Canadian doctors have historically been an extremely powerful interest group. While there are many variables that account for their political influence, it is widely accepted that much of their power is due to their control over specialized knowledge. To determine whether or not physicians’ control over knowledge is changing, I examine doctors’ position relative to the state, the public and other health professionals. This research finds that, in all three relationships, physicians’ control over knowledge is weakening. Moreover, organized medicine’s response to these developments has largely been a strategy of co-optation, demonstrating that doctors are aware that these changes often cannot be openly fought. This strategy signals that the medical profession recognizes that some changes in its control over knowledge are bound to occur. This study concludes that these changes could contribute to a ‘critical juncture’ signalling the potential for significant change in the physician-state relationship.

Toujours plus visibles sur les scènes occidentales de la musique classique, les musicien-ne-s japonais-e-s évoluant en Europe constituent un phénomène social intéressant. Adoptant deux perspectives complémentaires - celle des «mondes de l’art» et des trajectoires d’artistes d’un côté, et celle des mobilités et des migrations de travailleurs d’un autre -, cette thèse vise à examiner la construction des carrières artistiques des musicien-ne-s japonais en Europe étudiées comme des trajectoires «transnationales» de professionnel-le-s qualifié-e-s. Comment se fait-il que des personnes socialisées dans une culture particulière, déménagent dans un environnement socioculturel hétérogène pour étudier et construire leur vie professionnelle et individuelle à l’étranger ? Est-ce que leurs trajectoires nous permettent de les classer comme des « artistes cosmopolites » ? Ou bien la construction sociale de leur carrière ressemble-t-elle davantage à celle des «migrants»? L’analyse s’appuie sur un matériau de 50 entretiens semi-structurés conduits avec des musicien-ne-s japonais-e-s dans leur langue maternelle et 20 interviews/conversations menées avec des experts/informateurs. En comparant deux environnements très différents, la France et la Pologne, j’ai cherché à neutraliser l’impact que diverses idiosyncrasies environnementales, structurelles et socioculturelles peuvent exercer sur la dynamique des carrières de ces musicien-ne-s. En conclusion, l’examen des modes d’insertion dans l’éducation musicale mis en rapport avec l’origine sociale des répondant-e-s m’a amené à distinguer quatre profils professionnels : (1) les héritier-e-s professionnel-le-s, (2) les héritier-e-s des rêves parentaux, (3) les ancien-ne-s élèves de brass band et (4) les pratiquant-e-s avocationnel-le-s. En outre, le matériel recueilli au cours de mes recherches a montré que les carrières des musicien-ne-s japonais-e-s opèrent sur plusieurs niveaux et que la "transnationalité" supposée – que j’associe au concept de « double absence » de Sayad (1977, 1999) – a été conditionnée par une combinaison de différents déterminants sociaux (origines sociales, genre, spécialisation instrumentale, systèmes éducatifs et possibilité de conversion du capital ainsi que les politiques migratoires, les marchés du travail, ou encore les arrangements de l’État de providence). Ces éléments ont en effet largement influencé et, dans certains cas, fait dérailler les parcours professionnels étudiés. / Japanese musicians arriving to Europe for the purpose of studies and work have become more and more visible in the context of classical art scenes, and they do not constitute a niche sample anymore. Combining two perspectives – that of the “art world” on the one hand and that of labour mobility and migration on the other, – this thesis examines the dynamics of Japanese musicians’ artistic careers establishing themselves in Europe in the context of “transnational” trajectories of skilled professionals. How do people, socialized in one particular culture, relocate to a disparate socio-cultural environment to study and then to build their professional as well as individual lives abroad? Shall these musicians be conceived of as “cosmopolite” artists? Or does the social construction of their careers bring them closer to “migrants”? This study is based on 50 semi-structured interviews conducted with Japanese musicians in their mother tongue as well as 20 interviews/conversations led with experts/informers. Comparing two substantially disparate environments, the French and the Polish ones, I aimed at distilling the impact that various structural as well as socio-cultural environmental idiosyncrasies have on career dynamics. In conclusion, examining modes of insertion into music education against the background of respondents’ social origins led me to distinguish four main career trajectories: (1) professional heirs; (2) inheritors of parental dreams; (3) brass band alumni and (4) avocational practitioners. Furthermore, the collected material unveiled that their careers are multilayered. Consequently, the presupposed “transnationality” – that I associate with Abdelmalek Sayad’s concept of “double absence” – has been conditioned by a combination of various social factors (i.e., social origins, gender, specialization, education systems and the possibility of conversion of capitals be it social or cultural; as well as migration policies, labor markets or structure of the welfare state in the hosts societies), which largely influence, and in some cases, derail the studied professional paths.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-12T12:38:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseATBL.pdf: 970815 bytes, checksum: 197606ff3a567a3165f80cdbd23bfad3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-12T18:35:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseATBL.pdf: 970815 bytes, checksum: 197606ff3a567a3165f80cdbd23bfad3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-12T18:55:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseATBL.pdf: 970815 bytes, checksum: 197606ff3a567a3165f80cdbd23bfad3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T18:55:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseATBL.pdf: 970815 bytes, checksum: 197606ff3a567a3165f80cdbd23bfad3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-20 / Não recebi financiamento / The aim of this study is to analyze how professionalism, difference, gender and generation in the journalism career are articulated, from the exam of the journalists’ discourses in the city of São Paulo. We use up the concept of professionalism and the Sociology of the Professions theoretical reference, based on the contributions of Eliot Freidson and Julia Evetts to understand the values of journalism, the representations around what it would be the journalist’s function, the meaning of the changes in the profession, with the emergency of a new journalist’s profile, the relations of the profession with the learning at the universities and at the editorial rooms, the historical changes according to the orientation of the journal and the professional, and their specificities with reference to the process of professionalization of the journalism in Brazil. Our aim is to comprehend how female journalists are represented in different discourses of difference. For this, our approach is set on the Avtar Brah’s theoretical assumptions, highlighting the concept of difference as an analytical category and its several meanings. We have also based our analysis on other cultural studies agents that discuss about the decentralization of the subject and its identity, as the internal diversity that characterizes gender. Fifteen journalists were interviewed, women and men, who live and work in the city of São Paulo, of different generations who act in different types of media and with different types of hire in their relations of work. The selection of the interviewed women searched, contemplate single women professionals, married, with or without children, with different time of work, that represent the time dedicated to the personal and professional lives, corresponding to the impact of personal life in the construction of the career and to the possibilities to balance between these two dimensions in the social life. / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar de que forma se articulam profissionalismo, diferença, gênero e geração na carreira de jornalismo, a partir do exame dos discursos de jornalistas da cidade de São Paulo. Empregamos o conceito de profissionalismo e o referencial teórico da sociologia das profissões, embasados nas contribuições de Eliot Freidson e Julia Evetts, para entendermos os valores do jornalismo, as representações em torno do que seria a função do jornalista, o significado das mudanças na profissão, com a emergência de um novo perfil de jornalista, as relações da profissão com o aprendizado nas universidades e nas redações, as mudanças históricas quanto à orientação dos jornais e dos profissionais, e suas especificidades no que se refere ao processo de profissionalização do jornalismo no Brasil. Nosso propósito é compreender como as profissionais do jornalismo são representadas em distintos discursos da diferença. Para isso, nossa abordagem apoiou-se nos pressupostos teóricos de Avtar Brah, com destaque para o conceito de diferença como categoria analítica e seus vários significados. Também fundamentamos nossa análise em outros representantes dos estudos culturais, que tratam do descentramento do sujeito e de sua identidade, assim como da diversidade interna que caracteriza o gênero. Foram entrevistados 15 profissionais do jornalismo, mulheres e homens, que residem e exercem suas atividades profissionais no município de São Paulo, de diferentes gerações, que atuam em diversos tipos de mídia e com distintos tipos de contratação em suas relações de trabalho. A seleção das entrevistadas procurou contemplar profissionais solteiras, casadas, com e sem filhos, com diferentes jornadas de trabalho, que representam o tempo dedicado à vida pessoal e profissional, correspondendo ao impacto da vida pessoal na construção da carreira e às possibilidades de equilibrar estas duas dimensões da vida social.