Abstract This essay discusses different explanations and interpretations of what characterizes large areas containing clearance cairns (cairn fields). Results from the analyses show that there are different explanations about when and why cairn fields and clearance cairns occur. Explanations vary from introduction of the wooden ard in the early Bronze Age to the introduction of rational hay-making in the Roman Iron Age.  There is, anyway, relative agreement considering why and when cairn fields were abandoned. The reason suggested is an increasing pasturage with the consequence of reducing soil to poverty during the period of the Great Migration or in the Viking Age. The most likely cultivation system in cairn fields is a system consisting of both intensive and extensive characteristics. The latter coincides with the probable mobility of settlements. When it comes to cultivation a possible development is the use of hand-tools initially, followed by an increased use of wooden ards. Stones from clearance cairns have often been used when graves were built. Sometimes this is interpreted in ritualistic and symbolic terms, but a practical explanation seems most likely. Graves in areas of clearance cairns are usually located nearby the settlements. This is either indicating a more developed individualized ownership of land in the Iron Age or a stronger cult of ancestors in the period. When the element of ritual and symbolism in the agriculture practiced in areas of clearance cairns is discussed this is, almost without exception, a question for archaeologists, though many archaeologist, like culture geographers, emphasize practical explanations to different phenomena.   KEYWORDS: Areas of clearance cairns, clearance cairns, cultivation systems, settlements, ritual and symbolism.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-07T13:50:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RUDRIGO OTÁVIO ANDRADE ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 809955 bytes, checksum: 549c53ad80127fc4adfe877a2203a832 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T13:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RUDRIGO OTÁVIO ANDRADE ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 809955 bytes, checksum: 549c53ad80127fc4adfe877a2203a832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / A agricultura familiar é caracterizada pela exploração de pequenas propriedades rurais com utilização predominante de mão-de-obra da família, diversidade produtiva e baixo nível de tecnificação. As faixas de domínio são a área compreendida entre o eixo central da rodovia e a cerca que delimita as propriedades privadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi diagnosticar a produção agrícola familiar nas faixas de domínio da Rodovia BR-230 no Estado da Paraíba. O estudo foi realizado em um trecho de 150,5 km da rodovia, entre os pontos delimitados pela cidade de Patos e a “Praça do Meio do Mundo”, no município de Pocinhos. A coleta de dados foi realizada de duas formas: mapeamento das áreas de produção através do georreferenciamento, medição da área cultivada, e identificação das culturas agrícolas exploradas e das modalidades de cultivo praticadas; e entrevista com os produtores, utilizando questionário semi-estruturado, para obtenção de informações sócio-econômicas, sobre as práticas de manejo e ocupação das faixas de domínio. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que apesar de não ser uma atividade regulamentada, a agricultura nas faixas de domínio da Rodovia BR-230 no Estado da Paraíba é uma prática frequente, principalmente nos períodos chuvosos, havendo predomínio do cultivo consorciado de culturas de subsistência (milho e feijão). O manejo adotado pelos agricultores nas faixas de domínio é de baixo nível tecnológico utilizando-se exclusivamente estercos para adubação do solo. Das forrageiras exploradas, a palma se destaca como a mais frequente, principalmente em áreas de altitudes elevadas. / The familiar agriculture is characterized by the exploration of small farmers with the utilization of family labor, production unit and low level of technization. The road segment is the understood area enters the central axle of the highway and the fence that delimits the property private. The objective of this work was to diagnose the familiar agriculture production in the road segment of the BR-230 highway, Paraíba State, Brazil. The study area is located in the central region of the Paraíba State, comprising an segment of 150.5 km along the BR-230 highway, between Patos and place “Praça do Meio do Mundo”, in the municipality of Pocinhos (PB). The gathering of the data was based in the mapping of agricultural areas throughof the georeferenced, measurement of the cultivated area, identification of the explored agricultural cultures and the practised modalities of culture; and interviews applied to farmers utilizing semi-structured questionnaires, to gathering socioeconomic information, management techniques applied and road segment occupation. The results obtained show though not regulated activity, agriculture in the highway margins BR-230 in Paraíba State is a frequent pratice, especially in the rainy periods, with predominance of intercropping of subsistence crops (corn and beans). The management techniques adopted by the small farmers is low technological level using only manure of soil fertilizing. Of the forage species explored, forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.) is the more frequent, mainly in high altitudes.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas, do sistema de condução e da altura de poda de mini melancia conduzidas na vertical. O híbrido utilizado foi o Smile. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 12 de agosto a 25 de novembro de 2008, cujos tratamentos foram três alturas de poda da haste principal (1,7; 2,2 e 2,7 m) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 45 cm). O segundo experimento foi conduzido no período de 20 de outubro de 2008 a 16 de janeiro de 2009 e os tratamentos foram compostos por três sistemas de condução (S1 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal; S2 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste secundária e S3 = duas hastes e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 60 cm). No primeiro experimento o índice de área foliar, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), de ácido ascórbico, a acidez titulável (AT) e a produtividade comercial foram maiores no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. A produtividade total sofreu influência tanto da altura de poda como do espaçamento entre plantas, cujo maior valor foi obtido pela combinação da altura de poda de 2,7m e espaçamento de 30 cm. Por outro lado, foi na altura de poda de 2,2 m e espaçamento de 45 cm que ocorreu o maior valor para a relação SS/AT. A altura de poda de 1,7 m proporcionou maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na última colheita. No segundo experimento, o sistema de condução S2 no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas proporcionou maior índice de área foliar e firmeza da polpa. A produtividade total foi maior no sistema de condução S3 em relação somente ao sistema de condução S1. Os sistemas de condução S1 e S3 promoveram maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na primeira colheita, enquanto que no sistema S2 a maior parte dos frutos foi colhida na última colheita. Dessa forma, levando-se em consideração as características avaliadas, de modo geral, no primeiro experimento, a melhor opção para o produtor é a realização da poda da haste principal a 2,2 m de altura e espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. No segundo experimento, a condução com duas hastes e um fruto (S3) com espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas, além de constituir um sistema de condução simples, proporciona elevada produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. / Two experiments were conducted in greenhouse in order to evaluate the influence of plants spacing, the training systems and the height of pruning of main stem of mini watermelon through vertical conduction. The hybrid used was \'Smile\'. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The first experiment was carried out from August 12 to November 25, 2008. The treatments were three heights of pruning of main stem (1.7, 2.2 and 2.7 m) and two plants spacing (30 and 45 cm). The second experiment was carried out from October 20, 2008 to January 16, 2009 and the treatments consist of three training systems (S1 = one stem and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem, S2 = one stem and one fruit plant fixed in the lateral branch and S3 = two stems and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem) and two plants spacing (30 and 60 cm). In the first experiment the leaf area index, the content of soluble solids content (SS), ascorbic acid, acidity titratable (AT) and marketable yield were higher in 30 cm plants spacing. The total yield was influenced both the height of pruning and the plants spacing, whose greatest value was obtained by the combination of height of pruning of 2.7 m and spacing of 30 cm. However, the highest value for the ratio SS/AT was observed in the pruning of 2.2 m, and spacing of 45 cm. The height of pruning of 1.7 m provided the greatest percentage of fruit harvested in the last harvest. In the second experiment, the training system S2 with spacing of 30 cm between plants provided higher leaf area index and firmness of flesh. The total yield was higher in the training system S3 only than the training system S1. The training systems S1 and S3 promoted higher percentage of fruit harvested in the first harvest, while the system S2 the majority of fruits were harvested at last. Thus, taking into account the characteristics evaluated, in general, in the first experiment, the better option for the producer is the performance of pruning to 2.2 m in height and 30 cm plants spacing. In the second experiment, the conduction with two stems and one fruit (S3) with spacing of 30 cm between plants, and as a simple training system, provide high productivity and quality of fruit.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas, do sistema de condução e da altura de poda de mini melancia conduzidas na vertical. O híbrido utilizado foi o Smile. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 12 de agosto a 25 de novembro de 2008, cujos tratamentos foram três alturas de poda da haste principal (1,7; 2,2 e 2,7 m) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 45 cm). O segundo experimento foi conduzido no período de 20 de outubro de 2008 a 16 de janeiro de 2009 e os tratamentos foram compostos por três sistemas de condução (S1 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal; S2 = uma haste e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste secundária e S3 = duas hastes e um fruto por planta conduzido na haste principal) e dois espaçamentos entre plantas (30 e 60 cm). No primeiro experimento o índice de área foliar, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), de ácido ascórbico, a acidez titulável (AT) e a produtividade comercial foram maiores no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. A produtividade total sofreu influência tanto da altura de poda como do espaçamento entre plantas, cujo maior valor foi obtido pela combinação da altura de poda de 2,7m e espaçamento de 30 cm. Por outro lado, foi na altura de poda de 2,2 m e espaçamento de 45 cm que ocorreu o maior valor para a relação SS/AT. A altura de poda de 1,7 m proporcionou maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na última colheita. No segundo experimento, o sistema de condução S2 no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas proporcionou maior índice de área foliar e firmeza da polpa. A produtividade total foi maior no sistema de condução S3 em relação somente ao sistema de condução S1. Os sistemas de condução S1 e S3 promoveram maior porcentagem de frutos colhidos na primeira colheita, enquanto que no sistema S2 a maior parte dos frutos foi colhida na última colheita. Dessa forma, levando-se em consideração as características avaliadas, de modo geral, no primeiro experimento, a melhor opção para o produtor é a realização da poda da haste principal a 2,2 m de altura e espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas. No segundo experimento, a condução com duas hastes e um fruto (S3) com espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas, além de constituir um sistema de condução simples, proporciona elevada produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. / Two experiments were conducted in greenhouse in order to evaluate the influence of plants spacing, the training systems and the height of pruning of main stem of mini watermelon through vertical conduction. The hybrid used was \'Smile\'. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The first experiment was carried out from August 12 to November 25, 2008. The treatments were three heights of pruning of main stem (1.7, 2.2 and 2.7 m) and two plants spacing (30 and 45 cm). The second experiment was carried out from October 20, 2008 to January 16, 2009 and the treatments consist of three training systems (S1 = one stem and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem, S2 = one stem and one fruit plant fixed in the lateral branch and S3 = two stems and one fruit per plant fixed in the main stem) and two plants spacing (30 and 60 cm). In the first experiment the leaf area index, the content of soluble solids content (SS), ascorbic acid, acidity titratable (AT) and marketable yield were higher in 30 cm plants spacing. The total yield was influenced both the height of pruning and the plants spacing, whose greatest value was obtained by the combination of height of pruning of 2.7 m and spacing of 30 cm. However, the highest value for the ratio SS/AT was observed in the pruning of 2.2 m, and spacing of 45 cm. The height of pruning of 1.7 m provided the greatest percentage of fruit harvested in the last harvest. In the second experiment, the training system S2 with spacing of 30 cm between plants provided higher leaf area index and firmness of flesh. The total yield was higher in the training system S3 only than the training system S1. The training systems S1 and S3 promoted higher percentage of fruit harvested in the first harvest, while the system S2 the majority of fruits were harvested at last. Thus, taking into account the characteristics evaluated, in general, in the first experiment, the better option for the producer is the performance of pruning to 2.2 m in height and 30 cm plants spacing. In the second experiment, the conduction with two stems and one fruit (S3) with spacing of 30 cm between plants, and as a simple training system, provide high productivity and quality of fruit.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neusa_Francisca_Michelon_Herzog_Tese.pdf: 1684844 bytes, checksum: 1dea8e85b06380395c232da8430d6092 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-08 / Pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family from Americas has been disseminated in tropical and sub-tropical regions in the globe and also largely distributed in Asiatic and African continents. This specie has its seeds as the main way of spreading itself. Generally the reproductive material (seeds and fruit) is strongly influenced by the genitor plants, by the local climatic conditions that act on the development that comprises since the pollination process, the physiological maturity of the seed, to the plantation success. Due to its importance, this research aimed to characterize the flower and fruit production of the specie in an intercropped and monocultivation system, as well as to determine the production, the physical quality of the Jatropha curcas L. seeds, in Pato Bragado city in West of Paraná state. The study assessment period took 13 months and started in December 2010. The field experiment was set in areas of intercropped with Tifton and in a monocultivation system. The emission of floral buds and the flower and fruit abortion were weekly registered computing the formed fruit and quantifying the developed seeds. The number of locules was evaluated with formed seeds in fruitage, and some aspects related to the seeds were measured such as: the weight in grams, the length and the width in centimeters. The quality tests in the seeds were: germination in sand, germination speed index and tetrazolium test. The variance was analyzed by the Sisvar program, and the statistic difference between the average were compared by the Tukey test of 5% of error probability. The monocultivation favored the productivity. Four periods of flourishing were observed and the most expressive one occurred during the August to November period. The tendency to concentrate a bigger number of female flowers was noticed since the trees got older, and the most vigorous seed were produced during August to November period / O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, é nativo das Américas, apresenta-se disseminado nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do globo e amplamente distribuído nos continentes Asiático e Africano. Esta espécie tem as sementes como principal forma de dispersão. De modo geral, sabe-se que o material reprodutivo (sementes e frutos) é bastante influenciado pelas características das plantas genitoras, pelas condições climáticas do local em que atua sobre o desenvolvimento, que compreende desde a polinização, maturidade fisiológica da semente, ao sucesso do plantio. Dada a sua importância, esta pesquisa objetivou caracterizar a produção de flores e frutos da espécie, em cultivo consorciado e monocultivo, determinar a produção, a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de Jatropha curcas L., no município de Pato Bragado no Oeste do Paraná. O período das avaliações compreendeu 13 meses, tendo início em dezembro de 2010. O experimento à campo, foi realizado em áreas de cultivo consorciado com tifton e sistema de monocultivo. Semanalmente, a emissão de botões florais e abortamento de flores e frutos, foram anotados, computando os frutos formados, abortados e quantificando as sementes desenvolvidas. Em frutos, avaliou-se o número de lóculos com sementes formadas. Mensurou-se nas sementes: massa em gramas; comprimento e largura em centímetros. Os testes de qualidade em sementes foram: germinação em areia, índice de velocidade de germinação e teste de tetrazólio. Para a análise estatística, realizou-se análise de variância pelo programa Sisvar, no caso de diferença estatística entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A monocultura favoreceu a produtividade. Foram observados quatro períodos de florescimento, sendo que o mais expressivo ocorreu no período de agosto a novembro. Houve tendência a concentrar maior número de flores femininas á medida que as árvores ficaram mais velhas. As sementes mais vigorosas, foram produzidas no período de agosto a novembro

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Adilson_Luis Bamberg.PDF: 1957992 bytes, checksum: 8dd6dcb7feee17d92477c82ec0703e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-15 / The agricultural sustainability of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in lowland soils is based on the use of different cultivation systems and cultures, needed for a more efficient red and black rice control. The effects of these systems on the soil attributes, mainly in the long run, deserve deeper studies, particularly compaction. The present work had the objective of evaluating the bulk density of an Albaqualf submitted to different cultivation systems, in 19 years of a long-term experiment, through the use of the Volumetric Ring and the Computerized Tomography Methods, and compared the results obtained with that obtained from Pedrotti (1996) at 10 years of the experiment conduction. The experiment has been conducted since 1985, in the Lowland Experimental Field of the Embrapa Clima Temperado, in a random box plot with 8 treatments and 4 replications. It was concluded that the Computerized Tomography Method allowed the identification of a soil surface sealing (0,005 a 0,02m), mainly in the T1 (one year rice with conventional tillage followed by two years of fallow), T4 (rice x soybeans (Glicine Max L.) rotation under conventional tillage), T5 (soybeans x corn (Zea maiz L.) x rice rotation under conventional tillage), and T7 (soybeans under conventional tillage x rice under no-tillage rotation), and other in the 0,08 to 0,14m layer (plow pan), in the T1, T2 (continuous rice under conventional tillage), T4 and T5 treatments, in comparison to the control treatment (T8), that was not detected by the Volumetric Ring Method. In the 0,04 to 0,08m layer, in the other hand, all treatments presented bulk density values significantly lower or similar to the control treatment, with the opposite situation in the 0,12 to 0,18m layer, except to the T6 treatment (rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and rice under no-tillage succession). The T5 treatment showed higher bulk density values along the entire studied layer (0- 0,20m), while the T6 treatment showed values closer to the control treatment. The bulk density values obtained after 19 years of the experiment conduction where systematically lower than those obtained by Pedrotti (1996) at 10 years of conduction in the same experiment. / A sustentabilidade dos solos de várzea cultivados com arroz (Oryza sativa L.) irrigado está alicerçada na utilização de diferentes sistemas de cultivo e de culturas, fundamentais para um adequado controle do arroz vermelho e preto. Os reflexos desses sistemas nos atributos do solo, principalmente ao longo do tempo merecem maiores estudos, especialmente relacionados à compactação do solo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a densidade de um Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico solódico submetido a diferentes sistemas de cultivo, obtida aos 19 anos de condução do experimento, através dos Métodos do Anel Volumétrico e da Tomografia Computadorizada, e comparar com os dados obtidos por Pedrotti (1996) aos 10 anos de condução. O experimento vem sendo conduzido desde 1985, na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas da Embrapa Clima Temperado, num experimento de blocos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Concluiu-se que o Método da Tomografia Computadorizada permitiu identificar a presença de uma camada superficial compactada (0,005 a 0,02m) nos tratamentos T1 (um ano com arroz em preparo convencional do solo seguido de dois anos de pousio), T4 (rotação de arroz x soja (Glicine Max L.) com preparo convencional do solo), T5 (rotação de arroz x soja x milho (Zea maiz L.) em preparo convencional do solo) e T7 (rotação de arroz sob plantio direto x soja sob preparo convencional do solo), e outra na camada de 0,08 a 0,14m, nos tratamentos T1, T2 (cultivo contínuo de arroz com preparo convencional do solo), T4 e T5, em relação à testemunha, o que não pôde ser detectado pelo Método do Anel Volumétrico. Na camada de 0,04 a 0,08m, por outro lado, todos os tratamentos apresentaram valores de densidade significativamente menores ou iguais em relação à testemunha, invertendo-se a situação na camada de 0,12 a 0,18m, com exceção do T6 (sucessão de azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.) x arroz sob plantio direto). O T5 apresentou os maiores valores de densidade ao longo de praticamente todo o perfil estudado (0-0,20m), enquanto que o T6 apresentou os valores mais próximos aos da testemunha. Os valores de densidade obtidos aos 19 anos de condução do experimento foram sistematicamente inferiores aos obtidos por Pedrotti (1996) aos 10 anos de condução neste mesmo experimento.

Heilpflanzen haben auf globaler Ebene stark zum Gesundheitswesen und im ländlichen Raum zur Sicherung der Lebensgrundlage beigetragen. Die stete Gewährleistung einer Versorgung mit Heilpflanzen als Rohstoff ist existenziell für die Ausschöpfung eines vollen Produktionspotenzials. Da sich die Beschaffung von Heilpflanzen jeher auf das Ernten und Wildsammeln in der freien Natur beschränkte, nehmen methodische Anbausysteme eine wichtige Rolle in der Unterstützung kommerzialisierter Einsatzzwecke ein. Dementsprechend ist die Schaffung einer lokal- basierten, systematischen Bewirtschaftung in Abstimmung mit vorhandenen Produktionssystemen und lokalen Akteurinnen und Akteuren dringend erforderlich. Unter Bezugnahme auf die Fallstudie ‚Java Island‘ wird sich diese Arbeit folgend mit den derzeitigen Nutzungstypen hiesiger Heilpflanzen und einer möglichen Transformation deren Herstellungsprozesses befassen sowie die lokalen Rahmenbedingungen für eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung und Produktion von Heilpflanzen in Java auswerten. Dieses drei Ebenen umfassende Multiple-Case-Study-Design wird hierbei zunächst Java Island (erste Ebene, Hauptcase), dann eine Kontextualisierung des Ernte- und Wildsammelystems in freier Natur sowie eines gezielten Anbausystems (zweite Ebene) und schließlich die Schaffung kommerzieller Produktionssysteme (dritte Ebene und individueller Case) zur Erkenntnisfindung einbeziehen. Dabei wird ein Hybridmodell aus dem socioecological-coevolution system und der participatory diagnostic investigation angewandt um die Vernetzung zwischen Heilpflanzen als Rohstoff und lokalen Akteurinnen und Akteuren und deren Produktionssystem zu untersuchen. In Verwendung eines qualitativen und quantitativen Mischverfahrens werden so (1) asiatisch-stämmige Heilpflanzen begutachtet, (2) die finanzielle Leistungsfähigkeit dreier Produktionssysteme analysiert, (3) ein Befund zu lokalen Produktions bedürfnissen erstellt sowie (4) ein Vorschlag zur Schaffung einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung solcher Produktionssysteme erstellt. Nach eingehender Auswertung der Forschungsliteratur zeigen sich dabei drei ausschlaggebende Schwerpunkte in der nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung asiatisch- stämmiger Heilpflanzen; speziell deren Kommerzialisierungs- und Produktionspotenzial, deren Nutzungstyp, sowie institutionelle Aspekte. Hierbei stellt sich in den zwei primär vorhandenen Produktionssystemen ein schrittweiser Übergang heraus vom Ernten und Wildsammeln in der Natur hin zum methodischen Anbausystem. Entsprechend lässt sich der Trend erkennen, dass Heilpflanzen in Südasien vorwiegend Verwendung in der medizinischen Versorgung der lokalen Bevölkerung und kulturell-traditioneller Medizin finden, während Südostasien und China vor allem auf deren Kommerzialisierung setzen. Betrachtet man die institutionellen Aspekte, ergeben sich für die Verwendung von Heilpflanzen eine Kluft in aktuellen Bestimmungen und deren praktischen Anwendung, welche der Vereinheitlichung auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene bedürfen. Eine zukünftige Bewirtschaftung asiatisch-stämmiger Heilpflanzen muss daher eine Beziehung herstellen zwischen ihrer Produktionsleistung, möglichen Absatzmärkten, relevanten Interessensvertreterinnen und -vertretern sowie dem lokalen Potenzial und Bedürfnissen. In dieser Arbeit wird entsprechend einer Analyse dreier Produktionssysteme angestellt, um deren Leistungsfähigkeit und Durchführbarkeit zu bewerten. Angewandt wurde hierbei das Input-Process-Output Modell, um den Transformationsprozess eines Inputfaktors auf drei Outputfaktoren verständlich zu machen: verbesserter Zugang zu Waldgebieten, finanzielle Leistungsindikatoren, und geerntete Rohstoffe. So zeigt sich auf Mikro-, sprich Haushalts-, ebene unter finanziellen Aspekten eine größere Attraktivität für das Ernten und Wildsammeln in der Natur, während auf Makro-, sprich wirtschaftlicher, ebene methodische Anbausysteme finanziell besser abschneiden. Basierend auf der Bewertung der finanziellen Leistungen der drei behandelten Produktionssysteme werden partizipative Diagnose- und Dialogmethoden herangezogen, um lokale Bedürfnisse und Interessen besser verstehen und dabei helfen zu können, nachhaltige Produktionssystem zu erschaffen. Die in der Arbeit gefundenen Ergebnisse geben Auskunft über die Erkennung von systemischen Problemen, sichere und schädliche Verfahren, Wünsche und Ziele für die zukünftige Entwicklung, Wege zur kooperativen Umsetzung, zu priorisierende Pflanzenarten und über institutionelle Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten. Entsprechend werden mögliche Prioritätensetzungen aufgezeigt, durch welche die Leistung von möglichen Produktionssystemen gesteigert werden kann. Unter der Bedingung von langzeitlich ausgerichteter Unterstützung wird eine Vereinigung von Interessensvertretern und Interessensvertreterinnen unterbreitet, um, uneingeschränkt demokratisch und in Zusammenarbeit zwischen relevanten Akteurinnen und Akteuren, der Gewährleistung von Lokalinteressen und -bedürfnissen Rechnung zu tragen. In einer gegenüberstellenden Analyse der drei besprochenen Produktions systeme werden deren jeweilige Eigenschaften verdeutlicht. Wildsammeln im Naturwald des Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP) stellte sich als ökologisch vertretbar heraus, zumal klare Zutrittsbeschränkungen und eine weiterführende Diskussion dennoch vonnöten bleiben. Die Priorität sollte dabei der Fokus auf dem Anbau vielversprechender Pflanzenarten und auf finanzieller Unterstützung sein. Wildsammeln, welches an der Pufferzone des MBNP auftritt, wendet dabei das Konzept der Agroforstwirtschaft an, was eine Vielzahl an örtlich angesiedelten Heilpflanzen umfasst. Hierbei ist eine Co- Working-Initiative zwischen für das Gebiet Zuständigen und den Wildsammlerinnen und Wildsammlern dringend notwendig, um sich auf gebietliche Zugangsbeschränkung, Produktionsverwaltung und die Verhinderung von Ressourcenabbau zu einigen. Für zukünftige Verbesserungsmaßnahmen könnten weiterhin die Produktionsqualität, Anbautechnologien und der Zugang zu zusätzlichen Finanzquellen in Erwägung gezogen werden. Vertragsbauermodelle, sogenannte Outgrower Production, werden dabei auf privat bewirtschaftetem Land für intensive Bebauung angewandt. Die auf diesen Nutzflächen vorwiegend vorhandene Kombination aus Kräutern und Büschen wird in Weiterverarbeitungsprozessen nach der Ernte getrocknet. Der möglichen Langzeitkooperation mit Heilpflanzenproduktionsfirmen geschuldet liegen die größten Herausforderungen in der Gewährleistung von Quantität und Qualität des Produktes, der angemessenen Bepreisung sowie in den Lagerkapazitäten der angestellten Vertragsbauern und Vertragsbäuerinnen. Verantwortliche fürs Ansammeln, Farmen und Vertragsbäuerinnen und Vertragsbauern gleichermaßen empfinden dabei, dass Heilpflanzen zu ihrem Lebensunterhalt bedeutend beitragen. In Bezug auf die Leistungsfähigkeit benötigen die drei besprochenen Produktionssysteme Verbesserungen in den folgenden Aspekten: die Initiative und Bereitwilligkeit lokaler Akteurinnen und Akteure, Zugänge zum Markt und die Implementierung von Sammel- und Anbautechnologien. Kurzum stellt sich Wildsammeln als geeignet für eine kurzfristige Gewährleistung des Lebensunterhaltes, während gezielt forstliche Farmstrukturen schon von geringer Skala dazu beitragen können, den lokalen Unternehmensgeist und die Kommerzialisierung auf regionaler Ebene kurz- bis mittelfristig zu verbessern. Das Vertragsbauermodell zeigt hierbei großes Potential auf, Einzug in den globalen Markt und zukünftige Exportstrukturen zu halten. Insgesamt ergibt sich in der Gegenüberstellung vom Wildsammeln zum Anbausystem vor dem Hintergrund natürlicher Nutzungsflächen in Wald- und Ackergebieten eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen Konservation bestehender Strukturen und deren Weiterentwicklung. Ein System basierend auf natürlichen Ressourcen zusammen mit einem System basierend auf sozialer Teilhabe können eine wichtige Treibkraft in der Bewirtschaftung von Heilpflanzen im Produktionssystem sein. Diese Arbeit schafft ein tiefergehendes Verständnis für die Verbindung der Transformation von Produktionssystemen, der Leistungsfähigkeit solcher und von Diagnose- und Dialogmethoden anhand von Java. Demnach ergibt sich, dass zukünftige Planungen der genauen und ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der nachhaltigen Nutzung verschiedenster Heilpflanzen bedürfen, wobei die systemische Verbindung von Mensch und Natur nicht außer Acht gelassen werden darf. Helfen können und sollen dabei Expertengremien und Partizipations- und Kollaborationsplattformen. Folglich tragen die vorgestellten Untersuchungsergebnisse dazu bei, den Prozess zum sozialen Wandel von sozio-ökologischen Koevolutionssystemen und partizipatorischen Plattformen hin zu einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung und Produktion von Heilpflanzen kurz-, mittel- und langfristig anzustoßen.:TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of Conformity ............................................................................................4 Dedication....................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................................8 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................... 11 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... 15 List of Figures ........................................................................................................... 19 List of Tables.............................................................................................................. 20 Acronym.................................................................................................................... 21 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 22 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................... 22 1.2 Research Problems and Justification.................................................................. 25 1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................................... 28 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 28 1.5 Structure of the Dissertation................................................................................ 29 2. CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL ORIENTATION ........................................................ 30 2.1 A Socioecological Co-evolution System and Participatory Approaches in Medicinal Plants Production Systems Management................................................. 30 2.1.1 Medicinal plants and their ecosystem as natural resource base......................30 2.1.2 Performance of medicinal plants production systems .................................... 31 2.1.3 Participatory Diagnostic Investigation ............................................................. 32 2.1.4 A multistakehoder platform: Avenue to design a plan for sustainable management of the production systems............................................... 33 3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................36 3.1 Conceptual Framework....................................................................................... 36 3.2 Research Design................................................................................................. 42 3.2.1 Multiple case study design............................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Narrative analysis .............................................................................................43 3.3 Study Site ........................................................................................................... 45 3.4 Data Collection ................................................................................................... 46 3.4.1 Stratified sampling and sampling strategy....................................................... 46 3.4.2 Data collection stages ..................................................................................... 47 3.4.3 Data collection methods.................................................................................. 49 3.5 Data Analysis...................................................................................................... 54 3.5.1 Comprehensive approach on literature review................................................. 54 3.5.2 Financial performance and management practices assessment..................... 54 3.5.3 Participatory Diagnostic Investigation as the gateway to the assesment of local needs ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.6 Ethical Research Considerations......................................................................... 56 4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ........................................................................................ 57 4.1 Paper I: Asian Medicinal Plants' Production and Utilization Potentials:A Review 58 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 58 1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 59 2. Material and methods............................................................................................ 61 3. Results.................................................................................................................... 63 4. Discussion.............................................................................................................. 77 5. Conclusions............................................................................................................ 82 4.2 Paper II: Medicinal Plants Production Systems in Rural Indonesia: Management Practices and Performance Insights..107 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 107 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................108 2. Analytical approach..............................................................................................111 3. Methodology..........................................................................................................114 4. Results .................................................................................................................124 5.Discussion.............................................................................................................137 6.Conclusion.............................................................................................................142 4.3 Paper III: Management of Medicinal Plants' Production Systems in rural Java, Indonesia: Views of Local Actors from PRA Approach....163 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 163 1.Introduction...........................................................................................................164 2. Material and methods...........................................................................................168 3. Results..................................................................................................................173 4. Discussion............................................................................................................183 5. Conclusion............................................................................................................191 CHAPTER 5: CONTRASTING ANALYSIS OF THREE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS... 207 5.1 Synthesis of The Key Finding ........................................................................... 207 5.1.1 Asian Medicinal Plants: The State of The Art................................................. 207 5.1.2 Financial Performance of Medicinal Plants Production Systems ................. 209 5.1.3 Participatory Diagnosis Investigation on Production Systems Management .......................................................................................................... 211 5.2 Contrasting Analysis of Three Production Systems in Developing A Plan for The Sustainable Management .......................................................................... 213 5.2.1 Case I-Forest Gathering................................................................................. 215 5.2.2 Case II-Forest Farming................................................................................... 219 5.2.3 Case III-Farm-based Outgrower Production.................................................. 223 5.2.4 Reflection on Conservation and Development Concepts to Support Sustainable Management of Medicinal Plants Production Systems...........227 6. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS............................................................................ 233 6.1 Analytical Generalization and Research Contributions to Theoretical Aspect .................................................................................................................... 233 6.1.1 Analytical Generalization ............................................................................... 233 6.1.2 Research Contributions to Theoretical Aspect .............................................. 233 6.2 The Critical Lens on Methodology..................................................................... 235 6.3 Future Option for Policy Interventions .............................................................. 236 6.3.1 Experts Desktop Plan......................................................................................237 6.3.2 Participative Innovation Platforms ................................................................. 241 6.4 Lesson Learned and A Way Forward ............................................................... 242 References 246 Appendices 265 A List of questionnaires 270 B Discerned role of the importance of medicinal plants in supporting livelihood 289 C Forest extraction area at Meru Betiri National Park 290 D Fieldwork in pictures 291

Zur Einschätzungen und Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit der gegenwärtigen Gemüseproduktion im Roten-Fluss-Delta, Vietnam, erfolgten empirische Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung und Bewertung eines Nachhaltigkeitsindex unter Nutzung verschiedener Lösungsansätze. Die Analysen und Einschätzungen wurden aus ökologischer ökonomischer und sozialer Sicht vorgenommen. Die erfassten Daten wurden unter Nutzung von zwei Methoden ausgewertet, der Mehr-Kriterien-Bewertungsmethode Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) und der Fuzzy Bewertungsmethode. In Workshops wurden mit den Farmern Präferenzen als Element der AHP, zu den Kriterien die Ausdruck der Nachhaltigkeit sind, erarbeitet. Es wurde herausgearbeitet, dass im ländlichen Raum, die Gemüseproduktion nachhaltig ist, im Peri-urbanen Raum wurde eine geringe Nachhaltigkeit ermittelt und im urbanen Raum keine Nachhaltigkeit. Im Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit wurde herausgearbeitet, dass für einen nachhaltigen Gemüse-Anbau im Roten-Fluss-Delta, die Farmer ihr Kontrollsystem und System der Nachverfolgbarkeit verbessern müssen. Gleichermaßen ist es erforderlich die sozialen Bedingungen so zu gestalten, das die Prinzipien der‚ Guten Landwirtschaftlichen Praxis‘ greifen. Im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeit konnte gleichfalls eine Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit unter Nutzung der Fuzzy Methode erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Diese Ergebnisse sind geeignet, sowohl den Farmern, als auch den politischen Entscheidungsträgern, die geeigneten Werkzeuge für die Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Gemüse Kultivierung in der Zukunft zu geben. / This study is empirical research by applying different sustainability assessment approaches to evaluate and to compare the sustainability index of the existing vegetable cultivation systems in the Red River Delta - the largest vegetable production land area of Vietnam in terms of environment, economic and social dimensions. In addition, this study also incorporated farmers'' perceptions as well as their preferences into the weight of criteria by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in multi-criteria evaluation method, and rules formed in fuzzy evaluation method. The results from the sustainability assessment for the vegetable cultivation systems show that in the rural area, the sustainability are acceptable whereas in the peri-urban area are only conditionally acceptable, and in the urban area are not sustainable. The results from this study indicate that, to achieve sustainable vegetable cultivation systems in the Red River Delta in Vietnam, the farmers need improved internal controls and tracing systems as well as strict social control in order to implement good agricultural practices guidelines. This study result also shows that the sustainability assessment by fuzzy evaluation approach appears to be well suited to provide quantitative answers pertaining to sustainability that can help policy maker in choosing the tool for sustainability assessment in the future.

[ES] El cultivo del olivo es uno de los más representativos de la agricultura mediterránea, tanto por tradición, como por superficie y producción. Pese a ello vive una evolución continua en cuanto al diseño agronómico y las técnicas de cultivo, siendo cada vez mayor el número de explotaciones que se encuentran en formato intensivo o súper-intensivo, estrechando marcos de plantación, proporcionando riego y fertilización a la planta y mecanizando técnicas de cultivo como la poda y la recolección, todo ello con el objetivo de reducir los costes de las explotaciones y obtener mayores rendimientos, mejorando la calidad. Con este trabajo se ha estudiado la mejora en la producción y la calidad de los aceites obtenidos de la misma haciendo uso de una fertilización basada en productos bioestimulantes, los cuales proporcionan a las plantas los nutrientes necesarios para su adecuado desarrollo a partir de compuestos más respetuosos con el medio ambiente, consiguiendo con ello satisfacer las cada vez más estrictas exigencias de los consumidores que además de demandar un producto de alta calidad organoléptica, precisan que éste haya sido cultivado y elaborado de la forma más natural posible. Por otro lado, también se estudió el efecto de productos estimulantes de la raíz en planta de vivero, consiguiéndose de este modo evaluar si se consigue acelerar el desarrollo de las mismas con el fin de acortar plazos en vivero y una mejor adaptación al medio. Para estudiar estos parámetros se han desarrollado cuatro ensayos diferentes. En el primero se ha estudiado la influencia de los bioestimulantes en planta de vivero, con el segundo se estudió la influencia de los bioestimulantes en un cultivo en condiciones de campo, en el tercer ensayo se ha evaluado la influencia del empleo de bioestimulantes en los parámetros de calidad en un olivar intensivo comparando dos cultivares diferentes y con el cuarto ensayo se realizó la caracterización colorimétrica de los aceites obtenidos de los principales cultivares en estudio. De forma general con esta tesis se ha demostrado que se puede producir de forma más respetuosa mediante el uso de bioestimulantes, mejorando los niveles de producción y manteniendo la calidad de los aceites obtenidos, tanto organoléptica como colorimétricamente. / [CA] El cultiu de l'olivera és un dels més representatius de l'agricultura mediterrània, tant per tradició com per superficie i producción. Tot i això viu una evolució contínua en quan al disseny agronòmic i les tècniques de cultiu, essent cada vegada més gran el nombre d'explotacions que es troben en format intensiu o súper-intensiu, estrenyent marcs de plantació, proporcionant reg i fertilització a la planta, a la vegada que mecaniza les técniques de cultiu com pot ser la poda i la recol·lecció, tot això, amb l'objectiu de reduir els costos de les explotacions i obtener més rendiments, millorant la qualitat. Mitjançant aquest treball s'ha estudiat la millora en la producció i la qualitat dels olis obtinguts fent ús d'una fertilizació basada en productes bioestimulants, els quals proporcionen a les plantes els nutrients necessaris per al seu adequat desenvolupament a partir de compostos més respectuosos amb el medi ambient, aconseguint amb això satisfer-les cada vegada més estrictes exigències dels consumidors que a més de demandar un producte d'alta qualitat organoléptica, necessiten que aquest hagi estat cultivat i elaborat de la manera més natural posible. D'altra banda, també es va estudiar l'efecte de productes estimulants de l'arrel en planta de viver, aconseguint així avaluar si s'aconseguix acelerar-ne el desenvolupament per tal d'escurçar terminis en viver i una millor adaptació al medi. Per estudiar aquest paràmetres, s'ha desenvolupat quatre assajos diferents. Al primer s'ha estudiat la influencia dels bioestimulants en planta de viver, amb el segon es va estudiar la influencia dels bioestimulants en un cultiu en condicions de camp, al tercer assaig s'ha avaluat la influencia de l'ùs de bioestimulants als paràmetres de qualitat en un oliverar intensiu comparant dos cultivars diferents i amb el quart assaig es va realizar la caracterització colorimétrica dels olis obtinguts dels principals cultivars en estudi. De forma general, amb aquesta tesi s'ha demostrat que es pot produir de manera més respectuosa mitjançant l'ús de bioestimulants, millorant els nivells de producción i mantenint la qualitat dels olis obtinguts, tant organolèpticament com colorimètricament. / [EN] The cultivation of the olive tree is one of the most representative of Mediterranean agriculture, both in terms of tradition, surface area and production. Despite this, there is a continuous evolution in terms of agronomic design and cultivation techniques, with an increasing number of farms that are in intensive or super-intensive format, narrowing plantation frameworks, providing irrigation and fertilization to the plant and mechanizing cultivation techniques such as pruning and harvesting, all with the aim of reducing farm costs and obtaining higher yields, improving quality. With this work, the improvement in the production and quality of the oils obtained from it has been studied using fertilization based on biostimulant products, which provide the plants with the necessary nutrients for their proper development from more respectful compounds with the environment, thereby managing to satisfy the increasingly strict demands of consumers who, in addition to demanding a product of high organoleptic quality, require that it has been grown and produced in the most natural way possible. On the other hand, the effect of root- stimulating products on nursery plants was also studied, thus continuing to evaluate whether their development can be accelerated in order to shorten periods in the nursery and better adapt to the environment. To study these parameters, four different trials have been developed. In the first, the influence of biostimulants on nursery plants was studied; in the second, the influence of biostimulants on a crop under field conditions was studied; in the third trial, the influence of the use of biostimulants on the parameters was evaluated. quality in an intensive olive grove comparing two different cultivars and with the fourth trial the colorimetric characterization of the oils obtained from the main cultivars under study was carried out. In general, this thesis has shown that it can be produced in a more respectful way through the use of biostimulants, improving production levels and maintaining the quality of the oils obtained, both organoleptic and colorimetrically. / This work was funded by Project AICO/2017/047. Development of methods of quantification of riparian vegetation biomass for the management of channels of the Comunitat Valenciana. Dirección General de Universidades. Generalitat Valenciana (Spain). / Hernández Hernández, GJ. (2024). Inducción del desarrollo de raíces y mejora de la producción en olivo (Olea europaea L) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/214341