This thesis describes and discusses a study conducted in a centralwest Bangladesh village, between March 1981 and January 1982, with a view to testing the hypothesis that intra-household allocation of food discriminates against women and children and that the discrimination puts the vulnerable members of the household at extra risks during periods when food and financial resources of households are scarcest. Intra-household allocation of food was studied by weighing the individual food intakes of household members for three consecutive days, at four different seasons covering periods of normal food availability, relative shortage and abundance of food. Nutritional status was assessed py consecutive measurement of weight (monthly) and height (quarterly). Information was collected on socio-economic status of households, people's perception of food needs (physiological) of individuals, household decision making and strategies in coping with shortage by structured and unstructured interviews and through personal observations. The sample consisted of 320 individuals in 53 households. Analysis of the study revealed lack of marked and consistent socioeconomic differentials in intake and outcome, but that highly significant seasonal differences did exist. The most important finding of the study is that although the intake of women and girls over 5 years was lower than that of men and boys over 5 years, the male-female differential did not generally exceed the differential between the two sexes that might be expected on the basis of body size and activity. Only in the 1-4 year age group was there a significant difference between energy intakes of males and females when corrected for body size. Furthermore, contrary to what has been generally postulated in the literature, (often based on qualitative information), women and children were not discriminated against during periods of food shortage, but were rather generally given preferential treatment in the allocation of available food. It is believed that the study adds to our understanding as to how seasonal fluctuations affect the food intake of 'poor' people in rural Bangladesh and how people cope with predictable cyclical periods of food shortage.

No description available.

The continued growth of the UK dining out industry, and the unceasing trend in popularity for customers to spend time and money eating outside the home, has led to an increase in the number of dining out establishments, and competition between businesses. Although there have been studies examining aspects of the restaurant industry and food consumption outside the home, very little research has looked specifically at customer expectations. Therefore, this thesis examines customer expectations associated with the meal experience in relation to the varying costs of dining out opportunities. In addition, the study reflects on customers’ socio-economic characteristics combined with their perception of differing anticipated costs in order to provide customer typologies, each with varying expectations of the dining out experience. It is intended that by focussing on and amalgamating the areas of expectation, cost and socio-economic factors, the conclusions obtained will contribute to a new understanding relating to customer expectations. The study invited e-subscribers of Delicious Magazine’s national website, to participate in quantitative research regarding both expectations of dining out and social factors. By examining the data from a large cohort study (2200 participants) evidence of behavioural patterns and opinions has emerged. The research established that there are four types of customer that can be identified through their initial choice of restaurant owing to the restaurant’s perceived cost classification. Each customer group identified, not only has overarching expectations of the dining out experience, but through identifying socio-economic characteristics of each group, it is also possible to have insight into their collective behaviours. The original contribution outputs that have been generated from the research are a practical typology and a theoretical model. Although dining out establishments are facing pressure from the emergence of increasing numbers of competitors and the current economic climate, it has been established, through the research, that, in particular, restaurants often bestow little attention on customer requirements, instead ‘food’, ‘aesthetics’ and ‘staff’ often take precedence. However, aspects relating directly to customers, such as, ‘repeat business’ and ‘positive word of mouth’ are core components to a hospitality organisation’s success. Understanding customers further can only enhance and provide structure and direction for restaurant businesses. Therefore, implementing the practical customer typology could focus a restaurant business on considering their customer group and their anticipated requirements. This research is a foundation into an original combined study area and has induced further research concepts that may also encourage other academics to embark on this area of study. This research may then develop as a subject field and cascade into understandings that could be beneficial to the hospitality industry.

This bachelor thesis is written as a part of the geography program at Stockholm University, Sweden, and the study was conducted from April to June 2012. Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease and one of the most widespread infectious diseases in the world with more than nine million new cases each year (SMI 2012, digital source). The disease is a major source of death and suffering in many places and the number of deaths remains high despite the availability of highly efficacious treatment. To control and prevent further spread of TB, the mapping of the disease spatial distribution is of essential importance. In this study, maps were produced that shows the spatial distribution of TB between the years 2002 to 2011 in the municipality of Stockholm. These maps allow an analysis of the spatial distribution at a local scale over time. The aim of this paper is to study how the spatial distribution of TB has looked like in the municipality of Stockholm the last 10 years and to analyze why the spatial distribution of the disease looked like it did. This study is based on the hypothesis “drift”. The hypothesis imply that individuals with certain conditions for a particular state of health or disease is passed (drift) to a certain location or become concentrated there through various social processes. The processes would therefore lead to fact that specific qualities or health attributes become more common in certain geographical places than others (Schæerström et al, 2011:110). The maps of the disease prevalence between the years 2002-2011 illustrates that TB was more concentrated in specific geographical areas of the municipality of Stockholm. The result of the analyzed factors in the different neighborhood areas in 2002, 2006 and 2010 reveals that there are individuals with certain socio-economic conditions which are largely concentrated in the areas mentioned above. The results provide a basis for an assumption that the cause of the spatial distribution of TB during the studied period largely depends on what the drift hypothesis implies. Drift is therefore a likely contributing factor to the fact that particular characteristics and health manifestations were more common in certain geographical places than others in the municipality of Stockholm between the years 2002-2011.

In the novel, Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe examines a wide range of complex issues. Defoe takes the typical adventure theme and transforms it into a thought-provoking reflection of many issues involving society. A blending of economic and religious issues is created by first focusing on economy, then bringing the issue of religion in, and finally allowing for the portrayal of the interpenetration between each. Defoe proves that it is possible to live by economic practices and monetary values while still maintaining a good, moral character. The emphasis on economic issues is extremely apparent, as Defoe calls into question the concept of money and its value, as well as its place in society. Crusoe is first portrayed as a man defined by money and ruled by economic principles. Even when removed from society, he is impelled to practice many economic conventions, such as investment, moderation and the idea of profit. Defoe creates Crusoe to be so greatly influenced by money and the economy in the beginning so as to better emphasize the intertwining of his economic side with his religious side. The Christian values and morals of Crusoe dominate the latter part of the novel. He rediscovers the Bible and its teachings and learns the importance of repentance and giving thanks. The provocative progression in unveiling the many layers of Crusoe allows for the reader to see that the man they thought to be defined by money is rather a man trying to live by the Word of God.

As pescarias artesanais ou de pequena escala são aquelas praticadas em embarcações de pequeno porte, com área de atuação restrita, cuja mão de obra é principalmente familiar. São comuns em águas continentais e o pescado capturado constitui importante fonte de proteína para as populações que delas dependem, além de garantir rendimentos econômicos ao pescador, apesar da presença de intermediários na comercialização do pescado. Os recursos pesqueiros da represa de Barra Bonita (SP) têm sustentado economicamente os pescadores do município e de outras regiões e considerou-se a hipótese de que a represa, por possuir características tróficas de qualidade de água intermediárias em relação à represa Billings (à montante) e ao Complexo de Urubupungá (à jusante), possui também produção pesqueira e lucratividade intermediárias. Os aspectos sociais, o cálculo de produção, esforço e renda foram determinados a partir da aplicação de questionários junto aos pescadores entre 2007 e 2008. As pescarias eram praticadas principalmente por homens jovens (entre 30 e 39 anos) que possuíam baixa escolaridade. A presença do intermediário se deu em várias dimensões: ora como fornecedor de alimentos, ora de insumos e também de petrechos, já que muitos dos pescadores não faziam distinção entre a figura do intermediário e do patrão. Além disso, houve menção à estreita dependência em relação também à moradia e à provisão de alimentos, atrelando fortemente a produção do pescador ao intermediário. A principal espécie capturada foi a tilápia e o modelo da ANCOVA indicou que a produção pesqueira dependeu das características fisiográficas e das oscilações provocadas pela sazonalidade. Houve diferença no volume de pescado capturado apenas entre as estações seca e cheia no braço do rio Piracicaba, com as capturas mais elevadas na época chuvosa. Os estudos sobre os custos das pescarias indicaram que o principal componente é o combustível, apesar da pequena distância percorrida para suas pescarias. Os lucros são provenientes das capturas de tilápias, que embora não tenha alto valor comercial, assegura os rendimentos dos pescadores devido à sua a constância nas capturas. O modelo de ANCOVA mostrou que os lucros dependeram apenas do grau de instrução dos pescadores. Os pescadores indicaram o declínio do estoque pesqueiro e acreditavam que, se houvesse fiscalização eficiente, as pescarias predatórias (com petrechos fora dos padrões permitidos por lei) poderiam ser coibidas. Eles evidenciaram as condições a que foram relegados e seu desejo de evitar a marginalização da categoria. As políticas de manejo, em especial o co-manejo, deveriam assim considerar também este fator, tendo no pescador seu aliado para a manutenção da atividade e do meio ambiente. / The artisanal or small scale fisheries are practiced in small reservoirs, with an operation area restricted and familiar labor. It´s common in inland waters and the fish caught is an important source of protein for people who depend on them and provide economic returns to the fisher, despite the presence of intermediaries in the marketing of fish. The Barra Bonita reservoir (SP) have supported the fishers from other regions and we considered the hypothesis that Barra Bonita reservoir, because its trophic characteristics of water, intermediary in relation to the Billings (upstream) and the Complexo de Urubupung (downstream), also has fisheries production and profitability intermediate. The social aspects, the yields, effort and income were derived from the application of questionnaires between 2007 and 2008. The analysis indicated that the fisheries were practices mostly by young men (between 30 and 39 years) who had little schooling. The presence of an intermediary was in several dimensions: sometimes he was the provider of food, sometimes supplies and also fishery equipments, and many fishers didn´t made distinction between the figure of the intermediary and the employer. Furthermore, there was mention of the close dependence on the dwelling and also the provision of food, sticking strongly to the production of intermediate. The principal specie was tilapia and the ANCOVA model indicated that fish production depended on physiographic characteristics and fluctuations caused by seasonality. There were differences in the yields only during the dry season in the Piracicaba river, with higher catches during the rainy season. Studies on the fisheries´ costs indicated that the main component is the fuel, despite the short distance to their fisheries. Profits are derived from the tilapia´s yields, which no commercial value; ensure the income of fishers due to its constancy in the catch. The ANCOVA model showed that profits depend on the education level of fishers. Fishers indicated the decline of fish stocks and believed that if there was effective supervision, predatory fisheries could be curbed. Fishers showed the conditions to which they were relegated and his desire to avoid marginalization of the category. The management policies, especially the co-management, should therefore also consider this factor and its ally the fisher to maintain the activity and the environment.

This thesis explores how gender can affect experiences of health and illness, with the understanding that gender is constructed differently across the life course, and is mediated by 'race' and class relations in Britain. Research was conducted with a small sample of informants drawn from African-Caribbean community groups in east London, using focus groups and in-depth interviews. Findings are three-fold. First, participation in health research itself was problematic for informants, relating directly to their experiences of personal and institutional racism in Britain. Evidence showed that these experiences encouraged informants to use public accounts of health and illness when more structured research methods were used. In-depth interviews encouraged informants to develop more private accounts of their illness experiences. A second finding was that social relations and low social status were often implicated in private accounts as contributing factors to illness. Women and men felt that racialised experiences, especially in the workplace, were problematic for black people collectively. Older female informants also connected personal health problems to their efforts in fulfilling the more traditional expectations of women in the home, family and workplace. Finally there is evidence that women and men have developed a variety of strategies to mediate the impact that social circumstances may have on their health. Some strategies influenced the way that illness discourses themselves were constructed, whilst others focused on building self-esteem through Caribbean or Black identity, or through developing a sense of 'self. ' Besides these findings, the methodology of this study is discussed. This was developed in response to the sensitive nature of the racialised research context. Key concerns have been to develop trust and rapport with informants, and to offer them the opportunity to comment critically on this research project and its findings. It was felt that this approach enhanced the insight into informants' reporting and understandings of health and illness. Conclusions of this research have theoretical, methodological and policy implications. Most topical are implications relevant to east London's Health Action Zone strategy. There are specific recommendations for understanding the mental health needs for African-Caribbean communities, and for developing appropriate ways to involve these communities in this initiative and offering them better access to information.

Background: Elder abuse and its effects are a serious public health issue. However, little is known about therelation between psychological abuse, other factors (e.g. social support) and quality of life (QoL) by domain. This studyaddressed differences in QoL by domain between psychologically abused and non-abused. While considering otherfactors such as social support. Methods: The respondents were 4,467 (2,559 women) randomly selected persons aged 60-84 years living in7 European cities. The mean response across countries was 45.2%. The cross-sectional data were analyzed withbivariate/multivariate methods. Results: Abused respondents contrasted to non-abused scored lower in QoL (autonomy, 67.42 ± 21.26 vs. 72.39± 19.58; intimacy, 55.31 ± 31.15 vs. 67.21 ± 28.55; past/present/future activities, 62.79 ± 19.62 vs. 68.05 ± 18.09;social participation, 65.03 ± 19.84 vs. 68.21 ± 19.77). Regressions showed that abuse was negatively associated withautonomy, intimacy and past/present/future activities, and positively with the social participation. All QoL dimensionswere negatively associated with country and depressive/anxiety symptoms, and positively with social support. Further,variables such as age, sex and somatic symptoms were negatively associated with some of the QoL dimensions andothers such as family structure, education, health care use and drinking positively. The regression model “explained”32.8% of the variation in autonomy, 45.6% in intimacy, 44.8% in past/present/future activities and 41.5% in socialparticipation. Conclusions: Abuse was linked to lower QoL in most domains, but other factors such as depressive symptomsalso carried a negative impact. Social support and to some extent family structure had a “protective” effect on QoL.Abuse, health indicators (e.g. depressive symptoms) and social support should be considered in addressing the QoL ofolder persons. However, QoL was influenced by many factors, which could not be firmly disentangled due to the crosssectionalapproach, calling for longitudinal research to address causality.

abstract: This dissertation investigates socio-economic strategies adopted by a small craftworking community situated on the edge of one of the earliest, largest and most complex cities in Mesoamerica. The focus of investigation is San Jose 520, a hamlet located on the southeastern margin of Teotihuacan and occupied primarily during the Tlamimilolpa and Xolalpan phases (ca. A.D. 200-500). Its inhabitants were potters of low socio-economic status living in small, architecturally simple residential structures. The investigation complements much more numerous studies of higher-status groups residing in Teotihuacan's famous apartment compounds, much larger and architecturally more formal structures clustered primarily within built-up parts of the city. The founding residents of San Jose 520 might have initially been immigrants, arriving at Teotihuacan after most of the city was already filled in and occupied, and therefore settling in a spatially marginal area with limited potential for farming. Archaeological field and lab investigations demonstrate that they adopted ceramic production as a strategy of economic survival in a competitive urban system. They specialized in the manufacture of the outcurving bowl--a vessel widely used at Teotihuacan for food service and certain ritual activities. At smaller scales of production, these potters also made other types of serving and ritual vessels and figurines. Evidence relating to mortuary and domestic rituals indicates participation in a number of the rituals typical of other sectors of Teotihuacan society, but not all. The most general goal of this investigation is to improve understanding of how socially and spatially marginal peoples possessing low economic status developed and exploited viable economic niches in pre-industrial urban systems. The San Jose 520 potters appear dynamic in their economic adjustment--in part by enhancing their production system over time through the adoption of various specialized pot-making tools (some as yet undocumented for Teotihuacan), and to some extent by modifying their product line, they survived for many generations. Nevertheless, they never succeeded in significantly raising their economic status; at the time of their apparent disappearance sometime in the Xolalpan phase, these potters and their households continued to constitute a case study of urban poverty in a massive pre-industrial city. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2011

As pescarias artesanais ou de pequena escala são aquelas praticadas em embarcações de pequeno porte, com área de atuação restrita, cuja mão de obra é principalmente familiar. São comuns em águas continentais e o pescado capturado constitui importante fonte de proteína para as populações que delas dependem, além de garantir rendimentos econômicos ao pescador, apesar da presença de intermediários na comercialização do pescado. Os recursos pesqueiros da represa de Barra Bonita (SP) têm sustentado economicamente os pescadores do município e de outras regiões e considerou-se a hipótese de que a represa, por possuir características tróficas de qualidade de água intermediárias em relação à represa Billings (à montante) e ao Complexo de Urubupungá (à jusante), possui também produção pesqueira e lucratividade intermediárias. Os aspectos sociais, o cálculo de produção, esforço e renda foram determinados a partir da aplicação de questionários junto aos pescadores entre 2007 e 2008. As pescarias eram praticadas principalmente por homens jovens (entre 30 e 39 anos) que possuíam baixa escolaridade. A presença do intermediário se deu em várias dimensões: ora como fornecedor de alimentos, ora de insumos e também de petrechos, já que muitos dos pescadores não faziam distinção entre a figura do intermediário e do patrão. Além disso, houve menção à estreita dependência em relação também à moradia e à provisão de alimentos, atrelando fortemente a produção do pescador ao intermediário. A principal espécie capturada foi a tilápia e o modelo da ANCOVA indicou que a produção pesqueira dependeu das características fisiográficas e das oscilações provocadas pela sazonalidade. Houve diferença no volume de pescado capturado apenas entre as estações seca e cheia no braço do rio Piracicaba, com as capturas mais elevadas na época chuvosa. Os estudos sobre os custos das pescarias indicaram que o principal componente é o combustível, apesar da pequena distância percorrida para suas pescarias. Os lucros são provenientes das capturas de tilápias, que embora não tenha alto valor comercial, assegura os rendimentos dos pescadores devido à sua a constância nas capturas. O modelo de ANCOVA mostrou que os lucros dependeram apenas do grau de instrução dos pescadores. Os pescadores indicaram o declínio do estoque pesqueiro e acreditavam que, se houvesse fiscalização eficiente, as pescarias predatórias (com petrechos fora dos padrões permitidos por lei) poderiam ser coibidas. Eles evidenciaram as condições a que foram relegados e seu desejo de evitar a marginalização da categoria. As políticas de manejo, em especial o co-manejo, deveriam assim considerar também este fator, tendo no pescador seu aliado para a manutenção da atividade e do meio ambiente. / The artisanal or small scale fisheries are practiced in small reservoirs, with an operation area restricted and familiar labor. It´s common in inland waters and the fish caught is an important source of protein for people who depend on them and provide economic returns to the fisher, despite the presence of intermediaries in the marketing of fish. The Barra Bonita reservoir (SP) have supported the fishers from other regions and we considered the hypothesis that Barra Bonita reservoir, because its trophic characteristics of water, intermediary in relation to the Billings (upstream) and the Complexo de Urubupung (downstream), also has fisheries production and profitability intermediate. The social aspects, the yields, effort and income were derived from the application of questionnaires between 2007 and 2008. The analysis indicated that the fisheries were practices mostly by young men (between 30 and 39 years) who had little schooling. The presence of an intermediary was in several dimensions: sometimes he was the provider of food, sometimes supplies and also fishery equipments, and many fishers didn´t made distinction between the figure of the intermediary and the employer. Furthermore, there was mention of the close dependence on the dwelling and also the provision of food, sticking strongly to the production of intermediate. The principal specie was tilapia and the ANCOVA model indicated that fish production depended on physiographic characteristics and fluctuations caused by seasonality. There were differences in the yields only during the dry season in the Piracicaba river, with higher catches during the rainy season. Studies on the fisheries´ costs indicated that the main component is the fuel, despite the short distance to their fisheries. Profits are derived from the tilapia´s yields, which no commercial value; ensure the income of fishers due to its constancy in the catch. The ANCOVA model showed that profits depend on the education level of fishers. Fishers indicated the decline of fish stocks and believed that if there was effective supervision, predatory fisheries could be curbed. Fishers showed the conditions to which they were relegated and his desire to avoid marginalization of the category. The management policies, especially the co-management, should therefore also consider this factor and its ally the fisher to maintain the activity and the environment.