The physical redevelopment of Canadian downtown cores has been seen as a primary issue in economically and socially revitalizing urban areas. In the case of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, the Citys South Downtown area is in need of such rejuvenation. In 2004 redevelopment plans for the area are underway; Saskatoon has set out a proposal to redevelop both its riverfront area and adjacent South Downtown. In order to accomplish the goal of a revitalized South Downtown, the authors of a successful redevelopment proposal must first identify a suitable user population for the area, namely the population of Saskatoon in its entirety, including the Citys disadvantaged central neighbourhood residents. The purpose of this thesis is to define the socio-economic traits of this potential user population for Saskatoons South Downtown in order to recommend facilities and services that should be included in the redevelopment effort. Census data for the fifty-one census tracts that comprise the census metropolitan area of Saskatoon are used to define the social and economic characteristics of this user population. After reviewing the populations socio-economic situations, as well as the social and business organizations that are currently located in the area, recommendations regarding appropriate, requisite facilities and services can be ascertained. These recommendations could then be implemented in the undertakings currently transpiring in Saskatoons South Downtown. Along with defining the socio-economic character of the user population, this study also examines past redevelopment proposals for Saskatoons South Downtown area in an attempt to understand the historical context of the area. The three main past plans for the South Downtown area include: The Meewasin Valley Project (also known as Moriyamas 100 Year Plan), the Mayors Task Force Report, and Princeton Developments South Downtown Master Plan. All of these failed attempts share many common design traits, culminating in the general goal to develop the area into a commercial, residential and recreational area that would cater to the upper-class residents of the city as well as higher-income tourists and visitors to the area. While it must not be assumed that plans which exclude lower-income populations are inherently wrong and destined to be unsuccessful, by targeting such an exclusive population as the primary users of a South Downtown redevelopment, the authors of the previous plans had inadvertently sought to develop an elite district of Saskatoon, financially inaccessible to a vast majority of the citys population. Defining the socio-economic traits of a user population that is comprised of all Saskatonians, and implementing facilities and services that cater to them, would result in an area that is not discriminating; all peoples regardless of life situation or neighbourhood of residence would be able to enjoy an interesting and revitalized South Downtown area of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

This thesis investigates learners, from grade 8-12, medical and cultural knowledge of how HIV and AIDS transmit. The investigation was performed in four different schools with structurally different backgrounds set in Stellenbosch area, South Africa. One could expect people from different structural and economic classes to react and interpret educational material differently based on their differing belief systems. These differences in belief systems are normally brought about by families' differences in ethnical, religious, economic and educational background. Some elements of some belief systems may even be incompatible with the educational material presented. For instance, beliefs based on traditional medicine and/or religion may propose nonscientific solutions to cure or live with HIV/AIDS. The Department of Education National Education Policy Act on HIV/AIDS for Learners in Public Schools 1996 (Notice of 1999), WHO, UNICEF, UNAIDS, UNFPA and other NGOs have all come together in the issue of HIV/AIDS and are on the same page on how the virus transmits. The South African government have been ambivalent in the issue of HIV/AIDS and have acted and made some contradictive comments that also could influence how people view this disease. This thesis presents the understanding of the HIV/AIDS phenomenon by learners of different ages that represent the most prominent races and the different economic classes in the Western Cape region of South Africa at the time of writing in 2006-2007. These learners all received sciencebased HIV/AIDS education (life skills orientation) at their schools. The result shows that there are differences in learners' knowledge of how HIV/AIDS transmits from a socioeconomic, gender, racial point of view.

The activities attended by elementary students are surely not just the classroom lessons only. It includes the participations in classroom and school wide student organizations, in academic and sport competitions sponsored by schools, regions, and states, in self-study and school plays and other performance organized by schools, as well as the participations in after school activities , such as cram schools, dance schools, music and instrument lessons, sport trainings, homework, housework, and leisure activities. It is believed that student participation is somewhat related to their family socio-economic status and to some extent shaping their personality in respect to their self-esteem, autonomy, attitudes towards school, and educational aspiration. This study was designed to examine the interrelationships between student participation, the socioeconomic status of their family , and their personality development . Our data were collected from the survey administered to the fifth graders and the sixth graders in class randomly and systematically selected from two metropolitan elementary schools with a salient descent background in farming and labor in Kaohsiung City and Fonsan City. It was found that both participations in school activities and after school activities favor students more for students from upper socioeconomic status family than for those from lower socioeconomic status family, except sport competitions, homework, and housework. On the other hand, the participation in school activities appears to bear more impact upon self-esteem, autonomy, attitude, and aspiration than does the participation in after school activities. Nevertheless, neither the participation in school activities nor the participation in after school activities can completely explain away the relationship between socioeconomic status and the personality variables. The personality variables of self-esteem, autonomy, attitudes, and aspiration are a reflection in social opportunity structure, particularly, for those at the elementary schools, and also attuned to the earlier findings in the study in social inequality. This study provides information worthwhile for those in academic and education who are concerned with the welfare and the equal opportunity for the poor.

This thesis investigates in deindustrialization process, its decline impacts and restructuring process in socio-spatial context. Both deindustrialization and restructuring processes are evaluated regarding a muti-layer conceptualization of the problem. Zonguldak Case is chosen to investigate in the deindustrialization process taken place in the mono-centric local economy dependent on coal mining, the decline impacts of this process on the whole urban set-up including labour households, the city, other economic activities and industrial, regional and urban restructuring process in response to these impacts. The study discusses diverse restructuring attempts concerning local dynamics and local characteristics of Zonguldak.

The purpose of this study is to understand the fear of crime in the society. The studies in the literature, which focus on sociology of crime in general and the fear of crime in particular, were carried out within the social dynamics of other countries, and mostly the western societies. In this sense, it is clear that there is a need to make evaluations that specifically address our society. In this study, it was aimed to achieve a holistic analysis of fear of crime, based on the question &ldquo / what are the factors that determine fear of crime in individuals?&rdquo / It is assumed that there are many factors that determine fear of crime in individuals. Differences in socio-economic status, which can be counted among these factors, are addressed under the scope of this study. It is assumed that people from different socio-economic statuses can also experience fear of crime in different ways. To this end, a field survey was conducted in the districts of &Ccedil / ankaya and Altindag in the province of Ankara, and a total of 510 individuals were surveyed through a questionnaire. According to the results of the survey, incivilities appear as the most determinant factor of fear of crime in the society, followed by districts, which represent the area of living and which were used as a basis in sample selection for this survey / the third factor that determines fear of crime is gender, and the fifth factor is the indirect victimization. Other findings of the survey are discussed throughout the thesis.

<p>This thesis investigates learners, from grade 8-12, medical and cultural knowledge of how HIV and AIDS transmit. The investigation was performed in four different schools with structurally different backgrounds set in Stellenbosch area, South Africa.</p><p>One could expect people from different structural and economic classes to react and interpret educational material differently based on their differing belief systems. These differences in belief systems are normally brought about by families' differences in ethnical, religious, economic and educational background. Some elements of some belief systems may even be incompatible with the educational material presented. For instance, beliefs based on traditional medicine and/or religion may propose nonscientific solutions to cure or live with HIV/AIDS.</p><p>The Department of Education National Education Policy Act on HIV/AIDS for Learners in Public Schools 1996 (Notice of 1999), WHO, UNICEF, UNAIDS, UNFPA and other NGOs have all come together in the issue of HIV/AIDS and are on the same page on how the virus transmits. The South African government have been ambivalent in the issue of HIV/AIDS and have acted and made some contradictive comments that also could influence how people view this disease.</p><p>This thesis presents the understanding of the HIV/AIDS phenomenon by learners of different ages that represent the most prominent races and the different economic classes in the Western Cape region of South Africa at the time of writing in 2006-2007. These learners all received sciencebased HIV/AIDS education (life skills orientation) at their schools.</p><p>The result shows that there are differences in learners' knowledge of how HIV/AIDS transmits from a socioeconomic, gender, racial point of view.</p>

In recent years, madrassahs and their education systems in many developing countries - and specifically in Pakistan - have attracted much attention from researchers and policymakers at the local and international level. The main focus has been on the reform of madrassahs, their political activism and, more specifically, studies which attempted to investigate their alleged links with militancy. Moreover, madrassah education has been questioned for its relevance to the contemporary needs of individuals and societies. However, despite focusing on many dimensions of madrassahs, few studies have tried to understand madrassah education within the economic, socio-religious and cultural context of Pakistan. A number of publications have reached generalised conclusions about the madrassah education system in Pakistan. Inspired by this, and by adopting qualitative research methods, this study focused on two main research questions:(a) Why do people prefer a madrassah education and what type of factors shape their preference? (b) What are the socio-economic impacts of a madrassah education on individuals and at community level? Researcher conducted a field study of more than six months in the Chach (Attock) region of Pakistan. Different students, parents, madrassah teachers and key informants were interviewed to collect required informations. The findings of the study revealed that different economic backgrounds, parental religious interests, individuals' personal religious interests, and social norms and cultural values shape preferences for a madrassah education. Moreover, this study also revealed that there exist various socio-economic impacts of a madrassah education on individuals and at community level. However, a madrassah education has often caused conflict in communities. The study shows that while a madrassah education creates barriers to achieving modern skills and incomes, its social benefits are valuable for those living within socio-cultural constraints in rural areas. Specifically, it enhances the social status and agency of women. The study also shows that madrassah education is an opportunity for those who otherwise would have no other option to study. This study concludes that there is a need to re-think madrassah education within the economic, social, cultural and religious context of Pakistan. This study has practical implications for practitioners, madrassahs and researchers, and it also suggests further research related to madrassah education.

On legal-philosophical grounds the constitutional protection of socio-economic rights has been the subject of much debate. The question is whether socio-economical rights should be protected by a constitution and, if so, to what extent. In this study a theological-ethical evaluation is done about socio-economical rights and the protection thereof. This is done by examining certain Biblical themes and parts of Scripture of the Old and New Testament. From this investigation it is clear that socioeconomical rights are very important human rights that must be protected as effectively as possible. Several points of view on the constitutional protection of socio-economical rights are investigated and evaluated. These points of view are based on legal-philosophical grounds and argue respectively against the constitutional protection of socioeconomical rights, the protection of socio-economical rights as directive principles and the protection of socio-economical rights as fundamental rights. From this investigation it is clear that in principle the constitutional protection of socioeconomical rights as fundamental rights is the most effective way to protect these rights. The current state of affairs with regard to socio-economical rights in the Constitution of South-Africa is also investigated and evaluated. From this investigation it is clear that the Constitution does protect certain socio-economic rights, but not all of them. The rights to labour, clothing and scientific progress do not occur in the Constitution. In principle the right to labour is a very important socio-economic right and it leads to the realization of other socio-economic rights. The Constitution of South Africa also has several measures in place to ensure the protection of socio-economic rights. In spite of these measures, the socio-economic rights in the Constitution remain little more than rights on paper. There state, private sector, church and each individual will still have to do a lot to ensure the protection of socio-economic rights in South-Africa. / Thesis (M.Th. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The thesis explores the role of Architecture in enhancing a sustainable rural livelihood in Botswana. Moshupa village is analyzed and assessed to create an alternative, self-sustainable model for rural development that can add value to the local economy, by fostering self-reliance, capacity building and empowerment. Through the design of an Integrated Community Hub for Moshupa, the thesis attempts to embrace the changing dynamics of a village. It explores strategies that would inject life into the village making it a desirable place for younger generations and women to live, similar to what is currently achievable in towns and cities. Most importantly, the design principles and guidelines of traditional building techniques are explored through studying spatial habitation and organization. Materiality of built form and study of details are examined in search for an architecture that belongs to a place, by responding to the current economic, cultural, technical and environmental challenges in Botswana.

Encouraging the participation of the local population in the preservation of World Heritage Sites is one of the mission’s of UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre. Community involvement is also critical in the planning process. This dissertation argues that community involvement should be part of the World Heritage List nomination process and long-term preservation of the sites and that mechanisms should be in place to ensure this as part of the nomination file. To support this argument, literature on community involvement and World Heritage Sites is reviewed. Part of this dissertation is to provide a framework for community involvement at World Heritage Sites. In order to accomplish this, the known potential socio-economic benefits of World Heritage designation are also reviewed. This provides a framework whereby communities can be consulted and involved in activities at World Heritage Sites with the goal of preservation of the site and achieving additional socio-economic benefits. This framework was used to explore the attitudes of eight Western Ukrainian communities on the use of their wooden churches that are nominated to the UNESCO World Heritage List to improve their socio-economic conditions as well as preserve the churches. Previous studies focused mostly on the effects of World Heritage Site designation to produce social and economic benefits. This dissertation takes a different approach by involving the community at the nomination stage to determine which of these benefits they support and develop a plan of action and guidelines focused on achieving the desired changes. A community survey was developed under the supervision of this dissertation committee and Dr. Bevz at the Department of Restoration and Reconstruction of Architectural Complexes at Lviv Polytechnic National University as part of a J. William Fulbright grant to Ukraine. The survey responses were analyzed using both summary and statistical analysis to develop guidelines and a plan of action to be implemented by Lviv Polytechnic. This dissertation provides much needed research into community involvement at World Heritage Sites for their preservation and to achieve socio-economic benefits for the surrounding communities. The framework laid out in this dissertation has implications not only for Western Ukraine, but cultural heritage sites throughout the world.