This study examines the connection between social capital and involvement within voluntary associations; involvement is defined either as being a member in an association or a member who has some kind of assignment in an association. The study also examines if there is a difference between two social economic groups regarding the attainment and transformation of social capital through being involved in a voluntary association. Social capital is defined as social trust and the willingness of collective action. The result of the research shows there is a slight connection between the involvement in voluntary associations and social capital. It shows that people who are members of a voluntary association often have higher social capital than those who are not members of any voluntary association at all. The study also shows that there is a difference in attainment of social capital between those who have some kind of assignment in a voluntary association and general members. When studying social capital and involvement in voluntary associations it is also of interest to take social class into the analysis, because the study shows that people with a lower education had increased social capital when they were members in an association compared to the members with a higher education.

The research aimed at understanding the adolescent money attitude and analyzing the relationship between social economic status, materialism and adolescent money attitude. The research adopted the questionnaire. The participants chosen at random were high schools students in Kaohsiung city, Kaohsiung county and Pintong county. The questionnaire was adapted from a foreign questionnaire. It consisted of three parts: basic personal data, money attitude questions and materialism questions. The research adopted T test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s correlation and multiple regression to analyze those data. The findings were as follows: 1. Most adolescence didn¡¦t regard money as prestige and quality. They didn¡¦t have the sense of security toward money but being anxious for money. Therefore, they were cautious with money. 2. Male adolescence tended to regard money as prestige more than female adolescence. 3. Senior high school adolescence viewed money as the prestige, quality and source of anxiety more than junior high school adolescence. Therefore, they were less cautious with money than junior high school adolescence. 4. Adolescence with allowance regarded money as prestige, quality and source of anxiety more than one who didn¡¦t have allowance. 5. Adolescence who had the habit of saving money viewed money as prestige, quality and source of anxiety less than one who didn¡¦t have the habit of saving money. 6. Adolescence with higher social economic status thought money could change higher quantity and service more than the adolescence with low social economic status. 7. Adolescence with higher materialism was likely to think money represented prestige and quality. They didn¡¦t have the sense of security about money and were anxious for money. Besides, they weren¡¦t cautious with money. 8. Materialism factor predicted adolescent money attitude very well.

This thesis studies the history of a family whose later generations were to become quintessential members of the gentry and how they managed their lands and lives. It is based on the early-fourteenth century cartulary left by Sir Roger of Okeover. The cartulary was probably motivated by Roger's childhood experience of the disputes over the wardship of himself and his lands. The cartulary is supplemented by cognate sources including the cartulary of the Abbey of Burton upon Trent and original documents. These provide an exceptional record stretching back to the early twelfth century and beyond. Chapter 3 argues that the origins of the Okeovers and their occupation of the manor of Okeover, held from the Anglo-Saxon Abbey of Burton, probably predate the Conquest. The Okeovers held lands from several individuals and institutions. Most of the land probably had origins before the Conquest and was held on a basis that later came to be categorised as socage tenure. This differs from land held by military service, a tenurial practice probably introduced by the Normans. This distinction was particularly important in cases of wardship. Chapter 4 shows that the Okeover's vertical social relationships with local magnates, particularly the Ferrers of Tutbury Castle, varied with the strength of the head of the Ferrers family at the time. Chapter 5 argues that the obligation to pay services in cash and to generate a cash income increased the relative independence of the family. Chapter 6 shows that support of younger siblings was an important objective resulting in horizontal alliances with other local families. Chapter 7 examines the problems of financial over-extension the family faced. This history of the Okeovers makes no claim to have produced results that necessarily apply more generally. It does, however, suggest that it would be productive to undertake further research into early twelfth-century deeds distinguishing tenures by socage from those by military service.

<p> During the last several decades, Chile has experienced development characterized by rapid social and economic changes. In conjunction with economic growth, Chile has experienced rural stagnation, a growing dependence on imported foodstuffs and a migration of rural population to the urban centres. Unemployment and underemployment exist in both the rural and urban sectors.</p> <p> Economic planning in Chile must be directed in part to improving agricultural production, reducing the dependence on imported foodstuffs, and creating more employment opportunities in the rural sector.</p> <p> In this paper, the Chilean provinces of O'Higgins and Colchagua are examined with regard to the determinants of labour demand. A measure of rural unemployment (CH), calculated for thirty-two townships is analysed and evaluated as a planning tool. Variations in the demand for labour and the estimated levels of unemployment (CĤ) are analysed with reference to the physiographic characteristics of the townships, land use, and the system of land tenure.</p> <p> It was found that spatial distribution of the supply of labour is a function of the location of labour demand and that surplus labour tends to move toward the minifundios and the urban areas. Land use and the choice of technique appear to be strongly influenced by land tenure and access to markets in addition to being determined by land capability. The paper concludes with a discussion of the planning and policy implications of the study.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti natūralaus maitinimo ir socialinių – ekonominių veiksnių sąsajas su vaikų sveikata. Uždaviniai. 1) Palyginti natūralaus maitinimo ir maitinimo adaptuotais pieno mišiniais sąsajas su vaikų sveikata; 2) Nustatyti socialinių – ekonominių veiksnių (tėvų išsilavinimo, šeimos pajamų, gyvenimo sąlygų, gyvenimo būdo) sąsajas su vaikų sveikata. Tyrimo metodika. Atliktas vienmomentinis anoniminis anketavimas. Tiriamąją grupę sudarė 200 2 – 5 metų amžiaus vaikų mamų. Duomenų analizė buvo atlikta remiantis statistiniu paketu SPSS (16.0 versija). Ryšiai tarp požymių buvo vertinami chi kvadrato (χ2) kriterijumi bei laisvės laipsnių skaičiumi (lls). Tyrimo rezultatai. 183 (91,5 proc.) respondenčių žindė savo kūdikius ir 17 (8,5 proc.) visiškai nežindė. I š visų žindytų vaikų dažniausiai pasitaikė žindytų ilgiau kaip pusę metų (43,7 proc.). Žindytų vaikų sveikatą gerai įvertino 67,6 proc. motinų, nežindytų 38,9 proc. Žindytų tiriamųjų iki pusės metų amžiaus sveikatos būklę gerai įvertino 59,2 proc. motinų, žindytų ilgiau kaip pusę metų 77,5 proc. Ilgiau nei 6 mėn. žindė respondentės, kurių šeimos pajamos siekia iki 3000 lt. per mėnesį (47,8 proc.). Labai dažnai virškinimo sutrikimais skundėsi 18,8 proc. valgančių maistą iš šaldytų produktų ir tik 2,7 proc. nevalgančių. Dažnai valgantiems maistą paruoštą iš šaldytų produktų odos alergijos pasitaikė 31,3 proc. tiriamųjų, nevalgantiems 7,6 proc. Lankantys vaikų lopšelį – darželį ir ten besimaitinantys tiriamieji... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work. To evaluate breastfeeding and social – economic factors associated to children’s health. Objectives. 1) Compare breastfeeding and formula feeding influence to children’s health. 2) Estimate social and economic factors (parents education level, family’s incomes, living conditions, lifestyle) influence to children’s health. Methodology. Anonymous questionnaire given to a research group – 200 mothers raising children from 2 to 5 years old. Have been accomplished data analysis referring to statistical packet SPSS (version 16.0 ). Relations between features was considered regarding to chi quadrate (χ2) parameters and a number of degree of freedom (lls). Results. 183 (91,5 %) of respondent women breastfed their babies comparing to 17 (8,5 %.) that didn’t breastfed . From all breast-fed babies, most of them have been breastfed longer than 6 months (43,7 %). Breastfed babies state of health have been estimated as good by 67,6 % breastfeeding mothers, comparing to 38,9 % of not breastfed babies. Breastfed babies up to 6 months health condition have been estimated as good by 59,2 % mothers, breastfed more that 6 months - 77,5 %. More than 6 months breastfeeding mothers family incomes were up to 3000 Lt in a month (47,8 %.) 18,8 % of respondent children consuming frozen products frequently had digestive problems and only 2,7 % that didn‘t consumed. Respondents consuming frozen products had regular skin allergy 31,3 % and 7,6 % it appeared for the ones who... [to full text]

There is a paucity of research juxtaposing parental education level and teacher emotional support in a single study which examines their relative impacts on students’ academic achievements. Therefore, the first objective of this dissertation is to study the influence of parental education level, in comparison to the influence of teacher emotional support, on students’ math performance, by using more representative data and a rigorous statistical method. The second objective is to identify and examine how some important psychological traits (both affective and cognitive) mediate the effects of social factors on students’ math performance. The third objective is to examine whether those relationships are moderated by gender. Hong Kong’s survey data is extracted from the Program of International Students Assessment (2003) as organized by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), on the math performances of 4,478 students at the age of fifteen. Measurement invariance was first tested, and then followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Two structural models were tested by Structural Equation Modeling using Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) 8.5 which is computer software for SEM. Results indicated that first, parental education level affects children’s math scores by providing home education resources and enhancing children’s math self-efficacy, and second the Self Determination Theory is applicable in supporting the hypothesis that teachers affects their students’ math scores by providing a cooperative learning environment, which in turn, enhances students’ affective and cognitive factors. Three important mediators, namely cooperative learning environment, math self-efficacy, and home education resources are concluded as significant mediating factors upon the effects of parents and teachers on students’ math performance. The perceived support from parents and teachers are not significantly different across gender in Hong Kong. This is consistent with recent studies that differences favoring males in mathematics achievement are disappearing. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed in the final part of the dissertation.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar as implicações das regras sociais implícitas brasileiras no desenvolvimento sócio-econômico do país sob a luz da teoria neoinstitucionalista. Inserido neste arcabouço teórico tem-se um desenvolvimento alcançado a partir de um progressivo ajustamento entre as instituições e a realidade. Como realidade, entende-se, neste estudo, o capitalismo. Desta forma, primeiramente, se analisa as instituições que propiciaram o surgimento do capitalismo na Europa, enfatizando as revoluções precedentes que influenciaram a formação sócio-cultural deste sistema. Posteriormente, se realiza um resgate histórico da formação sócio-econômica do Brasil destacando os aspectos culturais enraizados na sociedade durante o período colonial. Observa-se que, a despeito da industrialização, o Brasil permaneceu calcado em valores tradicionais e arcaicos que não condizem com os valores modernos da gênese do capitalismo. Tendo em vista estes conceitos, utiliza-se do Reconstitutive Downward Causation para se analisar a forma em que emergem as instituições no Brasil. Observou-se que, enquanto as instituições que operam no ambiente informal surgem a partir dos hábitos mentais dos próprios indivíduos, as instituições que operam no âmbito formal são decorrentes da importação de modelos externos. Esta incoerência faz com que surja o ‘jeitinho brasileiro’, uma instituição que permite ao indivíduo lidar com a esfera formal mantendo seus hábitos mentais. / The objective of this study consists of analyzing the implications of the Brazilian implicit social rules in the socio-economic development of the country under the light of neoinstitutionalist theory. Inserted in this theoretical approach, development it is achieved from a gradual adjustment between institutions and reality. As, reality, it is understood in this study, capitalism. Thus, first, examines the institutions that enabled the emergence of capitalism in Europe, emphasizing the previous revolutions that have influenced the social-cultural formation of the system. Subsequently, it is done a rescue of the historic socio-economic formation of Brazil highlighting the cultural aspects rooted in society during the colonial period. It is observed that, in spite of industrializations, Brazil remained based on traditional and archaic values which do not match with the values of the genesis of modern capitalism. In view of these concepts, the Reconstitutive Downward Causation concept it is used to examine the way in which institutions emerge in Brazil. It was observed that while the institutions operating in the informal environment arise from the mental habits of the individual themselves, the institutions that operate under formal scope are resulted from the importation of foreign models. This inconsistency makes it arises the ‘jeitinho brasileiro’, an institution that allows the individual to deal with formal sphere keeping its mental habits.

No presente trabalho, é analisado o comportamento da demanda por transporte coletivo em quatro cidades de porte médio do interior do Estado de São Paulo (Araraquara, São Carlos, Jaú e São José do Rio Preto), visando a identificar os principais fatores que afetam o volume de passageiros, como: população, valor da tarifa, índice de motorização total e desagregada (automóveis e motocicletas), quantidade de empregos formais, produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, etc. As análises efetuadas mostram que a demanda total por transporte coletivo urbano é influenciada principalmente pelas seguintes variáveis sócio-econômicas: população, índice de motorização e PIB per capita. Outros fatores que também influenciam são: tamanho da cidade, qualidade do transporte coletivo, cultura de utilização da bicicleta, etc.. São desenvolvidos dois modelos matemáticos simples, utilizando a técnica de regressão linear múltipla, que estabelecem relação entre a demanda por transporte coletivo e as principais variáveis sócio-econômicas que a afetam, como ferramenta para a previsão da demanda em diferentes cenários conformados pelas variáveis sócio-econômicas. Os resultados apresentados pelo modelo matemático que utiliza como índice de motorização, a relação entre a frota de veículos de duas rodas e a população refletem de maneira mais próxima a realidade que o modelo que utiliza a frota total. Este modelo é adequado para ser utilizado na previsão da demanda por transporte coletivo no universo das quatro cidades analisadas com erro máximo menor que 10%. / In this paper we analyzed the behavior of demand for public transportation in four mid-sized cities in the state of São Paulo (Araraquara, São Carlos, Jau and Sao Jose do Rio Preto), to identify key factors affecting the volume of passengers, such as population, amount of fare, motorization rate and total breakdown (automobiles and motorcycles), amount of formal employment, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, etc. In general, the following conclusions can be inferred from the analysis performed: the total demand for transportation in a city depends mainly on the following parameters: population, motorization rate and GDP per capita. Other indirect factors such as quality public transport, culture, use of transport, etc. They also developed two simple mathematical models using multiple linear regression technique with the objective of establishing relations between the demand for public transportation and the following key social-economic variables that were identified as those that most influence the demand: population, motorization rate and GDP per capita, which is useful for predicting the demand for public transport in different scenarios conformed by social-economic variables. The results presented by the mathematical model show that uses such as motorization rate, the relation between the fleet of two-wheeled vehicles and the population, more closely reflect the reality that the model uses the total fleet. The model uses the rate of motorization in considering two vehicles suitable for use in forecasting demand for public transportation in the universe of the four cities analyzed maximum error <10%.

隨著社會經濟的發展，以及工業化與都市化對臺灣社會的衝擊，人們不僅 所得增加、非工作時數增加，而且對於休閒娛樂的需求也日益強烈。「休 閒」不只是傳統意義的「休息」，而更可能是一種生活方式或生活品質； 休閒的社會意涵與本質，也隨著社會的變遷，在不同的時代背景之下，被 賦予不同的意義。隨著社經的發展與變遷，休閒在現代人的生活中扮演越 來越重要的角色，這可由臺灣社會上各種林立並以「休閒」為名的食品、 服飾、旅遊、休閒中心、休閒廣場、ＰＵＢ、ＭＴＶ、ＫＴＶ、茶藝館、 渡假村等五花八門、無奇不有的休閒場所、活動與現象中看出現代社會對 休閒活動需求之殷切。而休閒所帶來的許多正、負面之影響，使我們不得 不將休閒當做是一個獨特的問題與社會現象來研究。正如加藤秀俊所說： 「餘暇，在今日已成大眾性的問題，甚至是一嚴肅的基礎哲學問題」。而 用理論的術語來說，休閒既是一種新興浮現的社會意識，亦是一種具體存 在的社會事實 。由於整個社經結構的改變，使得我們整個的生活型態與 價值觀也 過去傳統大不相同。而本研究的主要目的就是想探究臺灣在經 濟發 期間，社會結構的轉變是否創造出有利人們休閒的條件，並進而使o 人們的休閒活動與過去有所變化？在本研究中，試圖採用社會學鉅曭瘋[ 點，來找出影響人們休閒活動的結構性因素，並由此建構本研s的理論架 構。社會經濟的發展使得整個社經結構發生變化，如所得獐W加，使得人 們有多餘的金錢從事休閒活動；行業結構的轉向服務~，使得人們的工作 型態、工作內容與過去傳統工作不同，更須要休◥瑤桴砥F教育程度普遍 提升，對個人的休閒價值觀和休閒參與都有雂j的影響；交通運輸的發達 ，使得人們的流動性增加，也擴大休閒※坁瑤d圍。這些結構性因素的改 變，正好提供了有利人們從事休閒※坁滷囓鞳C由以上簡單的敘述中，我 們可整理出本研究的主要基本妝嚏G社會經濟的發展，使得一些社經結構 發生變化，因而創造出有Q人們從事休閒活動的條件，進而影響人們的休 閒活動。因此，在本膍s中，主要的研究目的乃是：]1） 從社經結構因素 與休閒有利條件兩方面來分析休閒活動，主要是要找出影響休閒有利條件 與休閒活動的因素為何；]2） 檢證社經結構變項對休閒有利條件與休閒 活動的影響力；]3） 對臺灣的休閒現象作一描述性的敘述。