Med tanke på att mer än hälften av jordens befolkning numera lever i städer och trenden fortsätter stiga, blir det allt viktigare att skapa resilienta städer. Städer som är resilienta är mer motståndskraftiga och mindre känsliga mot störningar. För att rikta fokus mot kommunal planering har inriktning gjorts mot begreppet social-ekologisk resiliens. En stad som är social-ekologiskt resilient kan främja ekosystemtjänster långsiktigt i de störningar urbana miljöer kan utsättas för. Ekosystemtjänster är beroende av biologisk mångfald och för att inte göra avkall på biologisk mångfald är det viktigt att markanvändningen planeras väl. I studiens teoretiska referensram beskrivs därför sex strategier som kan användas inom kommunal planering för att främja social-ekologisk resiliens. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur kommunalt planeringsarbete ser ut för social-ekologisk resiliens i dagsläget samt vilka likheter och skillnader som finns kopplat till experters utlåtanden och studiens teoretiska referensram. Målet är att redogöra för denna skillnad och hur det skiljer sig för att synliggöra vad som behöver förbättras på kommunal nivå för att främja social-ekologisk resiliens. Metoden för att ta reda på det var i form av kvalitativa intervjuer av experter samt kommunala planerare från tre av Sveriges största kommuner: Stockholm, Göteborg och Uppsala. Till de kommunala intervjuerna gjordes även en kompletterande innehållsanalys av de tre kommunernas översiktsplaner för att ge ytterligare information där den var bristande i resultatet av intervjuerna. En jämförelse gjordes sedan mellan social-ekologisk resiliens enligt experternas utlåtande, teoretiska referensramen och kommunal planering.  Resultatet visar att kunskap om begreppet social-ekologisk resiliens saknas bland de studerade kommunerna. Alla kommuners planering strävar efter att arbeta för vad Folke (2006) definierar som social-ekologisk resiliens utan att göra det medvetet. Det finns kopplingar till begreppet inom dessa kommuners planering, men används inte aktivt att sträva efter i planeringen. Däremot arbetar samtliga av kommunerna indirekt med strategier för social-ekologisk resiliens med prioritering av de kortsiktiga, rekreativa och hälsofrämjande kvaliteterna för människan. Med grund i den bristande kunskapen och den indirekta planeringen för social-ekologisk resiliens dras slutsats i att den viktigaste av strategierna är att bredda deltagandet och främja lärandet för att öka kunskap och förståelse kring varför diverse beslut tas. Tvärsektionellt arbete kan bidra till att rätt kunskap finns när motsägande intressen ställs mot varandra vid beslutsfattande. / Given that more than half of the world's population now lives in cities and the trend continues to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to create resilient cities. Cities that are resilient are more resistant and less sensitive to disturbance. In order to limit the scope of the study to municipal planning, the focus has been centered on the concept of social-ecological resilience. A city that is social-ecological resilient can promote ecosystem services in the long run in the urban environment despite the disruptions that it can be exposed to. Ecosystem services are dependent on biodiversity, and in order not to compromise biodiversity, it is important that land use is well planned. The study's theoretical framework, therefore, describes six strategies that can be used in municipal planning to promote social-ecological resilience. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the theoretical framework and the interpretations of experts differ from the municipal planning and analyze similarities and differences between them. The aim is to account for these differences in order to show what needs to be improved at the municipal level to promote socio-ecological resilience. The methods consisted of qualitative interviews with experts on the subject area and municipal planners from three of Sweden's largest municipalities: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Uppsala. A content analysis was also made on municipal plans to supplement the interviews. Finally, a comparison was made between social-ecological resilience through the experts’ points of view, the theoretical framework and municipal planning. The results show that knowledge of the concept of social-ecological resilience is lacking among the municipalities studied. The planning of all municipalities strives unconsciously to work for what Folke (2006) defines as social-ecological resilience. Although there are links to the concept within municipal planning, it is not used actively towards planning. On the other hand, all municipalities examined in the study indirectly work with strategies for social-ecological resilience, with priority given to the short-term, recreational and health-promoting qualities for humans. The study concludes that the most important of the strategies for social-ecological resilience is to broaden participation and promote learning, in order to spread more knowledge and understanding about why various decisions are made. Internal interaction between departments can also lead to the availability of right knowledge when conflicting interests are set against each other in decision-making.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4175.pdf: 5543574 bytes, checksum: 6ad253555867a94756824560171065d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In this study we present the case of Ilha Diana caiçara community (Santos, Brazil), which is passing through significant transformations as the artisanal fishing activity declines and the industrial-port complex expands through this territory. We discuss which elements configure adaptability and resilience to the social-ecological system that evolves the Ilha Diana caiçara community in order to build resilience. The aims were the qualitative identification of caiçara cultural aspects, of social mechanisms and management traditional practices of the fishing resources and their transformations (1), as well as the analysis of the social-technological net logique d action composed by the emergent controversy of the environmental licensing of a modern port terminal (2). Proceeding the first analysis, we adopted an ethnoecological approach interviewing 20 Ilha Diana inhabitants (9% of the resident population), with ages varying from 18 to 90 years, respecting the equity between genders. Proceeding the second analysis, ten social stakeholders evolved at the controversy of port expansion were interviewed. Particular aspects of caiçara culture were identified at Ilha Diana territory, as its social organization linked to fishery and the self-recognition of this culture. We identified seven fishing management practices based on the local ecological knowledge, four social mechanisms connected to those practices, three innovation technological practices and the extinction of a traditional practice of selective fishery. The intergenerational loss of ecological knowledge and its linked social mechanisms can decrease resilience in this social-ecological system. However, the social mechanisms here identified may be a counterbalance to the negative aspects of crisis, promoting the re-organization of the system. We also noticed that the commercial and industrial logique d action , dominant worldviews within the ambit of the studied territory exert a negative influence for the maintenance of fishing practices and caiçara social mechanisms of Ilha Diana. The civic, domestic and opinion logics are only the counterpoint to the dominant views, as social-environmental conditions to licensing process of significant environmental impact undertakings. Thus we could not observe a real translation process of the analyzed licensing merely a process of negotiating conditions resulting in suspicions and conflicts which demonstrated that the concerning net is not wide, strengthened, attentive and clear. Then, we conclude that the promotion of resilience within the ambit of the studied social-ecological system will depend on the adaptive ability of the community, starting with sustainable socioeconomic practices, as, for instance, those based on their cultural upgrading. We think that it will also depend on debates with wide popular participation about the Santos estuarine portuary development projects, on a clear way, in terms of strengthening the concerning nets and elevate the vigilance upon them. / Apresentamos neste estudo o caso da comunidade caiçara da Ilha Diana, a qual passa por transformações devido ao declínio da pesca artesanal e à expansão do complexo industrialportuário no estuário de Santos - SP. Discutimos quais elementos configuram adaptatividade e resiliência no sistema socioecológico que envolve a comunidade da Ilha Diana para que a sustentabilidade seja construída. Para tal, foram objetivos: (1) a identificação qualitativa dos aspectos da cultura caiçara, dos mecanismos sociais e práticas tradicionais de manejo dos recursos pesqueiros e suas transformações; (2) a analise das lógicas de ação da rede sociotécnica formada pela emergência da controvérsia do licenciamento ambiental de um moderno terminal portuário. Para a primeira análise, nos valemos de uma abordagem etnoecológica entrevistando 20 residentes da Ilha Diana (9% da população total), com idades variando de 18 a 90 anos, respeitando-se a equidade entre gêneros. Para a segunda análise, foram entrevistados dez atores sociais envolvidos na controvérsia da expansão portuária. Foram identificados aspectos próprios da cultura caiçara no território da Ilha Diana, como sua organização social interligada à pesca e o auto-reconhecimento de sua cultura. Identificamos sete práticas de manejo pesqueiro baseadas no conhecimento ecológico local, quatro mecanismos sociais atrelados às tais práticas, três processo de inovação tecnológica e a extinção de uma prática de pesca tradicional seletiva. A perda intergeracional de conhecimento ecológico e dos mecanismos sociais atrelados pode ocasionar na redução de resiliência. Todavia, os mecanismos sociais identificados poderão contrabalançar aspectos negativos do processo de mudança e crise, promovendo a reorganização do sistema. Também identificamos que as lógicas de ação comerciais e industriais, visões de mundo dominantes no território estudado, interferem negativamente na manutenção das práticas pesqueiras e mecanismos sociais caiçaras da Ilha Diana. As lógicas cívica, doméstica e de opinião apenas exercem o contraponto às visões dominantes, na forma de condicionantes socioambientais aos processos de licenciamento de empreendimentos com significativo impacto ambiental. Desta forma, não foi observado um real processo de tradução do licenciamento analisado, apenas um processo de negociação de condicionantes, que resultou em desconfianças, conflitos, demonstrando que a rede em questão não é ampla, fortalecida, vigilante e transparente. Conclui-se que a promoção de resiliência no sistema socioecológico estudado dependerá da capacidade adaptativa da comunidade, a partir de práticas socioeconômicas sustentáveis, como aquelas baseadas na valorização de sua cultura. Dependerá também de que os projetos de expansão portuária no estuário de Santos sejam debatidos com ampla participação popular, de forma transparente, com vistas a fortalecer as redes e elevar sua vigilância.

This research presents the Colorado River basin as a social-ecological system. Utilizing event data on cooperative and conflictive interactions over fresh water, the system is decomposed to look for evidence of outcomes of resilience enhancement. The Animas-La Plata Project in the upper San Juan basin is presented as a case study, and qualitative methods are used to analyze interactions that led to its construction in order to assess social-ecological outcomes. In the upper San Juan basin, cooperative interactions over fresh water outnumbered conflictive ones. Interactions over water rights and infrastructure were most common, and the most cooperative interactions focused on these issue types. Many of these interactions focused on the Animas-La Plata Project compromise, which ultimately enhances social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River basin. / Graduation date: 2012

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