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Virulence Evolution of Fungal Pathogens in Social and Solitary Bees with an Emphasis on Multiple InfectionsKlinger, Ellen G. 01 August 2015 (has links)
The health of pollinators, especially bees, is of the utmost importance to success of many agricultural ecosystems. Microorganisms can cause diseases in bees; such microbes are pathogenic. The ability of a pathogen to cause harm to its host (such as a bee) is termed its virulence. Studying the evolution of different levels of virulence can lead researchers to a better understanding of pathogens, and potentially predict how much harm a pathogen can cause in the future. We studied the evolution of virulence levels for a fungal disease of bees. This group of fungi is composed of 28 species, and some cause a disease in bees called chalkbrood while others do not. Using what we know about virulence evolution we wanted to see if the pathogens could infect all bees, if the pathogens varied in virulence when infecting at the same time as another pathogen, and if solitary bees had any behavioral adaptations that might increase or decrease chalkbrood infection.
By using DNA sequences, the relationship between the genetic structures of each of the fungal species was studied, and we found that pathogens of solitary bees grouped together while pathogens of social bees (honey bees) were not part of this group. We then found that a solitary bee pathogen did not infect honey bees very well, and vice versa. The nuances of the relationship between two solitary bee pathogens were examined more closely to determine how the two pathogens interact in this bee. In this case, under varying conditions of infection, one pathogen always maintained a similar level of virulence and spore production, while the other pathogen varied in these measures. In addition, when doses of these fungi were fed to bee larvae at different times, more bees survived than when the doses were given at the same time, suggesting that bee immune responses are very important. Finally, we found no evidence of any specific behaviors of solitary bees exposed to infective spores that would suggest these bees have behaviors that are evolved to alter chalkbrood levels in populations.
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A influÃncia da mata nativa na diversidade e abundÃncia de abelhas polinizadoras de cajueiros (Anacardium occidentale L.) em plantios comerciais / The influence of native forest in the diversity and abundance of pollinating bees of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in commercial plantationsEpifÃnia Emanuela de MacÃdo Rocha 12 March 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a abundÃncia, diversidade e frequÃncia das abelhas visitantes florais em Ãreas de cultivo de cajueiro comercial prÃximo e longe de mata nativa. A pesquisa foi realizada de agosto a novembro de 2012, em pomares comerciais no municÃpio de Horizonte, CearÃ. A metodologia constou na marcaÃÃo de cinco diferentes gradientes de distÃncia (40m, 80m, 120m, 160m e 200m) da mata nativa em 10 Ãreas de cultivo de cajueiro anÃo precoce para a contagem e registro dos visitantes florais observados em 500 panÃculas durante o percurso de transectos realizado em seis horÃrios distintos (7h, 9h, 11h, 13h, 15h e 17h) a cada 15 dias . AlÃm disso, eram realizadas coletas com rede entomolÃgica em seis Ãrvores selecionadas, cinco minutos em cada Ãrvore, em Ãrea de 25m x 50m. Foram coletadas 368 visitantes florais entre abelhas sociais (331), abelhas solitÃrias (21) e outras espÃcies (16) visitantes florais nas panÃculas do cajueiro. A relaÃÃo entre a abundÃncia de insetos e horÃrio da coleta revela que para todas as abelhas coletadas, os horÃrios de 7h e 9h foram os que apresentaram a maior abundÃncia de insetos visitando as flores do cajueiro, principalmente de meliponÃneos. A frequÃncia de visitantes florais do cajueiro em 500 panÃculas nos meses de floraÃÃo, tanto em Ãreas com mata nativa quanto sem mata nativa, nÃo variou em funÃÃo do perÃodo de florada (p>0,05), da mesma forma que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa (p>0,05) no nÃmero mÃdio de abelhas quando comparado as diferentes distÃncias durante as contagens nas Ãreas com mata nativa e sem mata nativa. As abelhas sociais foram as mais abundantes e destas, 176 foram Apis mellifera e 159 meliponÃneos. Jà as abelhas solitÃrias foram pouco representadas por coleta, tendo Centris spp. e Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis sido vistas somente em algumas Ãreas de estudo, nÃo apresentando efeito significativo (p>0,05) quanto ao local (com ou sem mata nativa), Ãrea, horÃrio e dia de coleta. Conclui-se com esse estudo que a presenÃa do fragmento de mata nativa prÃxima à borda de cultura, nÃo influenciou na abundÃncia de visitantes florais nas distÃncias selecionadas, contudo a existÃncia de remanescentes de mata nativa prÃximo aos cajueirais, possibilitou a permanÃncia das abelhas sociais nas Ãreas de cultivo durante todo o perÃodo de florada, principalmente nos horÃrios em que as flores do cajueiro estÃo mais receptivas à polinizaÃÃo. / This study aimed to understand the abundance, diversity and frequency of bees visiting flowers in cashew tree growing areas near and far from commercial native forest. The research was conducted during the blooming season in 2012, from August to November in commercial orchards in the city of Horizonte, CearÃ. The methodology consisted in marking five different gradients of distance (40m, 80m, 120m, 160m and 200m) in all 10 areas to perform and record count of floral visitors in 500 panicles during transect conducted at six different times (7h, 9h, 11h, 13h, 15h and 17h), and captured with an insect net in six selected trees, five minutes at each cashew tree in an area of 25m x 50m. We collected 368 flower visitors among social bees (331), solitary bees (21) and other species (16) floral visitors in panicles of cashew. The relationship between insect abundance and time of collection reveals that for all bees collected, the hours of 7h and 9h of the morning were those with the greatest abundance of insects visiting the flowers of cashew mainly of stingless bees. The frequency of flower visitors in 500 cashew flowering panicles in the months, both in areas with native vegetation as no native forest, did not vary according to the period of flowering (p>0.05), just as there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean number of bees compared the different distances during the counts in areas with native forest fragment and native forest without. Social bees were the most abundant group and among them 176 were Apis mellifera and 159 stingless bees. Solitary bees were poorly represented and Centris spp. and Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis were seen only in a few areas showing no significant effect (p>0.05) on the site (with or without native forest), area, time and day of collection. We conclude from this study that the presence of native forest fragment near the edge of culture, did not influence the abundance of floral visitors on selected distances, however the existence of remnant native forest near the cashew trees, allowed to remain in social bees growing areas during the flowering period, mainly at times when the flowers of cashew are more receptive to pollination.
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Efeitos da exposição de Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera carnica e Scaptotrigona bipunctata ao neonicotinóide tiametoxam e uso de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis como bioindicador / Effects of Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera carnica and Scaptotrigona bipunctata exposure to thiamethoxam neonicotinoid and use of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis as bioindicator.Rosa, Annelise de Souza 01 August 2014 (has links)
A perda de polinizadores no mundo todo, especialmente abelhas, tem sido atribuída, entre outros fatores, à intensificação do uso de inseticidas em agro ecossistemas. A nova classe química de inseticidas, os neonicotinóides, tem sido o principal alvo de investigações, sobretudo em decorrência de sua ação sistêmica que transloca a substância ativa pela planta e atinge o pólen e néctar como resíduos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do neonicotinóide tiametoxam em abelhas sociais e avaliar a possibilidade da espécie Scaptotrigona aff. depilis ser utilizada como bioindicadora de contaminação ambiental por inseticidas. Para tanto, (i) operárias forrageiras de Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera e Scaptotrigona bipunctata foram submetidas à exposição contínua de alimento contaminado; (ii) operárias de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis foram expostas ao inseticida, durante o estágio larval, através do alimento e; (iii) operárias forrageiras de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis foram coletadas no meliponário da Universidade de São Paulo e arredores, e submetidas a análises químicas, para a checagem de contaminação pelos neonicotinóides tiametoxam e/ ou imidacloprido. (i) Dentre as três espécies de abelhas sociais adultas, B. terrestris audax mostrou ser a mais sensível à ação de tiametoxam, seguida de S. bipunctata e A. mellifera, verificados através do decréscimo no consumo de alimento e da longevidade. Nesse sentido, os efeitos subletais não foram influenciados pelo tamanho do corpo dos indivíduos. (ii) As operárias de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, quando expostas a doses do inseticida em fase larval, apresentaram desenvolvimento tardio e originaram indivíduos menores e assimétricos. Tanto em abelhas adultas como em imaturas, os efeitos subletais foram evidenciados nos indivíduos expostos às maiores doses de tiametoxam nos experimentos (39.37 e 98.43µg de substância ativa/kg de xarope em adultos, ou 0.044 e 4.375ng de substância ativa/larva). (iii) A detecção de tiametoxam e imidacloprido em operárias forrageiras de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis permitiu considerar essa espécie como bioindicadora de contaminação. Nesse estudo, a mortalidade não foi parâmetro conclusivo quanto aos potenciais efeitos adversos de tiametoxam para as abelhas. O potencial de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis como espécie bioindicadora é uma importante etapa para avaliar a contaminação ambiental por neonicotinóides em abelhas sem ferrão, podendo ser utilizada em políticas públicas. / Pollinator losses all over the world, especially bees disappearing, have been attributed, among others, to the intensification of insecticide use on crops. The new chemical class of insecticides, the neonicotinoids, has been the main target of investigation, mainly due to its systemic action, which translocates the active substance for the plant and to reach the pollen and nectar as residues. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of thiamethoxam neonicotinoid on bees and the possibility of the use of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis species as bioindicator of environmental contamination by insecticides. For this, (i) Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona bipunctata forager workers were induced to continue exposure of contaminated food; (ii) Scaptotrigona aff. depilis workers were exposed to the insecticide, during its larval phase, through the larval food and; (iii) Scaptotrigona aff. depilis forager workers were collected from University of São Paulo meliponary and surroundings and analyzed, in order to check for contamination by thiamethoxam and/ or imidacloprid neonicotinoids. (i) Among the three social bee species, B. terrestris audax showed to be more sensible to the thiamethoxam action, followed by S. bipunctata and A. mellifera, verified through decreasing food consumption and longevity. Thus, the sub lethal effects were not influenced by individual body size. (ii) Scaptotrigona aff. depilis workers, when exposed to insecticide doses on larval food, caused individuals with developmental delay and were smaller and asymmetric. Both adult bees and in immature, the sub lethal effects of thiamethoxam were evidenced on individuals exposed to the highest doses in the experiments. (iii) The detection of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in Scaptotrigona aff. depilis forager workers allowed to consider this species as bioindicator of environmental contamination. In this study, the mortality was not a conclusive parameter as to the potential adverse effects of thiamethoxam for the bees. The potential of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis species as bioindicator is an important step to assess environmental contamination by neonicotinoids on stingless bees, may be used for public policy.
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Efeitos da exposição de Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera carnica e Scaptotrigona bipunctata ao neonicotinóide tiametoxam e uso de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis como bioindicador / Effects of Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera carnica and Scaptotrigona bipunctata exposure to thiamethoxam neonicotinoid and use of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis as bioindicator.Annelise de Souza Rosa 01 August 2014 (has links)
A perda de polinizadores no mundo todo, especialmente abelhas, tem sido atribuída, entre outros fatores, à intensificação do uso de inseticidas em agro ecossistemas. A nova classe química de inseticidas, os neonicotinóides, tem sido o principal alvo de investigações, sobretudo em decorrência de sua ação sistêmica que transloca a substância ativa pela planta e atinge o pólen e néctar como resíduos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do neonicotinóide tiametoxam em abelhas sociais e avaliar a possibilidade da espécie Scaptotrigona aff. depilis ser utilizada como bioindicadora de contaminação ambiental por inseticidas. Para tanto, (i) operárias forrageiras de Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera e Scaptotrigona bipunctata foram submetidas à exposição contínua de alimento contaminado; (ii) operárias de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis foram expostas ao inseticida, durante o estágio larval, através do alimento e; (iii) operárias forrageiras de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis foram coletadas no meliponário da Universidade de São Paulo e arredores, e submetidas a análises químicas, para a checagem de contaminação pelos neonicotinóides tiametoxam e/ ou imidacloprido. (i) Dentre as três espécies de abelhas sociais adultas, B. terrestris audax mostrou ser a mais sensível à ação de tiametoxam, seguida de S. bipunctata e A. mellifera, verificados através do decréscimo no consumo de alimento e da longevidade. Nesse sentido, os efeitos subletais não foram influenciados pelo tamanho do corpo dos indivíduos. (ii) As operárias de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, quando expostas a doses do inseticida em fase larval, apresentaram desenvolvimento tardio e originaram indivíduos menores e assimétricos. Tanto em abelhas adultas como em imaturas, os efeitos subletais foram evidenciados nos indivíduos expostos às maiores doses de tiametoxam nos experimentos (39.37 e 98.43µg de substância ativa/kg de xarope em adultos, ou 0.044 e 4.375ng de substância ativa/larva). (iii) A detecção de tiametoxam e imidacloprido em operárias forrageiras de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis permitiu considerar essa espécie como bioindicadora de contaminação. Nesse estudo, a mortalidade não foi parâmetro conclusivo quanto aos potenciais efeitos adversos de tiametoxam para as abelhas. O potencial de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis como espécie bioindicadora é uma importante etapa para avaliar a contaminação ambiental por neonicotinóides em abelhas sem ferrão, podendo ser utilizada em políticas públicas. / Pollinator losses all over the world, especially bees disappearing, have been attributed, among others, to the intensification of insecticide use on crops. The new chemical class of insecticides, the neonicotinoids, has been the main target of investigation, mainly due to its systemic action, which translocates the active substance for the plant and to reach the pollen and nectar as residues. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of thiamethoxam neonicotinoid on bees and the possibility of the use of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis species as bioindicator of environmental contamination by insecticides. For this, (i) Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona bipunctata forager workers were induced to continue exposure of contaminated food; (ii) Scaptotrigona aff. depilis workers were exposed to the insecticide, during its larval phase, through the larval food and; (iii) Scaptotrigona aff. depilis forager workers were collected from University of São Paulo meliponary and surroundings and analyzed, in order to check for contamination by thiamethoxam and/ or imidacloprid neonicotinoids. (i) Among the three social bee species, B. terrestris audax showed to be more sensible to the thiamethoxam action, followed by S. bipunctata and A. mellifera, verified through decreasing food consumption and longevity. Thus, the sub lethal effects were not influenced by individual body size. (ii) Scaptotrigona aff. depilis workers, when exposed to insecticide doses on larval food, caused individuals with developmental delay and were smaller and asymmetric. Both adult bees and in immature, the sub lethal effects of thiamethoxam were evidenced on individuals exposed to the highest doses in the experiments. (iii) The detection of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in Scaptotrigona aff. depilis forager workers allowed to consider this species as bioindicator of environmental contamination. In this study, the mortality was not a conclusive parameter as to the potential adverse effects of thiamethoxam for the bees. The potential of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis species as bioindicator is an important step to assess environmental contamination by neonicotinoids on stingless bees, may be used for public policy.
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Managing strawberry pollination with wild bees and honey bees: Facilitation or competition by mass-flowering resources?Bänsch, Svenja 05 February 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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