Nos recherches ont porté sur l'étude des différences de prononciation pouvant exister pour certains phonèmes arabes, dans deux parler, urbain et bédouin, en fonction des intervenants évoluant au sein d'un espace social particulier, la diwaniyya, au Koweït. La diwaniyya est un espace réservé propre à la structure sociale koweïtienne. Elle regroupe une salle principale aménagée pour la réception des invités. L'atmosphère qui y règne est semblable à celle des clubs sociaux, cercles culturels et littéraires et salons politiques. Notre problématique, ancrée dans le champ sociolinguistique, explore l'impact d'une variable extralinguistique, ici un lieu de rencontre qui est la diwaniyya, sur les productions langagières des sujets qui la fréquentent et sur les éventuelles influences qu'exercent les sujets les uns sur les autres au sein de cette structure sociale. Nous nous posons également la question de savoir comment se manifeste concrètement cette influence et si le chef de la diwaniyya, au centre du réseau social, exerce une emprise sur ses frères et ses amis, en agissant sur leur façon de parler. Nous avons principalement eu recours aux travaux de Labov ainsi que ceux de Milroy et de Gordon. Nous représentons les relations existant entre les personnes constituant le réseau en nous inspirant des schémas établis par Milroy et Gordon et de la notion de réseau "dense" et de réseau "lâche". L'intérêt de ce travail de recherche est donc d'analyser la réalisation de phénomènes choisis selon les locuteurs et de quelle façon celle-ci peut varier en fonction des membres appartenant à un groupe social donné. En outre, le paramètre à l'origine bédouine ou urbaine des locuteurs est prise en compte et analysée dans le cadre d'une étude phonétique et phonologique, en vue d’expliquer certaines variations des phénomènes cités. / Our research focuses on the study of differences occuring in the pronunciation of certain Arab phonemes in Urban and Bedouin dialects, depending on the speakersand operating within a particular social space, the diwaniyya in Kuwait. The diwaniyya is particular to the Kuwaiti social structure. This space includes a main hall equipped for the reception of guests. The atmosphere that prevails is similar to that social clubs, cultural and literacy circles and political salons. Our problematic is rooted in the field of sociolinguistics. It explores the impact of extra linguistic variables - i.e. the diwaniyya as a meeting place - on the language productions of the speakers as well as the possible influences of each others' within this social structure. We also analyze the way this influence occurs concretely and wether the chief of the diwaniyya, as the center of the social network, exercices control over his brothers and friends, thus influencing their way of speaking. We mainly had recourse to the work of Labov and those of Milroy and Gordon. We represent the relationships between the persons in the network with established diagrams inspired by Milroy and Gordon and the concept of "dense" and "loose" networks. The interest of this research is to analyze the realization of chosen phonemes according to the speakers and the way this realization can vary according to members belonging to a particular social group. In addition, the parameter of the Bedouin or urabn origin of speakers has to be taken into account and analyzed in the frame of a phonetical and phonological study, in order to explain the variations of some of the phonemes.

This diploma thesis deals with electronic form of the language of young people on social networks. Based on a more than three-year monitoring of events on social networks, the typical and specific features of communication of the youth in new media are examined and analyzed in the thesis. The first part introduces the reader especially the issues of application and changes of the language under the impact of new media; the second part focuses more on problems of social networks - it brings their definitions, deals about their origin and importance. The third and most extensive part consists of an analysis of the language of the youth on social networks, substantiated with concrete selections. The final chapter is made up by a questionnaire proving how the language on social networks is reflected by its users among young people.

This master thesis aims to map the behavioral patterns of Facebook usage and the dependence of these patterns on the users' characteristics. This thesis had the goal to generate hypothesis about peoples' behavior on Facebook - what information, where and why people look for and what information, with whom and why they share. In other words, to describe "the life on Facebook" and to contribute to expanding the knowledge about Facebook's social role, its deeper theoretical reflection and to anchor Facebook more solidly into the system of media theories. In the first theoretical part I have characterized and defined Facebook, sketched its history and development, briefly summarized the studies concerned with Facebook and as well described the contemporary media studies theoretical approach to Facebook. The research itself was carried out through the series of qualitative interviews with Facebook users. Based on this data analysis I have formulated various hypotheses about peoples' behavior on Facebook, about the regularities in the way people share and search for information on Facebook. These hypotheses should serve as a basis and foundations of the subsequent quantitative research.

This diploma thesis deals with personal data protection of data subjects, i.e. natural persons to whom the data refer, in social networks in relation to possibilities of personal data liquidation, i.e. their permanent deletion both from physical data carrier and controller's database, or processor, and from the Internet. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate current law, to show its imperfections, and to present European Commission's regulation proposal that should solve these imperfections. The first chapter of this thesis focuses on privacy law, development of personal data protection, basic legal principles of their protection, necessary terminology of personal data protection, conception and development of social networks, and question of privacy in social networks. This foundation is followed by an extensive chapter on legal framework of protection which comprises the core of this diploma thesis. The chapter legal framework of protection is formed by problems of territoriality and applicable law, legal relationship of social network service provider and user, and predominantly by data liquidation and legal means of protection. The second chapter concentrates on preparation of new law on the EU level, which should harmonise personal data protection laws in all EU member states, and is to...

Doctor of Philosophy / Security Studies / David Graff / How does the social network structure of China’s Central Committee influence the direction and timing of intra-Party events, domestic policies, and foreign policies? How do changes in network structures explain specific patterns and propensities for policy change? The purpose of this study is to describe the social network structure of the Chinese Communist Party’s Central Committee from 1922 to 2011 and to explore the relationship between changes in the network and policy trends. This study draws on policy network theory, network dynamics, Veto Player Theory and Prospect Theory which together posit that dynamic network structural characteristics influence policy outcomes. I introduce a dynamical theory of policy networks and describe some observable implications. This mixed method analysis is based on a new network dataset and follows two major lines of investigation. A structured, focused comparison of case studies associates changes in the Central Committee’s network structure in 1969, 1978, 1982, and 1997 with consequent policy outcomes and demonstrates the explanatory power of the dynamical theory. Statistical analyses of China’s foreign policies (1949-1978 and 1984-1995) and China’s domestic policies (1984-1995) suggest the dynamical theory is generalizable. Changes in paramount leader and potential competitor centralities and Central Committee centralization are important causal factors explaining the timing and type of intra-Party, domestic, and foreign policies.

The thesis deals with development of social networks, their characteristics and characteristics of users from global and regional point of view. The main part of the thesis is concerning social media marketing. It describes and analyzes current situation in social media marketing between firms and the most important aspects of brand strategies within social media. Finally, the thesis shows the aspects on examples of the most successful brands in social media marketing.

A presente tese apresenta, discute e avalia criticamente o conteúdo e o contributo de uma seleção de trabalhos de pesquisa submetidos ou publicados em revistas internacionais no campo das ciências do esporte. Coletivamente, esses trabalhos contribuem para o campo da análise de jogo em jogadores jovens e adultos de futebol, com implicações para aperfeiçoar a avaliação e o treinamento. As pesquisas foram em parte moldadas pela experiência do autor na prática profissional e acadêmica, mas principalmente impulsionada por necessidades emergentes identificadas durante os anos de atuação prática e em parceria com profissionais atuantes em clubes de futebol. Um total de duas revisões sistemáticas (apresentadas na presente tese como introdução ao campo de estudo), sendo uma metaanálise, e três estudos de campo revisados por pares estão incluídos. Esta tese apresenta criticamente resultados e discussões sobre dois principais fluxos: (i) validação de testes físicos em ambiente de jogo, de acordo com as características gerais e exigências específicas das partidas; (ii) análise dos fatores contextuais e posicionais que afetam potencialmente o desempenho no futebol. Os trabalhos de pesquisa são apresentados em uma sequência conceitual dentro dos dois temas, em vez de uma ordem estritamente cronológica, para demonstrar a coerência e a sinergia dentro dos dois fluxos. Esta tese fornece uma reflexão crítica sobre a contribuição geral para o corpo atual de conhecimento científico e o impacto coletivo dos trabalhos que foi alcançado. As limitações dos estudos encontradas no decorrer do trabalho são discutidas como temas atuais, possibilitando um direcionamento para futuras pesquisas. Por fim, todo conhecimento produzido foi traduzido em forma de um e-book para maior acesso por diferentes recursos humanos / This thesis presents, discusses and critically evaluates the content and the contribution of a selection of research papers submitted or published to international peer-reviewed sports science journals. Collectively, these papers make novel insights to the field of match analysis in young and adults\' soccer players, with implications for improving assessment and training. The researches were partly shaped by the authors\' experience in professional and academic practice, but mainly driven by emerging and evolving needs-analyses identified within his work, identified during the years of practice and in partnership with professionals working in soccer teams. A total of two systematic reviews (presented in this document as an introduction to the field of study), one of them being a metaanalysis, and three original articles are included. These papers present critically comments on work in two main streams: (i) validation of physical fitness tests in a game context, according to general characteristics and specific requirements of the match; (ii) analysis of contextual and positional factors that potentially affect the soccer performance. The original research papers are presented in a conceptual sequence within the two themes, rather than a strictly chronological order to demonstrate coherence and synergy within the two collections. The document provides critical reflection on the general contribution to the current body of scientific knowledge and the collective impact of the work that has been achieved. The limitations of the studies found during the course of the work are discussed as current themes, allowing a direction for future research. Finally, all scientific knowledge produced was translated into an e-book for greater access by different human recourses

In 2011, Oregon was one of many states in the U.S. consolidating their education governance around an early learning, K-12, and postsecondary hub. This study uses legislator-voting data to investigate the relationship between this consolidated model and endogenous policy formulation processes. This study employs a separable temporal exponential random graph model (STERGM) to investigate how an education governance shift toward consolidated authority relates to bipartisan outcomes for education-related bills over time. Oregon legislator voting networks were analyzed for cohesion, centrality, and community detection measures, as well as by legislator attributes (e.g. gender, party, and title) to test the association they had on the likelihood of forming ties with other legislators. Finally, to study the relationship of bipartisanship with legislators’ likelihood to vote commonly, I added the legislators’ political party attributes within dyads to analyze the association that having different political parties had on legislators’ common votes. The results highlight evidence of legislator networks that were very dense at each time point included in the study, with a high likelihood of forming ties. However, when Oregon shifted to centralized education governance model their legislator networks became more distributed and cohesive when compared to other years included in the longitudinal study. It is possible that such a shift prompted collaboration among legislators resulting in mutuality that increased the likelihood for underrepresented groups of legislators (e.g. females and republicans) to vote commonly with their colleagues. Aligned with previous research, this study found that centralized governing bodies reinforced by political legislation provided collaborative initiatives for the legislative community. Attending to bipartisan voting patterns dynamically through a governance shift is a valuable investigation that will provide nuanced inferences about education governance and policymaking for states making similar consolidated governance shifts in the future.

Crime prevention Prevention specifics of cybercrime on social networks Abstract (EN): Criminality is the most serious social problem, and therefore it is necessary to prevent the crime and not merely punish it. Crime prevention aims at creating a better standard of human life in all its aspects with eliminating undesirable phenomena in society. Criminality adapts to the evolution of the society. The most dynamically developing form of crime is cybercrime. The subject of this thesis is to compile an up-to-date picture of crime prevention predominantly focusing on cybercrime. The thesis is conceptually divided into two parts, the first deals with crime and its prevention in general, while the other focuses on the specifics of cybercrime. The first part of the thesis briefly defines the relevant terms such as criminality, criminalization and decriminalization, criminogenic factors, relapse, criminology, penology, victimology, crime control, repression and prevention. It also systematizes crime prevention and focuses on the classification via the content or the target (social, situational and victimological), and via the addressees as well (primary, secondary and tertiary). It further notes the current focus of crime prevention, referring in particular to the Doha Declaration and other outcomes of the 13th...

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma leitura psicanalítica a respeito do fenômeno contemporâneo da automutilação. A questão que conduziu nossa pesquisa foi a busca pela compreensão acerca da função que os cortes e ferimentos autoinfligidos assumem no que diz respeito ao âmbito do funcionamento psíquico do sujeito. Nossa hipótese inicial era de que o recurso ao ato, na automutilação, consistiria em uma defesa contra a emergência do excesso pulsional traumático. As considerações teóricas de Freud a respeito das neuroses atuais indicaram a existência de um aspecto essencial relacionado ao excesso pulsional: a insuficiência da conexão psíquica, a qual estaria articulada, por sua vez, ao plano do narcisismo. Com isto, introduzimos a dimensão alteritária a fim de compreendermos o processo de constituição do Eu na obra freudiana e a importância da intersubjetividade na teoria do amadurecimento de D. W. Winnicott. Além disso, o fato de que a automutilação tem como objeto o próprio corpo - e, na maior parte dos casos, a pele - indicou a necessidade de uma discussão a respeito destes elementos a partir do referencial teórico da psicanálise. De modo geral, foi possível observar que o fenômeno da automutilação se articula à clínica das configurações narcísicas, marcadas por uma fragilidade decorrente de determinadas especificidades da relação entre o bebê e o objeto primário. Sendo a obra de André Green essencial para esta teorização, utilizamos suas contribuições a respeito do complexo da mãe morta e do trabalho do negativo. Concluímos, a partir destas considerações, que a automutilação assume uma função defensiva contra o sofrimento psíquico do sujeito e, em um sentido mais radical, contra a própria morte psíquica. Além disso, acreditamos que o recurso ao ato também possui, nestes casos, uma dimensão comunicativa, sendo a forma encontrada pelo sujeito para pedir ajuda a partir da convocação ao olhar do outro. Por fim, buscamos compreender qual seria a potência da psicanálise diante deste fenômeno, tendo em vista a importância do reconhecimento do sofrimento destes sujeitos. A fim de ilustrar os recortes teóricos efetuados, também foi proposta uma articulação com materiais extraídos da rede social Tumblr / The present work aims to develop a psychoanalytic reading about the contemporary phenomenon of self - mutilation. The question that led to our research was the pursuit to understand the function that cuts and self-inflicted injuries assume in relation with the psychic functioning of the subject. Our initial hypothesis was that the act of self-mutilation as a resource would consist in a defense against the instinctual excess. Freud\'s theoretical considerations regarding the actual neuroses have indicated the existence of an essential aspect related to the instinctual excess: the insufficiency of the psychic connection, which would be articulated to the level of narcissism. In face of that, we introduce the dimension of alterity in order to understand the process of constitution of the Ego in Freudian theory and the importance of the intersubjectivity in D. Winnicott\'s theory of maturation. In addition, the fact that self-mutilation has the body itself as its object - and, in most cases, the skin - has indicated the need for a discussion about these elements from the theoretical frame of psychoanalysis. Overall, it was possible to observe that the phenomenon of self-mutilation is articulated to the narcissistic constitutions clinical, arranged by a fragility concerning certain specificities of the relationship between the baby and the primary object. Since André Green\'s work is essential for this theorization, we use his contributions about the complex of the dead mother and the work of the negative. We have reached the conclusion that self-mutilation assumes a defensive function against the psychic suffering of the subject and, in a radical sense, against psychic death. Furthermore, we believe that the act as a resource also has a communicative dimension, especially in these cases, when it might be a form that was found by the subject to ask for help from the desire of being really seen. Finally, we try to understand the potencial of psychoanalysis face of this phenomenon, given the importance of recognizing the suffering of these subjects. In order to illustrate the theoretical considerations, we also proposed a link with materials from the online social network Tumblr