This book is a timely study of peacebuilding in war-torn societies. Its purpose is to encourage policy makers and practitioners (in government, intergovernmental organizations, and international and local NGOs) to understand and reflect on processes designed to promote social stability and peace. Through an examination of themes and case studies, it offers conceptual analysis of interest to theorists and practitioners alike.

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The Communist Party of China CCP) controls all political, economic, and military issues in China. In the absence of elections, the only route of recruitment at higher levels of the political hierarchy in the Party is an official promotion. The scholarship on promotions offers two main explanations for advancement inside the Communist Party of China: (i) informal connections between high officials and candidates, and (ii) merit of candidates. This scholarship disregards, however, the importance of achievement of political targets by the candidates, specifically, their ability to deliver social stability. Like every authoritarian regime, the CCP faces threats from the masses over which the elites rule. Reducing social mobilization is a key component of the CCP’s rule. In the past decade, labor strikes have become offensive in nature with workers demanding better conditions and espousing democratic values, thus challenging the Party’s dominant position in Chinese society. In order to minimize collective activities of Chinese citizens, provincial officials use censorship of the media, including posts on the social media websites, threats of job termination, as well as threats of deportation from urban areas. For that reason, those provincial officials who minimize the number of labor protests increase their chance of promotion to the Politburo. Furthermore, avoiding unrest should matter more for the promotion of party secretaries than governors, whose domain is economic growth. To evaluate my argument, I analyze promotions of provincial leaders to the Politburo in 2003-2017. The data yield that—consistent with my argument—provincial leaders’ ability to minimize labor strikes increases their chances of promotion. In addition, positive economic performance matters more for the promotion of governors than of party secretaries.

Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Hy S. Rothstein, Kalev K. Sepp. Includes bibliographical references (p. 162-175). Also available online.

by Hung Ho Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-147). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Summary --- p.3 / Acknowledgements --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Thearadox of Rural Stability --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature on Collective Action --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Elite Intervention and Organization: Independent Variables in the Analysis of Ruralrotest Intensity --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conceptual Framework for Case Analysis --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Extreme Cases --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- intermediate Cases --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.135 / References --- p.142

While a great deal of historical literature has concentrated on the effects of industrialization on town development, most of the accounts relate to the introduction of industrialization into an established town. This study attempts to analyze, in sociological terms, the effects of industrialization (in this case, the emergence of the railroad) on the social structure of Denison, Texas which was created by industrialization. It is an attempt to combine Marxian and Weberian theory to produce a multi-dimensional theory that can explain town development without the usual economic bias as evident in most contemporary theory. This study proceeds on the assumption that the social order of a newly formed community is not based solely on economic factors. While economic considerations were important for the town of the study, social stability of the town was maintained by other “non-economic” elements. The purpose of the study is to construct a composite theory that can be utilized to analyze town development. The thrust is not the creation of new theory, rather it attempts to combine existing “classical” theories to present a balanced and, to an extent, “objective” explanation of community development. Adding the social aspects of Weber's theory to Marx's theory results in a theory that limits the economic bias associated with pure Marxian theory.

Ce travail de recherche reconstruit la valeur de la notion de securitas d'un point de vue conceptuel et du point de vue de l'histoire de la philosophie dans le but de montrer la centralité du concept et la cohérence de son développement dans la réflexion philosophique de Sénèque. À cette fin les dimensions intérieure et extérieure sont examinées dans leur relation d'implication mutuelle : premièrement la securitas est étudiée par rapport à la dimension psychologique du sujet dans le contexte du progrès moral, deuxièmement, elle est étudiée par rapport à la relation à autrui dans le contexte sociale de l'Empire. La securitas est également analysée en référence au statut épistémologique des Naturales Quaestiones pour étudier la relation que l'homme entretient avec le monde des phénomènes naturels grâce à la science. En outre le concept a été examiné à l’intérieur de la relation entre oeuvre philosophique et oeuvre tragique (Oedipus). Le postulat éthique de la securitas trouve une résonance et un sens complémentaires dans la poétique de l’oeuvre tragique, ce qui détermine donc une poétique de l'incertain. La recherche montre que la présence du focus sur la dimension intérieure vise des objectifs éthiques concernant la sphère extérieure. Ce qui ressort en outre de l’étude de la notion de securitas est une relation tendue avec le monde. Ce caractère tendu de la relation au monde nous a conduit à clarifier la position de Sénèque vis-à-vis de la tradition stoïcienne à laquelle il appartient, ainsi que son attitude par rapport aux autres influences philosophiques (Lucrèce, Cicéron, Celse) et idéologiques (Velleius Paterculus) auxquelles il est perméable. / This research reconstructs the value of the concept of securitas in Seneca's thought with the aim to show its centrality and the organic nature of its development both from a conceptual point of view and from the point of view of the history of ideas. Therefore the interior and the exterior dimensions of the notion and their mutual implications are analyzed: securitas is examined in its interior psychological dimension in the context of moral progress, subsequently the importance of the concept is taken into account in connection with social relations in the imperial context. The epistemological questions of the notion in Naturales Quaestiones are also studied in order to investigate the relationship that man entertains with the world of natural phenomena through science. Securitas was also examined within the relationship between philosophical and dramatic works (Oedipus), suggesting the presence of ethical assumptions of securitas in their inverted sense on a poetic level and allowing us to describe Seneca's poetic as a poetic of uncertainty. The research shows that the ethical aspects which focus on the interior dimension become part of relating to the outside world as well. The tense relationship with the world, which emerges from the study of the concept of securitas, can also be linked to the way Seneca deals with previous philosophical tradition and have contributed to clarify his position with respect to the Stoic tradition to which he belongs, as well as with respect to other philosophical (Lucretius, Cicero, Celsus) and ideological (Velleius Paterculus) influences which are present in his works.

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. / Title from title screen (viewed May 10, 2004). "December 2003." Includes bibliographical references (p. 162-175). Also issued in paper format.

本文考察了中央地方財政自主性的變化，地方政府日益增長的對土地相關收入的依賴以及中國社會總體穩定程度，三者之間的因果關係。使用24個省、市、自治區，跨1998年至2006年的面板數據的回歸模型結果顯示地方政府從土地和房地產相關產業發展上獲得的收入顯著的惡化了以來信來訪數量衡量的社會穩定程度。而地方財政自主性的增強則可以抑制地方政府謀取壟斷地租所導致的信訪數量的增加。 / 本文認為，信訪量的持續攀升與拆遷征地糾紛不斷的直接肇因是1994年開始實行的一系列稅收改革所改變的中央地方政府之間的稅收分配以及稅收結構。地方政府近乎掠奪性的征地拆遷以囤積土地獲得壟斷性租金收入的做法都與該變化有關。但同時，上述現象也受到了以信訪為代表的黨政糾紛解決渠道與以訴訟為代表的司法糾紛解決途徑在威權政體等級制度中的局限性的影響。在等級制度中，中央和地方政府因自身利益不同而存在博弈關係，在各級政府之間還存在權力與相應社會責任分配上反向的 “差序格局“。層級越高的政府，掌握越多的政治權力以及相應的可供其用來“尋租“的政治與經濟資源，卻承擔越少的社會責任和風險。 / My dissertation investigates the causal mechanisms among three factors, the relative change of the central-local fiscal autonomy after 1994 fiscal reform, the increasing of local land derived-revenue in recent years, and the variations in the general level of social stability. Using a panel data set covering 24 provincial level administrative units in China during 1998-2006, the study suggests that the income local governments earned from land and real estate developments substantially and significantly threaten social stability. It also reveals that more fiscal autonomy of local governments does help restrain rising level of instablity caused by local governments' incentive to capture monopoly rent from land. / The findings are consistent with the argument that the fiscal rearrangement and restructuring provide incentives to local governments to practice fierce land requisition and house demolition in order to get monopoly rents through land hoarding. Yet the general level of social stability is also affected by the restrictions of disputes resolution channels lie within authoritarian hierarchical structure. The study highlights how two of the most important disputes resolution channels in China, i.e. petition and litigation, reflects the different incentive structure of central and local governments. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 韓佳. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-201) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Han Jia. / 目錄 --- p.12 / 致謝 --- p.8 / 圖表索引 --- p.16 / Chapter 第一章 序言 --- p.20 / Chapter 1.1 --- 問題緣起 --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- 實證材料來源說明 --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4 --- 章節小節 --- p.36 / Chapter 第一部份 --- p.38 / Chapter 第二章 --- 中央地方財政關係影響下信訪數量變化 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1. --- 计量模型及变量描述 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 計量模型 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 變量描述 --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2 --- 統計模型與實證結果 --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3 --- 章節小節 --- p.61 / Chapter 第三章 --- 土地財政及其對國家社會關係的影響 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1 --- 中央地方相對財政自主性 --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2 --- 土地開發和房地產開發：地方政府的第二財政 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- 由土地開發引起的糾紛：以白虎頭村土地維權事件為例 --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 廣西北海市白虎頭村土地維權事件 --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 導致糾紛的原因 --- p.108 / Chapter 3.4 --- 章節小節 --- p.115 / Chapter 第二部份 --- p.116 / Chapter 第四章 --- 土地征用糾紛的解決途徑比較 --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1 --- 當土地征用糾紛遭遇司法途徑 --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- 信訪途徑與法治途徑？一個實證分析 --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 弱化信訪途徑即等於強化法治途徑嗎？ --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 計量模型，變量描述和數據介紹 --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3 --- 實證結果和穩健性檢驗 --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 實證結果 --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 估計結果的穩健性檢驗 --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4 --- 章節小節 --- p.136 / Chapter 第五章 --- 權力互動：信訪制度的歷史分析 --- p.138 / Chapter 5.1 --- 信訪現狀：以土地信訪為例 --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2 --- 信訪制度演進的理論分析架構 --- p.145 / Chapter 5.3 --- 信訪制度的歷史演進 --- p.152 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 毛澤東時期的信訪制度 (1950-1976年) --- p.154 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 鄧小平時期的信訪制度 (1978-1993年) --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 江澤民時期的信訪制度 (1993-2003年) --- p.172 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 胡锦涛時期的信訪制度 (2003年-至今) --- p.178 / Chapter 5.4 --- 章節小節 --- p.188 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.190 / 參考書目 --- p.196

Samuel P. Huntington has argued that political stability is dependent on the degree of institutionalization of participation in the political system. Critical analysis of hypotheses reveals serious flaws in his logic. His concepts were shown to be very hard to make operational and to test. The main hypothesis of a direct relationship between institutionalization and stability was shown to be influenced most likely by additional intervening variables. This study seeks to survey and analyze some of the problems which have arisen with the present state of theory in comparative politics. However, this thesis is particularly interested in .Huntington's work which covers the evolution of his thinking regarding the relation of violence and of political stability, i.e., the degree of government and not the form, with the institutionalization of participation.