As interações entre os membros de um grupo social possuem um importante efeito sobre os padrões de competição, cooperação e acasalamento dos indivíduos, interferindo, assim, na aptidão dos mesmos. Os indivíduos podem se relacionar de maneira preferencial, estabelecendo vínculos sociais. A manutenção destes vínculos pode aumentar longevidade e também o sucesso reprodutivo. Historicamente, houve uma tendência em se investigar a formação de associações intersexuais e, consequentemente a seleção de parceiros, através do ponto de vista do macho, restando à fêmea um papel passivo neste processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a formação de associações intra e intersexuais em cobaias (Cavia porcellus) vivendo em colônia e verificar se em ambiente controlado, onde a interferência dos machos entre si e sobre as fêmeas era limitada, as fêmeas demonstram preferência por um macho específico, dando indícios de sua participação na formação das associações intersexuais. Para isto, a estrutura social das cobaias na colônia foi definida por meio do cálculo do índice de associação entre os indivíduos e de parâmetros de redes sociais (força e centralidade). Em seguida, a preferência das fêmeas foi testada em um cercado experimental com três compartimentos, no qual dois abrigavam machos restritos a seu ambiente pelo uso de coleira e guia, e um deles permanecia vazio. As fêmeas possuíam acesso livre a todos os compartimentos por duas horas. A análise da preferência das fêmeas se deu pela comparação do tempo que permaneceram em cada um dos compartimentos (Testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, nível de significância: 5%). As cobaias formaram associações preferenciais intra e intersexuais, sendo as associações entre as fêmeas mais fortes do que aquelas entre machos ou entre fêmeas e machos quando a colônia era composta por um número maior de indivíduos. Nas relações intersexuais, as fêmeas apresentaram relações mais fortes com dois dos machos em relação aos outros da colônia. Os resultados do teste de escolha refletiram as associações na colônia: não houve diferença estatística no tempo de permanência das fêmeas com os machos que possuem relações mais fortes com as fêmeas. Um dos machos não foi preferido em nenhum dos testes e de modo geral, as fêmeas passaram mais tempo no compartimento vazio do que acompanhadas dos machos. Os resultados encontrados sobre estrutura social, com a formação de associações preferenciais e teste de escolha indicam que as fêmeas apresentam preferência por machos específicos, dando indícios de sua participação na formação das associações intersexuais, e possivelmente, na seleção de parceiros. / Interactions among members of a social group have an important consequence in competition, cooperation and mating patterns, interfering in their fitness. Animals can associate preferentially and stablish social bonds. Bond maintenance can increase lifespan and reproductive success. Historically, there is a tendency in investigating male-female relationships and, consequently, mate selection, through male view, placing females in a passive position in this process. This research aimed to investigate the formation of intra and intersexual relationships in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) living in colony and verify if, in a controlled environment, where male interference were limited, females would prefer a specific male, indicating an active position in intersexual relationships. The guinea pig social structure was defined using the simple ratio association index and the social network analysis. Female preference was tested in a three partitions fenced , the central was empty and the laterals had a male restricted to it by guinea-pig collar. Females were free to move around all during 2 hours. Female preference analysis was made by comparisons between female time in each partition (Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, significance: 5%). Results showed that in colony females make intra and inter preferential associations, strongest among females-than among male-male or female-male in a higher number of individuals in the colony. In female-male associations, females had stronger relationship with two males from their colony. Results of preference tests reflect association preferences in colony: there were no difference in female time with the two prefered males of the colony. The third male was never chosen, and females prefered to spend more time in the empty partition. Results about social structure with association preferences, and in preference tests show the active role of females in intersexual associations and, possibly, in mate selection.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thomas Anatol da Rocha Woelz.pdf: 1659306 bytes, checksum: 54c787dbf61d8a8d28fbd2d88f0e08c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / This dissertation analyzed results from research on cultural selection by metacontingencies. The concept of metacontingencies refers to functional relations that describe selection processes on behavioral relations that are broader than individual operant behavior. These behavioral relations are interlocked behavioral contingencies that may produce aggregate products and cultural consequences based on those products. The experimental research on metacontingencies accumulated a series of investigations that have successfully produced some processes of cultural selection in a simplified environment. An attempt in relating and integrating the results from all these investigations seems to be an important task. The research selected for analysis in the dissertation were the investigations of laboratory microculture metacontingencies, involving a procedure with a separation of individual and cultural consequences, named Meta . The research publications done with that procedure were selected, including the data generated by the research software. The experiments were then categorized on each manipulation made and microculture produced. The results of those investigations were then analyzed, in an attempt of finding evidences of cultural variation or selection processes. In general, the analyzed studies were coherent with each other and demonstrated the lawfulness of cultural selection processes in many variations of metacontingency manipulations. Finally, some directions for the investigation of metacontingencies in laboratory microcultures were discussed, with some suggestions for changes in current procedures / Este trabalho sintetizou e analisou os resultados de pesquisas sobre seleção cultural por metacontingências. O conceito de metacontingência trata de relações funcionais que descrevem processos de seleção de relações comportamentais mais amplas que comportamentos operantes individuais. Essas relações são elas mesmas contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas, que podem gerar produtos agregados e consequências culturais decorrentes destes produtos. A investigação experimental de metacontingências acumulou uma série de investigações que produziram em um ambiente simplificado alguns processos de seleção cultural. Uma tentativa de integrar e relacionar os resultados dessas investigações pode ser importante. Os trabalhos selecionados para analise neste trabalho foram as investigações de metacontingências em microculturas de laboratório, envolvendo um procedimento com uma separação de consequências individuais e consequências culturais, nomeado Meta . Trabalhos realizados com esse procedimento foram selecionados, juntamente com os dados gerados pelo software de pesquisa. Os experimentos foram então categorizados em cada uma das manipulações e microculturas produzidas. Os resultados das investigações foram então analisados, buscando evidências de processos de variação ou seleção cultural. De modo geral, os estudos analisados foram coerentes entre si, e demonstraram a regularidade de processos de seleção cultural em diversas variações de manipulações de metacontingências. Ao final foram discutidos caminhos para a investigação de metacontingências em microculturas de laboratório, com propostas para mudanças nos procedimentos atuais

O presente trabalho inicia com a elaboração de uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema economia e religião, inclusive analisando trabalhos empíricos recentes que pretendem testar as idéias de Weber, como a da secularização e a da relação entre o desenvolvimento capitalista e o Protestantismo. Essa revisão constatou que a tese de Weber tem se mostrado consistente, apesar de algumas falhas, ou seja, a religiosidade diminui à medida que a sociedade evolui e o protestantismo teve um papel importante, sim, no desenvolvimento do capitalismo moderno. Após essa ampla revisão bibliográfica, que serviu para amadurecer o conhecimento sobre o assunto em questão, este trabalho passa a enfocar seu objetivo principal, que é analisar o comportamento da Igreja católica brasileira, como instituição, frente a questões seculares, principalmente de cunho econômico, político e cultural. Para isso, são analisados o comportamento da Igreja católica frente ao processo de transição do Império para a República, o impacto do aumento da concorrência direta e indireta sobre a Igreja católica brasileira, ao longo do século XX, a situação do sacerdócio católico e seu impacto sobre a Igreja católica, assim como o impacto de questões financeiras sobre essa instituição. No geral, toda essa análise apresenta fortes indícios de que questões seculares de cunho econômico, político e cultural acabam influenciando amplamente essa instituição. Com isso, pode-se observar que não apenas questões doutrinárias influenciam essa instituição. Por último, analisa-se a situação atual da Igreja católica e apresentam-se possíveis motivos de a Igreja católica brasileira ter perdido expressiva quantidade de fiéis, ao longo dos últimos vinte anos. / The present work begins with a broad bibliography review about economy and religion, analyzing recent empirical works that intend to test Weber’s ideas, like the secularization and the relation between capitalistic development and the protestantism. This review evidenced that Weber’s thesis has been shown consistent, although it has some shortcomings. The consistency refers to the fact that religiosity diminishes as the society develop, and to the fact that the protestantism played an important role in the development of the modern capitalism. After this broad bibliography review, that served to mature the knowledge about the subject in discussion, this work starts to focus his main objective, that consists in analyzing the behavior of the brazilian catholic church, as an institution, vis a vis secular matters (economical, political and cultural mainly). To achieve this objective, it was analyzed the behavior of the catholic church in the process of transition from the Empire to the Republic. It was also analyzed the impact of the increase of the direct and indirect competition that the brazilian catholic church faced in the XX century, and it was analyzed the situation of the catholic priesthood and the impact of it in the catholic church, as well as the impact of financial matters in the same institution. Through the analysis of all these points, it could be observed that not only doctrine matters influences this institution. Lastly, it was analyzed the actual situation of the brazilian catholic church and exposed the likely reasons that may be driving this institution to lose an expressively sum of followers in the last twenty years.

La mise au point de milieux de culture permettant de mettre en évidence rapidement et de manière reproductible des micro-organismes exigeants représenterait une évolution significative dans le contrôle des produits et procédés industriels. Deux milieux de culture synthétiques ont été élaborés pour répondre à ce besoin. Le développement des milieux de culture a été réalisé en combinant l’analyse de composés nutritionnels à l’étude de certains métabolismes bactériens. Les formulations des milieux de culture obtenues permettent ainsi la croissance de micro-organismes aux exigences nutritionnelles très variées comme ceux fréquemment isolés dans l’eau industrielle. En parallèle, des expériences sur des biofilms multi-espèces, utilisant des bactéries isolées de systèmes d’eau industrielle, ont permis d’observer que la survie des bactéries en milieu pauvre en nutriments, est dépendante d’interactions coopératives, basées sur le « swarming » et le « hitchhiking ». / The development of culture media to quickly and reproducibly detect fastidious microorganisms represents a significant change in the control of industrial products and processes.Two synthetic culture media have been developed to reach specifications. The development was performed by combining the analysis of nutritional compounds to the study of specific bacterial metabolisms. The formulations of the resulting culture media allow the growth of microorganisms with different nutritional requirements as those frequently isolated in industrial water.In parallel experiments on multi-species biofilms, using bacteria isolated from industrial water systems, it was observed that the survival of bacteria in nutrient-poor environments is dependent on cooperative interactions, based on "swarming" and "hitchhiking".

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2018-04-05T21:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Lima da Silva - 2018.pdf: 13609524 bytes, checksum: 827a68656124dfb82fd37c814aa8b095 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T12:24:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Lima da Silva - 2018.pdf: 13609524 bytes, checksum: 827a68656124dfb82fd37c814aa8b095 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T12:24:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Lima da Silva - 2018.pdf: 13609524 bytes, checksum: 827a68656124dfb82fd37c814aa8b095 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / This research approaches Goiânia’s parks as part of the contemporary urban landscape and as an architectural element of citizenship production. It investigates the nature of these environments through the design optics. It was observed that even being a public space, the urban parks present aggregations and segregations in its uses. In response to this, it is possible to notice that some of this behaviors are detracted, generating interactions and conflicts in the functioning of these environments. Apparently, the current physical distribution of the environment has contributed to this behavior. The hypothesis is that through design strategies, people's interaction can be effectively triggered for the production of citizenship. By this perspective, the aim was to understand the functioning of contemporary urban parks and to identify how the space interfere in social behavior, in order to recover their primary function, which is the use of the environment in a collectively way, but with belonging. The methodology is based on a historical and qualitative approach, through the analysis of parks that present similar morphological structures. The expectation is that these design strategies can direct their 're-operation' in favor of interaction among users. / Esta pesquisa aborda os parques de Goiânia como parte da paisagem urbana contemporânea e como um elemento arquitetônico de produção de cidadania. Nela dedica-se a investigar a natureza destes ambientes através da ótica do design. Observa-se que mesmo sendo um espaço de caráter público, os parques urbanos apresentam agregações e segregações entre seus usuários. Em consequência a isto é possível notar que alguns comportamentos são desvirtuados, gerando tanto interações quanto conflitos no que diz respeito ao funcionamento destes ambientes. Ao que tudo indica, a atual configuração física dos parques tem contribuído para estes comportamentos. Emerge-se, então, a hipótese de que através da criação de estratégias de design, o convívio das pessoas pode ser efetivamente acionado no que tange a produção de cidadania. Tendo em vista este preceito, o objetivo é buscar compreender o funcionamento dos parques urbanos contemporâneos e identificar como o espaço físico constituído interfere no comportamento social, a fim de transformar sua função primordial que é o uso do ambiente de modo coletivo, porém com pertencimento. A metodologia baseia-se em uma abordagem histórica e qualitativa, por intermédio da análise de parques que apresentam estruturas morfológicas semelhantes. A expectativa é que essas estratégias de design, possam direcionar seu ‘re-funcionamento’ em prol da interação entre os usuários.

This study is of the social organization of the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett) on the Welder Wildlife Refuge in southern Texas. The earliest turkey nests hatched in April, with the peak of hatching a month or more later. These poults may remain with their mother until winter. This brood flock, however, often combined with other brood flocks to form composite brood flocks when the poults were a few weeks old. Hens not successful in rearing young combined into broodless flocks. The juvenile males left the brood flocks in late fall or winter. They remained a distinct unit, the sibling group. These sibling groups attempted to join adult male flocks which were composed of older sibling groups. Most often the juvenile sibling groups were forced to join others their own age to form juvenile male winter flocks. Female flocks, after losing their juvenile males, combined with other female flocks to form large bands of up to 200 females. In spring the adult male flocks split into sibling groups for breeding. The sibling groups joined the female bands on display grounds. Only the dominant male of the dominant sibling group mated while hens were on the display ground. Later in the breeding season the female bands split into their flocks and returned to former nesting areas. Resident flocks continued to use the display ground, but later broke up into nesting groups of 2-5 females localized near their nests. The male sibling groups accompanied the females from the display ground, but did not become territorial. Incubation or nest loss broke down the female nesting group. This in turn led to formation of brood flocks or broodless flocks of hens.

In Syrian hamsters, social behavior is mediated exclusively by chemosensory cues and circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Where these two signals are processed in the brain is unknown, but the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) has been suggested as a candidate site. Therefore, we tested male hamsters’ preference for opposite-sex odors following excitotoxic lesions of the pBNST. Lesions of the pBNST (pBNST-X) eliminated male hamsters’ preference for opposite-sex odors. Furthermore, pBNST-X males spent significantly less time investigating female odors than clean odors and significantly less time investigating female odors than control males did. Lesions of the pBNST did not change male hamsters’ investigation of male odors. The deficits observed in pBNST-X males were not due to a failure to discriminate between odors, as pBNST-X males were able to distinguish between odors. Together, these data suggest the pBNST is critical for opposite-sex odor preference in male hamsters.

Section A is a review of the literature on Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) in the context of their recent introduction in England and Wales. A critical review of the literature in relation to CTOs’ effectiveness is presented, followed by available evidence on service users’ perceptions of CTOs. Consideration of ethical issues that surround compulsory community treatment is also offered. The review highlights gaps in the literature regarding CTOs’ impact on service users’ interpersonal relationships and on how service users who are based in the UK perceive CTOs. Further qualitative research is recommended. Section B describes a qualitative study investigating male service users’ perceptions of their CTOs and the impact of this intervention on their interpersonal relationships. Grounded Theory was used to analyse interview data from 15 participants. Five higher-order categories and 15 categories were identified which contributed to a preliminary model of how service users develop their CTO perceptions. The factors that appeared to influence participants’ perceptions of their CTOs were: i) past and present social living conditions, ii) view of self in relation to mental health, iii) view of the CTO service, i.e. view of medication and mental health professionals. Finally, the model showed that CTOs had a limited or no impact on participants’ views of their relationships with their families, friends, partners and local communities. Results are discussed with reference to potentially relevant psychological theories. Clinical implications, including raising professionals’ awareness about the impact of coercion on the therapeutic relationship, and directions for future research are also presented. Section C is a critical appraisal of the study presented in Section B. It provides reflective responses to four questions in relation to the following areas: research skills acquired through conducting the study; what improvements could be made if repeating the study; clinical implications; and directions for future research.

Self-directed behaviours (SDB) were recorded as a behavioural indicator of arousal in free-ranging vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) inhabiting the Klein Karoo of South Africa. Measurement of SDB allowed for changes in arousal to be correlated with particular social situations, potentially providing insight into how monkeys perceive their social world. The research presented here is divided into three core chapters demonstrating that 1) arousal is influenced to a greater extent by degree of association than by hierarchical rank, 2) that an individual‟s level of arousal is influenced by its neighbour‟s spatial location, and 3) that habituated animals that no longer perceive humans as a direct threat nevertheless continue to respond to their presence in other ways. Overall, SDB appears to be a useful, non-invasive, simple means of investigating social arousal and its use has elucidated several key findings regarding the perception of social space and social partners in vervet monkeys. / ix, 103 leaves ; 28 cm

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