and subsequent sportization, of baseball in America. Then a cross-sectional analysis of the diffusion and development of baseball in various countries throughout the world is presented, for the most part via a critical analysis of secondary source material. In order to supplement the secondary source material, questionnaires were sent to all national governing bodies for baseball across the world (109 in total). The principal focus of the empirical aspects of this thesis is on the development of baseball in England. Extensive documentary analysis of archival newspaper sources was carried out in the National Newspaper Library, Colindale, London. Alongside this, several oral history interviews were conducted with baseball players who had played in this country before the 1950s. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with administrators involved in the running and promotion of the game in this country. Analysing the diffusion of baseball around the world, and the different responses to attempts to develop the game, and subsequently analysing in much greater depth the developments and responses to baseball in England, enables us to engage in more informed comparative analysis. On the basis of this thesis it is concluded that the argument that baseball is a 'global sport', is a highly exaggerated view of baseball's global profile. The fact of the matter is baseball has only enjoyed sustained periods of success in a handful of countries in Asia and Latin America. Furthermore, it is argued that the theoretical premises of figurational sociology are both sensitising and illuminating; and provide a more object-adequate analysis of the global baseball figuration than other theoretical approaches allow. In this respect, the central figurational concept of dynamic and differential power relationships is key to developing our understanding of the global baseball figuration, and globalization more generally. The concept of lengthening chains of interdependency is a far more illuminating, and therefore more useful, way of conceptualising the process by which baseball has undergone diffusion, than concepts such as Americanization, American cultural hegemony, imperialism, or, indeed, globalization.

This thesis analyzes the structure of identity among surfers in Southern California, who constitute a subculture of American society. Surfer identity is shown to be derived from the act and the setting of surfing itself, from the individual's personal background and motivation for surfing, and from the social interaction among surfers on and off the water. / Influences on the identity of surfers as a group include the surfers' own feeling of separateness from American society, surfer communication via the surf economy, the strong association of surfing with adolescence, and the portrayal of surfer symbols in the national media. The outward form of the "surf culture" changes in response to these influences, but the basic identity of surfers remains the same over time.