Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-45). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

In this dissertation, I argue first that for policy and research purposes, identifying the agent who controls the child's labor reveals more about child work than simply identifying the child's attachment to the labor market. Children are not perfectly substitutable between different types of work either; the child's sex determines the kind of work assigned to the child. Thus in addition to the importance of agent controlling the child's labor, the dissertation asserts that at the margin, the trade-off between school and work partly depends on the task assigned to the child. The important findings in this dissertation are as follows: By using non-parametric analysis, I uncover that as household wealth improves, children are withdrawn from third party employment, but continue to work under parental control. Often, but not always, children working for third parties work harder compared to children working under parental control; and in some cases, children from better-off households work far more hours than the children of poor households. I then build a model in which a child's time is allocated to school, market and domestic work. The model predicts that, at the margin, the trade-off between school and work depends on the task, which may not fall under market boundaries. I then test the two theses of the dissertation using a dataset from Turkey. The results reveal that in Turkey, girls lose the priority in schooling in the presence of brothers, while boys gain by having sisters. Having assets complementary to child's work shifts boys' time away from third party employment to work under parental control, and parents adjust only their daughters' time when the household infrastructure is less developed. The dissertation contributes to our understanding of work and schooling outcomes of children living in the so-called Third World in three ways: first, by highlighting the importance of the agent controlling the child's work; second, by emphasizing that the trade-off between domestic work and schooling may be as crucial as the trade-off between market work and schooling, and last, by highlighting the need for different policy tools in order to improve Turkish children's schooling.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 108 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-69).

In diesem Sammelband geht es um ein Potpourri kulturwissenschaftlicher, oder im traditionellen Sprachgebrauch: volkskundlicher Aufsätze, die sich mit dem Thema Reisen beschäftigen. Auf den ersten Blick ohne einen konsistenten Zusammenhang oder eine strukturgebende Klammer, ergibt sich im zweiten Blick ein Aufriss der Mühen der Kulturwissenschaft, mit dem Themenbereich Reisen - Tourismus - Reisewahrnehmungen umzugehen. Von hierher wirken einige Aufsätze amüsant, einige sind interessant, da sie kohärentere Einsichten bieten.

In this study I use migration as an analytical and empirical window to explore questions of intra-household decision-making, labor allocations and resource transfers. I critically evaluate the unitary household model and I develop alternative ways of conceptualizing the household and non-market exchanges in the migration process. Most studies assume that migrants are men because this allocation is consistent with the maximizing strategies of a household that acts collectively. In chapter 1, I present a model of the household that explains migration decisions when men control decision-making and resources in the household, but they use this control to maximize their own access to income. The patriarchal model also predicts gender differences in migration, but it shows further that if, as is common, men gain more through migrating than through remaining in the rural household, they will “over-migrate” relative to their comparative advantage over women in urban employment. Like most intra-family transfers, remittances cannot be directly contracted for by household members. Unlike most intra-family transfers, however, remittance data are often captured in national surveys. In chapter 2, I use this unique data opportunity to probe the reasons why household members share resources with each other. I show that remittance behavior is consistent not only with altruism but also with more self-regarding motivations, and that migrants remit not to “households” but to individuals in households. In chapter 3, I illustrate how placing migration in the context of a theory of intra-family transfers helps reconcile a debate in the empirical literature over the development implications of migration. By modeling the interaction between migrants who send remittances and recipients that spend remittances, I identify when migration will be associated with two stable outcomes: a higher-level equilibrium of higher remittances and more investment out of remittances, and a lower-level equilibrium of lower remittances that are consumed. In chapters 1 and 2, the predictions of the patriarchal model of labor allocation and the motivations for remittance behavior, are tested using migration data from South Africa. Chapter 3 offers a theoretical analysis that draws from a wide range of studies on migration in developing countries, including South Africa.

No description available.

Historically, research has connected religiosity to many economic concepts in the United States. Religiosity can be a primary factor in the development of attitudes and values regarding financial issues and personal wealth. This study further expands the sociology of religion and economics by examining how differences in religious affiliation, attendance, and sociodemographic factors affect attitudes regarding personal wealth and financial behaviors. Previous studies have concentrated on religious differences in income, education, and life course achievement; however, few studies, if any, have directly measured religiosity and subjective attitudes toward personal wealth. Using the PEW Research Center's Economy Survey from February 2008, this examination uses multiple regression models to understand the extent to which religiosity affects wealth attitudes in America. Indicators of subjective wealth incorporated in the analysis are satisfaction of vehicle and home, ability to take preferable vacations, and desirable amount of discretionary income. The results of this study are discussed, as well as potential options for future research.

Réalisé en association avec le Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie (CIRST). / Inspirée par les débats portant sur la typologie de la recherche proposée par Michael Burawoy (2005b) et fondée sur une analyse qualitative de vingt-cinq entrevues auprès de professeurs en histoire, en économie et en sociologie, notre investigation a comme but d’identifier et de décrire l’organisation sociale du sens de la recherche en fonction de ses auditoires et ses visées cognitives. À partir d’une analyse sémantique du langage et des repères construits par les acteurs dans leurs expériences de production et de diffusion de connaissances, nous étudions premièrement l’organisation des pratiques de recherche dans l’espace académique, puis l’extension de ces pratiques vers d’autres champs d’activités sociales. Cette analyse nous permet de revenir sur la typologie de Burawoy et d’apporter quelques corrections quant aux distinctions entre les connaissances professionnelle, critique, appliquée et publique. À cet égard, nous proposons que ces « types » de recherche doivent être décomposés en de multiples postures qui s’inscrivent d’une part dans une différenciation des espaces discursifs académiques et d’autre part à l’interface de différents modes d’intervention extra-académique. / Our study of the orientation of research in the social sciences and humanities is a response to Micheal Burawoy’s typology of knowledge production. The objective of this investigation is to identify and describe the social organisation of the meaning of research as scholars attempt to reach different audiences and as their investigations are routed towards particular cognitive aims. Having conducted twenty-five in-depth interviews with historians, sociologists and economists, we analysed their interpretations of research practices in relation to the social space of academia and in regards to the extension of academic activities towards other social spaces. This analysis is then mobilised to comment on Michael Burawoy’s typology of research as we attempt to correct some of the distinctions he makes between professional, critical, policy and public knowledge. Notably, we suggest that these “types” should be broken down into multiple postures understood in relation to a segmentation of academic discursive fields and a differentiation of extra-academic modes of intervention.

The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to an understanding of the pathways through which structural and intermediary determinants influence child health in Colombia and how they operate through the context where children live in a more comprehensive way than has been determined to date. Colombia has made significant progress in child health in the last few decades and it is currently on track to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Nearly 90% of the goals on global malnutrition, infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate have been achieved. However, despite the progress, national averages remain masking huge territorial disparities. While some regions present figures similar to those of a developed country, others report indicators similar to those of a very poor African country. Some municipalities, for example, record no stunted children, whereas in others, the prevalence of chronic malnutrition is greater than 50%. In this context, empirical research that enhances our understanding of socioeconomic determinants of child health and guide policy-making is crucial in order to reduce place-based health inequities in Colombia. This thesis is based on three research articles. The data used in these studies are drawn from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The DHS is a large survey programme designed to collect high-quality nationally representative data on population, health and nutrition for developing countries. The DHS are widely recognised as the most important source of information for the analysis of health inequities in the developing world. Firstly, intermediary determinants of early childhood health have been analysed through the construction of a composite index (Chapter 3). The intermediary determinants are the most immediate mechanisms through which socioeconomic position influence child health inequities. Therefore, their identification should contribute to the drafting of intervention policies at this level, given the importance of these factors in programmes aimed at improving maternal and child care. The index allowed us to identify key immediate determinants of child health and their relative importance among Colombian departments (administrative subdivisions). The index was constructed using a more sophisticated methodological approach than that commonly used in the literature, termed polychoric principal component analysis (PCA). A hierarchical cluster analysis was also carried out in order to identify how departments cluster based on the health of their children rather than their geographic proximity. The results showed that the largest differences in intermediary determinants of child health are associated with health care before and during delivery. Furthermore, the departments that perform relatively better in the most immediate determinants of child health are located in the centre of the country. In contrast, those departments that perform worse are located in the peripheral region. This region has a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) well below the national average, little state presence, a hostile environment and a large proportion of the ethnic minorities. Our index provides very useful information in terms of public policy since it facilitates measuring, visualizing and monitoring of child health indicators, and may, therefore, help identify potential intervention strategies for improving the well-being of Colombian children. Secondly, this thesis examines the effect of individual, family and community socioeconomic conditions on different indices representing intermediary determinants of child health, using a coherent conceptual framework (Chapter 4). Using a weighted multilevel approach, the results indicate that whilst community socioeconomic context can exert a greater influence on factors linked directly to health, in the case of psychosocial factors and parent’s behaviours, the family context can be more important. In addition, the results indicate that a significant percentage of the variability in the overall index of intermediary determinants of child health is explained by the community context, even after controlling for individual, family and community characteristics. This study provides evidence that community socioeconomic context is a key component for improving child health in Colombia. However, the role played by context may vary according to the category of the intermediary determinants of child health analysed, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between community and family intervention programmes. Thirdly, the influence of education of other women in the community and family socioeconomic characteristics on child nutrition outcomes, as well as their interactions, was investigated (Chapter 5). The contextual effects of education on child health were studied using weighted multilevel models. This study takes into account important methodological issues such as sample weights and second level endogeneity in multilevel modelling, which have not been addressed in the empirical literature and can lead to biases in the estimates. Different ways through which community education can substitute for the effect of family characteristics on child nutrition were found, suggesting that child care programmes should focus not only on individuals but should also target the broader context of communities. In particular, those communities with less educated mothers and with low female autonomy are those that could benefit more from intervention policies that focus on encouraging female education. To conclude, previous studies on the social determinants of child health in Colombia are limited. Most of them have covered the issue from the perspective of the individual and little attention has been paid to the effect of context. In this vein, understanding the structural and intermediary determinants of child health inequities, as well as the role played by community socioeconomic context, is essential for the design, monitoring and tracking of public child care policies in Colombia. / El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a un entendimiento de los mecanismos a través de los cuales los determinantes estructurales e intermediarios de la salud influencian la salud de los niños en Colombia y como estos operan a través del contexto donde los niños viven, de una manera más completa que la que se ha hecho hasta ahora. Esta tesis se base en tres artículos de investigación. Los datos usados en estos estudios son de la “Demographic and Health Survey” (DHS) para Colombia en el año 2010. En primer lugar, los determinantes intermediarios de salud infantil se analizan a través de un indicador compuesto. El indicador permite identificar determinantes intermediarios claves de salud infantil y su importancia relativa entre departamentos colombianos. En segundo lugar, esta tesis examina el efecto de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la comunidad, la familia y los individuos sobre diferentes índices que representan determinantes intermediarios de salud infantil. Por último, se analiza la influencia de la educación de otras mujeres en la comunidad y de características socioeconómicas de las familias sobre la nutrición infantil, así como sus interacciones. Se utilizan diferentes enfoques metodológicos. Para la construcción de los indicadores compuestos se utiliza un análisis de componentes principales usando correlaciones policóricas, con el fin de analizar cómo se agrupan los departamentos de acuerdo a la salud de sus niños se hace un análisis de cluster jerarquico. Finalmente, con el fin de medir efectos contextuales se utilizan modelos multinivel de regresión lineal ponderados. Los resultados de esta tesis demuestran que el contexto de la comunidad es un componente clave en la determinación de determinantes intermediarios de salud infantil, así como de indicadores de nutrición de los niños, tanto en el mediano como en el largo plazo en Colombia. Por lo tanto, es necesario que los gobiernos municipales y departamentales involucren no sólo a los individuos, sino que también tengan en cuenta el contexto de las comunidades para el desarrollo, ejecución, monitoreo y evaluación de las políticas de cuidado infantil.

Inspirée par les débats portant sur la typologie de la recherche proposée par Michael Burawoy (2005b) et fondée sur une analyse qualitative de vingt-cinq entrevues auprès de professeurs en histoire, en économie et en sociologie, notre investigation a comme but d’identifier et de décrire l’organisation sociale du sens de la recherche en fonction de ses auditoires et ses visées cognitives. À partir d’une analyse sémantique du langage et des repères construits par les acteurs dans leurs expériences de production et de diffusion de connaissances, nous étudions premièrement l’organisation des pratiques de recherche dans l’espace académique, puis l’extension de ces pratiques vers d’autres champs d’activités sociales. Cette analyse nous permet de revenir sur la typologie de Burawoy et d’apporter quelques corrections quant aux distinctions entre les connaissances professionnelle, critique, appliquée et publique. À cet égard, nous proposons que ces « types » de recherche doivent être décomposés en de multiples postures qui s’inscrivent d’une part dans une différenciation des espaces discursifs académiques et d’autre part à l’interface de différents modes d’intervention extra-académique. / Our study of the orientation of research in the social sciences and humanities is a response to Micheal Burawoy’s typology of knowledge production. The objective of this investigation is to identify and describe the social organisation of the meaning of research as scholars attempt to reach different audiences and as their investigations are routed towards particular cognitive aims. Having conducted twenty-five in-depth interviews with historians, sociologists and economists, we analysed their interpretations of research practices in relation to the social space of academia and in regards to the extension of academic activities towards other social spaces. This analysis is then mobilised to comment on Michael Burawoy’s typology of research as we attempt to correct some of the distinctions he makes between professional, critical, policy and public knowledge. Notably, we suggest that these “types” should be broken down into multiple postures understood in relation to a segmentation of academic discursive fields and a differentiation of extra-academic modes of intervention. / Réalisé en association avec le Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie (CIRST).