Abstract Unemployment rate had steadily kept under 3.0% with an average of 1.84% from 1978 to 1994 in Taiwan. It may not go below 3.0% again till the labor market adapting to the large changes in the structure of domestic production that has made significantly impact on the labor force, especially a peak unemployment rate 5.17% has been seen in 2002. Computerization and network infrastructure have made small firms more competitive. In addition, changes in industrial structure have favored the industries in which small firms are viable and scale economics are relatively unimportant. The changes also left one problem behind. The time of high unemployment rate is coming. The released workers would probably hind in the self-employment sector or become members of inadequate utilization of labor force, such as low paid, mismatches between educational attainment and occupation, and inadequate working hours. The main purpose of this paper is to contrast the characteristics of the relatively weak group, especially the self-employed, before and after the change. The raw data been used was from Manpower Surveys and Manpower Utilization Surveys by Census Bureau, DGBAS. The study reveals the following findings: 1. High unemployment rate becomes regular, 3.0% or above will be considered as normal. 2. Male is always having a large proportion up to 70% of the self-employed, but the female increase much faster than the male did. Age distribution shifted to an older range. Marital status distribution did not change much- the married still keep about 90%. In the other hand, industrial structure distribution has been changed. Service industry has been increased by 4.3% and the up trend is still going up. There¡¦s a very large change in occupational location, the secondary labor market shares over half of the self-employed in 2003 comparing with 0.1% in 1991, they are forced by the industrial changes not to only the lower occupational location but the lower social status. The self-employed are shifting toward the non-urban area too, and the uncertainty of future coming with the high unemployment rate has made self-employed need to have an extra job or to change his/her job. 3. The small and medium enterprise have historically provided large proportion of employment labor market and non-agriculture self-employment sector, but industrial changes is slacking the trend for those employees to become a self-employed. 4. Over 70% out of the married female samples have kids, and ages of children have affected women employment choices. The older their children are, the higher possibilities are women to be self-employed. 5. Considering with the whole employed, although the mean monthly income of the self-employed increased, the quantity was relatively lower than others did. Education had a better performance in both the mean and the standardized mean score, but a fatal drop of occupational location strongly pulled down the Social-Economic index of the self-employed. Keyword: Self-Employment, Own-Account Worker, the Structure of Domestic Production, Knowledge-Based Economy and Social-Economic Index.

The Formosa Petrochemical Corporation (FPCC) has operated the No. 6 Naphtha Cracking industry site at Mailiao of Yunlin County for 14 years since it completed the construction in 1995. Although the plant were assessed according to the process of environmental impact assessment as required by government¡¦s guidelines before the approval of FPCC establishment at the site, there is a need to re-evaluate the site strictly for problems resulting from the industry activities over the year. The present study is initiated to research and assess the environmental monitoring data collected over the years to determine the spatial and temporal trend of heavy metal contaminants associated with the FPCC operation at site and its coastal areas. The data information used in this study consist of government annual survey reports with regard to the oceanography data of the site, seawater, sediment, and air quality. The FPCC¡¦s monitoring data are also evaluated for including in the environmental quality assessment of Mailiao coastal areas. The present study employed the annual total contaminant discharges reported by the FPCC for obtaining the total burden emitted into the nearby counties Taihsi and Lunbei. The results showed that the coastal marine environment around the industrial site and the Jhuoshuei River have major immediate impacts and problems from the activities. The results of sediment metal content have substantial increase over the years, although the value of metal concentrations is proclaimed that it is within the government provisional guidelines of sediment contaminant standard. In the current circumstance, there are no standard criteria for sediment metal concentration in the marine environment reported elsewhere in the world with exception of Canada. The air quality results showed that Lunbei which is located east side of FPCC site have a decreasing trend of contaminant discharge compared with Taihsi which is located at southern side of FPCC site have a increasing trend of contaminant discharge. Nevertheless, the FPCC site have an increasing total annual discharge. The present study also conducts a survey at Mailiao and Taihsi residences on the social-economic development and the influence associated with the FPCC operation. The survey consists of all stakeholders such as government municipality official, marine aquaculture farmers, non-government organization and fishery cooperation representatives. They are concern the influence on the social-economic development and environment impact from the industry operation. These include the problems of low spat rating in oyster farming and dust falling into the marine farm site to cause the death of bivalves. The health of local residences from FPCC site is of concern due to the expansion program of plan to the site. The present work shows the change and alteration of marine environment resulting from the FPCC activities that have worsened the sustainability development of coastal area.

This study is examining the institutionalization degree of the rural development nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and the social-economic status of the employees in those NGOs. The development NGO sector has enormously grown within last three decades. It has also been a period of reorganization for capitalism. The neo-liberal political economy has replaced the Keynesianism/Fordism, integrating the national economies into the global economy. This integration has resulted in increasing income inequalities, poverty, and unemployment. Middle classes have lost their jobs, and their life standards have eroded. In the period, the international funds channeled to the NGOs have increased to a great extent. The growth of the development NGO sector is closely linked to those consequences of the neo-liberal reorganization. Poverty, qualified but unemployed individuals, and the international funds have made it possible, inevitable in fact, for the NGOs to proliferate and enlarge. As they enlarge their scope, they have to develop institutional structures, which in turn employ more qualified people. In addition to their role in the struggle against poverty and in the, more or less radical, criticism of the social and economic order, NGOs have acquired a new function, creating employment and a certain level of social-economic status, a status of middle class, for those employed. What we have been observing in Turkey is similar to the developments in the other parts of the world: economic crisis in 1970s, military junta, liberalization of economy, poverty and unemployment. Within this political economy, the rural development NGO sector of Turkey seems not institutionalized but having turned into an employment opportunity for middle class. Nevertheless, its role in the democratization process of the country is still important as far as the critical perspective is kept in effect.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_af_dr_jabo.pdf: 724798 bytes, checksum: bab8add10bdc8c857393fc0e816691ca (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar as pisciculturas da microrregião da Baixada Cuiabana, localizada na região Centro Sul do Estado do Mato Grosso-MT. Para tanto, contou-se com a colaboração de extensionistas, técnicos de órgãos governamentais e privados e da Associação dos Aquicultores do Mato Grosso – Aquamat, que possibilitou o levantamento de dados por meio de entrevistas junto a 26 piscicultores selecionados dessa região e que representaram esse universo. Além disso, foram obtidos dados a partir de consulta bibliográfica. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico qui-quadrado, para diagnosticar a existência de correlação entre os mesmos com 95% de confiança. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitem concluir que as espécies que compõem o grupo dos peixes redondos, estão presentes em 100% das pisciculturas amostradas e são responsáveis por 88,2% da produção total do pescado produzido na microrregião da Baixada Cuiabana. O diferencial da piscicultura é o tamanho de área de lâmina d’água, com consequente, escala de produção superior a outras regiões do país, e ainda com perspectiva de crescimento da área de lâmina d’água explorada no sistema de tanques escavados, com tendência de aumento do número de produtores e da produtividade no sistema de criação. Foram verificados no Estado algumas ações governamentais que visam o desenvolvimento da piscicultura, são elas: aprovação da lei que rege e disciplina a piscicultura, isenção de ICMS na comercialização do pescado proveniente de sistemas de cultivo, criação do projeto Criar Nagua e aporte de R$ 40 milhões, em 2009, para incentivo da atividade. No entanto, algumas ações ainda devem ser implementadas, tais como: legislação objetiva e com pessoal qualificado e suficiente para vistoriar os empreendimentos; pesquisas aplicadas na utilização de tecnologias de manejo... / The aim of this study was to characterize the fish farming in the downloaded micro region in Cuiabá, in the south center in the Mato Grosso State/MT. A field research was realized and 26 fish farmers were selected. There was the collaboration of extensionist, public and private techniques and the Aquaculture Association of Mato Grosso – AQUAMAT. Furthermore this data was obtained from bibliographic searches. The qualitative data was analyzed using the chi-square’ test to diagnose the existence of correlation with 95% of confusability with them. The results of this search allow to conclude that the species that compose the fat fish group are presents in 100% in the fish farming studied and they are responsible for 88,2% in the total production of fish produced in the downloaded micro region in Cuiabá. The differential in the fish farming is the size of superficial water area with consequent superior production scale comparing to other regions in the country, and the growing perspective in the water area explored in the excavated tanks system, showing tendency to increase the fish farmers number and the productivity in the creation system. Some governor actions was verified to take the development in fish farming in the state like as: approval of the law that discipline the fish farming, not payment of the ICMS to the commercialization of the fish from the culture system, creation of the project “Criar Nagua” and contribution of the money about R$ 40 million in 2009 to incentive the activity. However, some actions must be implemented to this occurrence like as: objective legislation with qualified and sufficient people to take inspection in the fish farming, applied research to using technologies in feeding management to produce rations with better prices and quality, better technical and administrative management in the activity, planning of the fish culture that looks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar as implicações das regras sociais implícitas brasileiras no desenvolvimento sócio-econômico do país sob a luz da teoria neoinstitucionalista. Inserido neste arcabouço teórico tem-se um desenvolvimento alcançado a partir de um progressivo ajustamento entre as instituições e a realidade. Como realidade, entende-se, neste estudo, o capitalismo. Desta forma, primeiramente, se analisa as instituições que propiciaram o surgimento do capitalismo na Europa, enfatizando as revoluções precedentes que influenciaram a formação sócio-cultural deste sistema. Posteriormente, se realiza um resgate histórico da formação sócio-econômica do Brasil destacando os aspectos culturais enraizados na sociedade durante o período colonial. Observa-se que, a despeito da industrialização, o Brasil permaneceu calcado em valores tradicionais e arcaicos que não condizem com os valores modernos da gênese do capitalismo. Tendo em vista estes conceitos, utiliza-se do Reconstitutive Downward Causation para se analisar a forma em que emergem as instituições no Brasil. Observou-se que, enquanto as instituições que operam no ambiente informal surgem a partir dos hábitos mentais dos próprios indivíduos, as instituições que operam no âmbito formal são decorrentes da importação de modelos externos. Esta incoerência faz com que surja o ‘jeitinho brasileiro’, uma instituição que permite ao indivíduo lidar com a esfera formal mantendo seus hábitos mentais. / The objective of this study consists of analyzing the implications of the Brazilian implicit social rules in the socio-economic development of the country under the light of neoinstitutionalist theory. Inserted in this theoretical approach, development it is achieved from a gradual adjustment between institutions and reality. As, reality, it is understood in this study, capitalism. Thus, first, examines the institutions that enabled the emergence of capitalism in Europe, emphasizing the previous revolutions that have influenced the social-cultural formation of the system. Subsequently, it is done a rescue of the historic socio-economic formation of Brazil highlighting the cultural aspects rooted in society during the colonial period. It is observed that, in spite of industrializations, Brazil remained based on traditional and archaic values which do not match with the values of the genesis of modern capitalism. In view of these concepts, the Reconstitutive Downward Causation concept it is used to examine the way in which institutions emerge in Brazil. It was observed that while the institutions operating in the informal environment arise from the mental habits of the individual themselves, the institutions that operate under formal scope are resulted from the importation of foreign models. This inconsistency makes it arises the ‘jeitinho brasileiro’, an institution that allows the individual to deal with formal sphere keeping its mental habits.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-07T13:50:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RUDRIGO OTÁVIO ANDRADE ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 809955 bytes, checksum: 549c53ad80127fc4adfe877a2203a832 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T13:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RUDRIGO OTÁVIO ANDRADE ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 809955 bytes, checksum: 549c53ad80127fc4adfe877a2203a832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / A agricultura familiar é caracterizada pela exploração de pequenas propriedades rurais com utilização predominante de mão-de-obra da família, diversidade produtiva e baixo nível de tecnificação. As faixas de domínio são a área compreendida entre o eixo central da rodovia e a cerca que delimita as propriedades privadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi diagnosticar a produção agrícola familiar nas faixas de domínio da Rodovia BR-230 no Estado da Paraíba. O estudo foi realizado em um trecho de 150,5 km da rodovia, entre os pontos delimitados pela cidade de Patos e a “Praça do Meio do Mundo”, no município de Pocinhos. A coleta de dados foi realizada de duas formas: mapeamento das áreas de produção através do georreferenciamento, medição da área cultivada, e identificação das culturas agrícolas exploradas e das modalidades de cultivo praticadas; e entrevista com os produtores, utilizando questionário semi-estruturado, para obtenção de informações sócio-econômicas, sobre as práticas de manejo e ocupação das faixas de domínio. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que apesar de não ser uma atividade regulamentada, a agricultura nas faixas de domínio da Rodovia BR-230 no Estado da Paraíba é uma prática frequente, principalmente nos períodos chuvosos, havendo predomínio do cultivo consorciado de culturas de subsistência (milho e feijão). O manejo adotado pelos agricultores nas faixas de domínio é de baixo nível tecnológico utilizando-se exclusivamente estercos para adubação do solo. Das forrageiras exploradas, a palma se destaca como a mais frequente, principalmente em áreas de altitudes elevadas. / The familiar agriculture is characterized by the exploration of small farmers with the utilization of family labor, production unit and low level of technization. The road segment is the understood area enters the central axle of the highway and the fence that delimits the property private. The objective of this work was to diagnose the familiar agriculture production in the road segment of the BR-230 highway, Paraíba State, Brazil. The study area is located in the central region of the Paraíba State, comprising an segment of 150.5 km along the BR-230 highway, between Patos and place “Praça do Meio do Mundo”, in the municipality of Pocinhos (PB). The gathering of the data was based in the mapping of agricultural areas throughof the georeferenced, measurement of the cultivated area, identification of the explored agricultural cultures and the practised modalities of culture; and interviews applied to farmers utilizing semi-structured questionnaires, to gathering socioeconomic information, management techniques applied and road segment occupation. The results obtained show though not regulated activity, agriculture in the highway margins BR-230 in Paraíba State is a frequent pratice, especially in the rainy periods, with predominance of intercropping of subsistence crops (corn and beans). The management techniques adopted by the small farmers is low technological level using only manure of soil fertilizing. Of the forage species explored, forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.) is the more frequent, mainly in high altitudes.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar as implicações das regras sociais implícitas brasileiras no desenvolvimento sócio-econômico do país sob a luz da teoria neoinstitucionalista. Inserido neste arcabouço teórico tem-se um desenvolvimento alcançado a partir de um progressivo ajustamento entre as instituições e a realidade. Como realidade, entende-se, neste estudo, o capitalismo. Desta forma, primeiramente, se analisa as instituições que propiciaram o surgimento do capitalismo na Europa, enfatizando as revoluções precedentes que influenciaram a formação sócio-cultural deste sistema. Posteriormente, se realiza um resgate histórico da formação sócio-econômica do Brasil destacando os aspectos culturais enraizados na sociedade durante o período colonial. Observa-se que, a despeito da industrialização, o Brasil permaneceu calcado em valores tradicionais e arcaicos que não condizem com os valores modernos da gênese do capitalismo. Tendo em vista estes conceitos, utiliza-se do Reconstitutive Downward Causation para se analisar a forma em que emergem as instituições no Brasil. Observou-se que, enquanto as instituições que operam no ambiente informal surgem a partir dos hábitos mentais dos próprios indivíduos, as instituições que operam no âmbito formal são decorrentes da importação de modelos externos. Esta incoerência faz com que surja o ‘jeitinho brasileiro’, uma instituição que permite ao indivíduo lidar com a esfera formal mantendo seus hábitos mentais. / The objective of this study consists of analyzing the implications of the Brazilian implicit social rules in the socio-economic development of the country under the light of neoinstitutionalist theory. Inserted in this theoretical approach, development it is achieved from a gradual adjustment between institutions and reality. As, reality, it is understood in this study, capitalism. Thus, first, examines the institutions that enabled the emergence of capitalism in Europe, emphasizing the previous revolutions that have influenced the social-cultural formation of the system. Subsequently, it is done a rescue of the historic socio-economic formation of Brazil highlighting the cultural aspects rooted in society during the colonial period. It is observed that, in spite of industrializations, Brazil remained based on traditional and archaic values which do not match with the values of the genesis of modern capitalism. In view of these concepts, the Reconstitutive Downward Causation concept it is used to examine the way in which institutions emerge in Brazil. It was observed that while the institutions operating in the informal environment arise from the mental habits of the individual themselves, the institutions that operate under formal scope are resulted from the importation of foreign models. This inconsistency makes it arises the ‘jeitinho brasileiro’, an institution that allows the individual to deal with formal sphere keeping its mental habits.

Orientador: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins / Banca: Jayme Aparecido Povh / Banca: Maria madalena Zocoller Borba / Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes / Banca: João Donato Scorvo Filho / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar as pisciculturas da microrregião da Baixada Cuiabana, localizada na região Centro Sul do Estado do Mato Grosso-MT. Para tanto, contou-se com a colaboração de extensionistas, técnicos de órgãos governamentais e privados e da Associação dos Aquicultores do Mato Grosso - Aquamat, que possibilitou o levantamento de dados por meio de entrevistas junto a 26 piscicultores selecionados dessa região e que representaram esse universo. Além disso, foram obtidos dados a partir de consulta bibliográfica. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico qui-quadrado, para diagnosticar a existência de correlação entre os mesmos com 95% de confiança. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitem concluir que as espécies que compõem o grupo dos peixes redondos, estão presentes em 100% das pisciculturas amostradas e são responsáveis por 88,2% da produção total do pescado produzido na microrregião da Baixada Cuiabana. O diferencial da piscicultura é o tamanho de área de lâmina d'água, com consequente, escala de produção superior a outras regiões do país, e ainda com perspectiva de crescimento da área de lâmina d'água explorada no sistema de tanques escavados, com tendência de aumento do número de produtores e da produtividade no sistema de criação. Foram verificados no Estado algumas ações governamentais que visam o desenvolvimento da piscicultura, são elas: aprovação da lei que rege e disciplina a piscicultura, isenção de ICMS na comercialização do pescado proveniente de sistemas de cultivo, criação do projeto Criar Nagua e aporte de R$ 40 milhões, em 2009, para incentivo da atividade. No entanto, algumas ações ainda devem ser implementadas, tais como: legislação objetiva e com pessoal qualificado e suficiente para vistoriar os empreendimentos; pesquisas aplicadas na utilização de tecnologias de manejo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the fish farming in the downloaded micro region in Cuiabá, in the south center in the Mato Grosso State/MT. A field research was realized and 26 fish farmers were selected. There was the collaboration of extensionist, public and private techniques and the Aquaculture Association of Mato Grosso - AQUAMAT. Furthermore this data was obtained from bibliographic searches. The qualitative data was analyzed using the chi-square' test to diagnose the existence of correlation with 95% of confusability with them. The results of this search allow to conclude that the species that compose the fat fish group are presents in 100% in the fish farming studied and they are responsible for 88,2% in the total production of fish produced in the downloaded micro region in Cuiabá. The differential in the fish farming is the size of superficial water area with consequent superior production scale comparing to other regions in the country, and the growing perspective in the water area explored in the excavated tanks system, showing tendency to increase the fish farmers number and the productivity in the creation system. Some governor actions was verified to take the development in fish farming in the state like as: approval of the law that discipline the fish farming, not payment of the ICMS to the commercialization of the fish from the culture system, creation of the project "Criar Nagua" and contribution of the money about R$ 40 million in 2009 to incentive the activity. However, some actions must be implemented to this occurrence like as: objective legislation with qualified and sufficient people to take inspection in the fish farming, applied research to using technologies in feeding management to produce rations with better prices and quality, better technical and administrative management in the activity, planning of the fish culture that looks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The coconut water consumption in Brazil is increasing and significant. The great demanding is mainly supplied by the extraction of in natura water. The trouble, however, is that the coconut water consumption s increase is causing an environmental problem, since the shells, byproduct of coconut water industrialization and use, are taken to landfills and other areas considered inadequate, contributing to the increase of urban solid residue problems, mostly because this is a material of difficult decomposition, taking around eight years to complete. Therefore, the use of coconut shell as raw material to obtain products has great importance in the struggle for the minimization of solid residue produced in the different industrial and commercial processes of coconut. In this perspective, it is proposed to analyze sustainable strategies for the coconut shells use, aiming at the environmental impacts reduction and the verification of kind and level of economic and social benefits in Sergipe and Northeast conditions. Thus, this research validates the hypothesis that the coconut residue use through an agroindustrial chain directed to the generation of new products contributes to the local development as well as establishes balance between the environmental preservation and the human social and economic needs. Methodologically, this research started from exploratory and descriptive study, supported by documental and bibliographical examination as well as a field research which really provided it with the coconut dynamics and the generation of organic residue originated from its exploration in the state of Sergipe context. The sample took into account producers, distributors and consumers in order to diversify the perspective around the studied phenomenon. Therefore, different resources of data collection were used: interviews with diary entries and questionnaires. The analysis was divided into axes which allowed outline the coconut production board and its destination as well as the perception of the suppliers in relation to the coconut shell problem and its relation with the environmental matter, besides analyzing the production environmental impacts not only towards the garbage amount in Aracaju, but also the potential of coconut shell reuse in the fiber and powder manufacturing. The analysis revealed that the use of coconut shell as raw material is a viable alternative both in the environmental, social and economic perspective. It also showed that it is possible to materialize actions that promote the environmental preservation added to the capacity of creating jobs and income, strengthening the associateship and mechanisms for the individual to exercise and get full advantage of citizenship, in a proposal able to provide him with balance between the environment and development. / O consumo de água de coco verde no Brasil é crescente e significativo. A grande demanda é suprida, principalmente pela extração da água in natura. O problema, no entanto, é que o aumento do consumo da água-de-coco esta gerando um problema ambiental, uma vez que as cascas, subproduto do uso e da industrialização da água de coco, são levadas para lixões e outras áreas consideradas inadequadas, contribuindo para ampliar os problemas de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Principalmente porque é um material de difícil decomposição, levando cerca de oito anos. Por isso, a utilização da casca de coco como matéria-prima para obtenção de produtos é de grande importância na luta pela minimização dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos diferentes processos industriais e comerciais do coco. Nesta perspectiva, propõe-se aqui analisar as estratégias sustentáveis para o aproveitamento de rejeitos de casca de coco, visando à redução de impactos ambientais e à verificação do tipo e do nível de benefícios econômicos, sociais nas condições de Sergipe e do Nordeste. Desta forma, o presente estudo valida a hipótese de que o aproveitamento do resíduo do coco através de uma cadeia agroindustrial, voltada para a geração de novos produtos contribui para o desenvolvimento local, estabelecendo um equilíbrio entre a preservação ambiental e as necessidades econômicas e sociais do seres humanos. Metodologicamente, partiu-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, sustentado num levantamento documental e bibliográfico, bem como numa pesquisa de campo que permitiu vislumbrar no real a dinâmica do coco e da geração de resíduos orgânicos oriundos de sua exploração no contexto sergipano. A amostra levou em consideração produtores, distribuidores e consumidores de modo a diversificar o olhar acerca do fenômeno estudado. Por isso, empregaram-se diferentes instrumentos de coletas de dados: a entrevista com registro em diário de campo e questionários. A análise fora dividida eixos que permitiram delinear o quadro de produção de coco e sua destinação, bem como as percepções dos fornecedores envolvidos quanto à problemática da casca do coco e sua relação com a questão ambiental. Além de analisar o impacto ambiental desta produção não só no que se refere ao volume de lixo em Aracaju, mas também no potencial de reaproveitamento desta casca na fabricação de fibra e pó. A análise revelou que o uso dos rejeitos da casca de coco como matéria-prima é uma alternativa viável tanto na perspectiva ambiental, quanto social e econômica e que é possível materializar ações que promovam a preservação do meio ambiente somada à capacidade de gerar emprego e renda, fortalecendo o associativismo e os mecanismos para que os indivíduos possam efetivar o exercício pleno da cidadania, numa proposta capaz de proporcionar um equilíbrio entre meio ambiente e desenvolvimento.

No presente trabalho, é analisado o comportamento da demanda por transporte coletivo em quatro cidades de porte médio do interior do Estado de São Paulo (Araraquara, São Carlos, Jaú e São José do Rio Preto), visando a identificar os principais fatores que afetam o volume de passageiros, como: população, valor da tarifa, índice de motorização total e desagregada (automóveis e motocicletas), quantidade de empregos formais, produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, etc. As análises efetuadas mostram que a demanda total por transporte coletivo urbano é influenciada principalmente pelas seguintes variáveis sócio-econômicas: população, índice de motorização e PIB per capita. Outros fatores que também influenciam são: tamanho da cidade, qualidade do transporte coletivo, cultura de utilização da bicicleta, etc.. São desenvolvidos dois modelos matemáticos simples, utilizando a técnica de regressão linear múltipla, que estabelecem relação entre a demanda por transporte coletivo e as principais variáveis sócio-econômicas que a afetam, como ferramenta para a previsão da demanda em diferentes cenários conformados pelas variáveis sócio-econômicas. Os resultados apresentados pelo modelo matemático que utiliza como índice de motorização, a relação entre a frota de veículos de duas rodas e a população refletem de maneira mais próxima a realidade que o modelo que utiliza a frota total. Este modelo é adequado para ser utilizado na previsão da demanda por transporte coletivo no universo das quatro cidades analisadas com erro máximo menor que 10%. / In this paper we analyzed the behavior of demand for public transportation in four mid-sized cities in the state of São Paulo (Araraquara, São Carlos, Jau and Sao Jose do Rio Preto), to identify key factors affecting the volume of passengers, such as population, amount of fare, motorization rate and total breakdown (automobiles and motorcycles), amount of formal employment, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, etc. In general, the following conclusions can be inferred from the analysis performed: the total demand for transportation in a city depends mainly on the following parameters: population, motorization rate and GDP per capita. Other indirect factors such as quality public transport, culture, use of transport, etc. They also developed two simple mathematical models using multiple linear regression technique with the objective of establishing relations between the demand for public transportation and the following key social-economic variables that were identified as those that most influence the demand: population, motorization rate and GDP per capita, which is useful for predicting the demand for public transport in different scenarios conformed by social-economic variables. The results presented by the mathematical model show that uses such as motorization rate, the relation between the fleet of two-wheeled vehicles and the population, more closely reflect the reality that the model uses the total fleet. The model uses the rate of motorization in considering two vehicles suitable for use in forecasting demand for public transportation in the universe of the four cities analyzed maximum error <10%.