Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Don Gruenbacher / Caterina Scoglio / Cyber physical systems emerge when physical systems are integrated with communication networks. In particular, communication networks facilitate dissemination of data among components of physical systems to meet key requirements, such as efficiency and reliability, in achieving an objective. In this dissertation, we consider one of the most important cyber physical systems: the smart grid. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) envisions a smart grid that aggressively explores advance communication network solutions to facilitate real-time monitoring and dynamic control of the bulk electric power system. At the distribution level, the smart grid integrates renewable generation and energy storage mechanisms to improve reliability of the grid. Furthermore, dynamic pricing and demand management provide customers an avenue to interact with the power system to determine electricity usage that satisfies their lifestyle. At the transmission level, efficient communication and a highly automated architecture provide visibility in the power system; hence, faults are mitigated faster than they can propagate. However, higher levels of reliability and efficiency rely on the supporting physical communication infrastructure and the network technologies employed. Conventionally, the topology of the communication network tends to be identical to that of the power network. In this dissertation, however, we employ a Demand Response (DR) application to illustrate that a topology that may be ideal for the power network may not necessarily be ideal for the communication network. To develop this illustration, we realize that communication network issues, such as congestion, are addressed by protocols, middle-ware, and software mechanisms. Additionally, a network whose physical topology is designed to avoid congestion realizes an even higher level of performance. For this reason, characterizing the communication infrastructure of smart grids provides mechanisms to improve performance while minimizing cost. Most recently, algebraic connectivity has been used in the ongoing research effort characterizing the robustness of networks to failures and attacks. Therefore, we first derive analytical methods for increasing algebraic connectivity and validate these methods numerically. Secondly, we investigate impact on the topology and traffic characteristics as algebraic connectivity is increased. Finally, we construct a DR application to demonstrate how concepts from graph theory can dramatically improve the performance of a communication network. With a hybrid simulation of both power and communication network, we illustrate that a topology which may be ideal for the power network may not necessarily be ideal for the communication network. To date, utility companies are embracing network technologies such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) because of the available support for legacy devices, traffic engineering, and virtual private networks (VPNs) which are essential to the functioning of the smart grid. Furthermore, this particular network technology meets the requirement of non-routability as stipulated by NERC, but these benefits are costly for the infrastructure that supports the full MPLS specification. More importantly, with MPLS routing and other switching technologies, innovation is restricted to the features provided by the equipment. In particular, no practical method exists for utility consultants or researchers to test new ideas, such as alternatives to IP or MPLS, on a realistic scale in order to obtain the experience and confidence necessary for real-world deployments. As a result, novel ideas remain untested. On the contrary, OpenFlow, which has gained support from network providers such as Microsoft and Google and equipment vendors such as NEC and Cisco, provides the programmability and flexibility necessary to enable innovation in next-generation communication architectures for the smart grid. This level of flexibility allows OpenFlow to provide all features of MPLS and allows OpenFlow devices to co-exist with existing MPLS devices. Therefore, in this dissertation we explore a low-cost OpenFlow Software Defined Networking solution and compare its performance to that of MPLS. In summary, we develop methods for designing robust networks and evaluate software defined networking for communication and control in cyber physical systems where the smart grid is the system under consideration.

A Internet foi projetada em contexto distante da realidade atual. Novas aplicações, novas tecnologias e dispositivos definem um novo conjunto de requisitos, que, entre outros, consiste de suporte a mobilidade, segurança, QoS e multicast. Pesquisadores de todo o mundo estão engajados no projeto da Internet do Futuro. Enquanto muitos procuram evoluir a Internet atual, outros partem do princípio de que arquitetura atual deve ser ignorada afim de se conceber uma nova arquitetura. Partindo de uma visão disruptiva, este trabalho tem por objetivo definir, projetar e avaliar experimentalmente uma forma de encaminhamento onde o multicast seja um requisito central para as aplicações. Essa forma de encaminhamento é baseada em novas relações entre entidades que se comunicam e na utilização de uma identificação/endereçamento única, não ambígua e independente da topologia: seu Título. A arquitetura Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), construída sobre uma infraestrutura baseada em redes definidas por software, estabelece novas relações entre as entidades de sistemas distribuídos. A definição do Workspace, implementado neste trabalho, permite estabelecer um canal por onde múltiplas entidades se comunicam naturalmente de uma forma multicast, permitindo ainda a mobilidade dessas entidades ao longo da rede. Identificado por seu Título, o Workspace é o destino das primitivas durante a comunicação. À medida que novas entidades se ligam ou desligam, há reconfiguração do Workspace. A abordagem definida, implementada e verificada neste trabalho representa uma forma mais eficiente de comunicação se comparada aos endereços no âmbito da camada de rede (IP Multicast) ou de aplicação (Application Layer Multicast). A arquitetura ETArch leva em conta não somente os aspectos de multicast e mobilidade das entidades, como também foi construída com a visão de incorporar em um momento futuro requisitos de QoS e segurança, sendo, portanto, um ponto de convergência para o diálogo com outros grupos de pesquisa, afim de colaborar na construção da próxima geração das redes de computadores. / Internet was designed in a totally different context, far from what we have today. New applications, new technologies and devices define a new set of requirements, which among others, is to support mobility, security, QoS and multicast. Researchers around the world are engaged in the design of the Future Internet. While many seek to evolve the current Internet, others assume that current architecture should be ignored in order to design a new architecture. From a disruptive vision, this work aims to define, design and experimentally validate a form of referral where multicast be a central requirement for applications. This form of routing is based on new relationships between entities that communicate and use of an identification/addressing based on a topology independent name that unambiguously identifies an entity: its Title. The Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), built on an infrastructure based on software defined networking, establishes new relationships between entities in distributed systems. The definition of the Workspace, implemented in this work, allows establishing a channel through which multiple entities communicate naturally by using a multicast approach, while still allowing mobility of these entities over network. Identified by its title, the Workspace is the destination of the primitives during communication. As new entities attach or detach the Workspace is reconfigured. The approach defined, implemented and varied in this work is a more efficient way of communication compared to the addressing within the network layer (IP Multicast) or application (Application Layer Multicast). ETArch takes into account not only the aspects of multicast and mobility of the entities , but also was built with the vision to incorporate into a future time QoS and security , so it is a focal point for dialogue with other research groups to collaborate in building the next generation of computer networks.

A significant number of protocols and capabilities have been proposed in recent years in response to the demand for reducing the amount of energy consumed by the network infrastructure. Besides rising economic issues, there is a widespread sensitivity to ecological impacts since both energy costs and electrical demands are in a upward trend. In this scenario, the development and validation of energy saving strategies are a key point of making networks more efficient. However, there is a lack of experimental environments designed specifically to emulate and to validate such energy efficiency solutions. This work proposes an environment not only supporting the development and discussion of energy-saving solutions but also management applications considering energy-saving primitives. For this purpose, the environment is built considering the implementation of energy efficiency capabilities that are representative of each network scope (interface, device, and network) in the Mininet environment taking as a basis the Software-defined Networking (SDN) paradigm. The environment proposed was evaluated with different experiments by comparing the energy savings obtained by activating these energy-efficiency capabilities. / Um significativo número de protocolos e funcionalidades foram propostos em resposta à crescente demanda de energia por infraestruturas de rede. Além de gerar problemas econômicos, existe uma preocupação quanto aos impactos ambientais uma vez que maior a demanda por eletricidade, maior o impacto ambiental para suprir esta demanda. Neste cenário, o desenvolvimento e validação de estratégias para economizar energia são um ponto chave para tornar infraestruturas de rede mais eficiente. No entanto, há uma falta de ambientes desenvolvidos especificamente para emular e validar soluções para eficiência energética. Com este propósito este trabalho propõe um ambiente capaz de suportar não apenas o desenvolvimento de soluções para tornar redes mais eficientes energeticamente, como também o desenvolvimento de aplicações de gerenciamento que baseiam-se em primitivas de economia de energia. Para este propósito, o ambiente é construído considerando a implementação de funcionalidades orientadas à eficiência energética que são representativas para cada escopo de rede (interface, dispositivo e rede) no ambiente de emulação Mininet tomando como base o paradigma de redes definidas por software. O ambiente proposto foi validade por meio de diferentes experimentos comparando a economia de energia obtida pela ativação destas funcionalidades.

This dissertation develops and analyzes several techniques for improving channel estimation and tracking performance in distributed multi-input multi-output (D-MIMO) wireless communication systems. D-MIMO communication systems have been studied for the last decade and are known to offer the benefits of antenna arrays, e.g., improved range and data rates, to systems of single-antenna devices. D-MIMO communication systems are considered a promising technology for future wireless standards including advanced cellular communication systems. This dissertation considers problems related to channel estimation and tracking in D-MIMO communication systems and is focused on three related topics: (i) characterizing oscillator stability for nodes in D-MIMO systems, (ii) the development of an optimal unified tracking framework and a performance comparison to previously considered sub-optimal tracking approaches, and (iii) incorporating independent kinematics into dynamic channel models and using accelerometers to improve channel tracking performance. A key challenge of D-MIMO systems is estimating and tracking the time-varying channels present between each pair of nodes in the system. Even if the propagation channel between a pair of nodes is time-invariant, the independent local oscillators in each node cause the carrier phases and frequencies and the effective channels between the nodes to have random time-varying phase offsets. The first part of this dissertation considers the problem of characterizing the stability parameters of the oscillators used as references for the transmitted waveforms. Having good estimates of these parameters is critical to facilitate optimal tracking of the phase and frequency offsets. We develop a new method for estimating these oscillator stability parameters based on Allan deviation measurements and compare this method to several previously developed parameter estimation techniques based on innovation covariance whitening. The Allan deviation method is validated with both simulations and experimental data from low-precision and high-precision oscillators. The second part of this dissertation considers a D-MIMO scenario with $N_t$ transmitters and $N_r$ receivers. While there are $N_t imes N_r$ node-to-node pairwise channels in such a system, there are only $N_t + N_r$ independent oscillators. We develop a new unified tracking model where one Kalman filter jointly tracks all of the pairwise channels and compare the performance of unified tracking to previously developed suboptimal local tracking approaches where the channels are not jointly tracked. Numerical results show that unified tracking tends to provide similar beamforming performance to local tracking but can provide significantly better nullforming performance in some scenarios. The third part of this dissertation considers a scenario where the transmit nodes in a D-MIMO system have independent kinematics. In general, this makes the channel tracking problem more difficult since the independent kinematics make the D-MIMO channels less predictable. We develop dynamics models which incorporate the effects of acceleration on oscillator frequency and displacement on propagation time. The tracking performance of a system with conventional feedback is compared to a system with conventional feedback and local accelerometer measurements. Numerical results show that the tracking performance is significantly improved with local accelerometer measurements.

Le concept de radio logicielle (SDR) est une solution pertinente pour concevoir des équipements multi-standards. Une façon de réaliser de tels équipements est d'identifier les fonctions et opérateurs communs entre les standards. Cette approche s’appelle la paramétrisation et est divisée en deux catégories : l'approche pragmatique qui est une version pratique pour créer et développer des opérateurs communs à partir d’opérateurs existants, et l'approche théorique dont l’objectif est de réaliser une exploration graphique d’un équipement multi-standards selon différents niveaux de granularité, accompagnée d’un problème d'optimisation. C’est cette dernière approche qui a constitué le sujet de base de cette thèse. Ainsi, une fonction de coût doit être optimisée afin de sélectionner les opérateurs communs entre les différentes normes, ce qui permet de proposer une configuration optimale à partir de laquelle sont déduits les opérateurs communs. Dans notre travail, nous avons dans un premier temps modélisé théoriquement la structure graphique d’un système multi-standards par un hypergraphe orienté. En outre, nous avons fourni une expression mathématique alternative de la fonction de coût suggérée, en utilisant des définitions propres à la théorie des graphes. Ensuite, nous avons montré que le problème d'optimisation associé était un problème NP sous une certaine contrainte, ce qui a entraîné une preuve d'exclusion de certaines configurations dont les coûts ne peuvent être minimaux. Ceci a constitué la deuxième contribution de cette thèse. Enfin, nous avons proposé un nouvel algorithme permettant de résoudre le problème d'optimisation donné, et dont l'intérêt est de donner une solution optimale du problème au lieu d’une solution approchée fournie par les méthodes heuristiques classiques. Un programme associé à cet algorithme a été développé en langage C, puis appliqué à plusieurs exemples de cas génériques afin d’en étudier les performances. / The Software-Defined Radio (SDR) concept is emerging as a potential and efficient solution for designing flexible future-proof multi-standard systems. A way of realizing a multi-standard terminal is to identify the appropriate common functions and operators inside and between the standards. This is what's called the parametrization approach, which can be divided into two categories: the pragmatic approach which is a practical version to create and develop common operators, and the theoretical approach which represents a graphical exploration of the SDR multi-standard system at different levels of granularity accompanied with an optimization problem. It’s in this last approach where our thesis subject dwells. In this context, a suggested cost function (in previous work) has to be optimized in order to select the convenient common operators between the different standards, enabling to construct an optimal design. In our work, we theoretically model a previously proposed graph structure of an SDR multi-standard system as a directed hypergraph as well as provide an alternative mathematical formal expression of the suggested cost function, using various graph theoretical definitions and notations. Afterwards, we prove that the associated optimization problem is an NP-problem under a certain constraint, which entails a proof of exclusion of some particular design options when searching for a minimum cost design. This was the second contribution in this thesis before we finally present a new algorithm (which exploits various modelization aspects of directed hypergraphs) that can solve the optimization problem, whose interest is in it giving an exact-optimal solution to our problem instead of a near-optimal one provided by heuristics. A program code for this algorithm was developed in C-language, and then it was applied on several generic case examples in order to explore its performance skills.

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has been realised with the advent of Machineto-Machine (M2M) communication through which the vision of future Internet has been revolutionised. IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) provides feasible IPv6 connectivity to previously isolated environments, e.g. wireless M2M sensors and actuator networks. This thesis's contributions include a novel mathematical model, energy-efficient algorithms, and a centralised software controller for dynamic consolidation of programmability features in cloud-based M2M networks. A new generalised joint mathematical model has been proposed for performance analysis of the 6LoWPAN MAC and PHY layers. The proposed model differs from existing analytical models as it precisely adopts the 6LoWPAN specifications introduced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group. The proposed approach is based on Markov chain modelling and validated through Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, an intelligent mechanism has been proposed for optimal 6LoWPAN MAC layer parameters set selection. The proposed mechanism depends on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particles Swarm Optimisation (PSO). Simulation results show that utilising the optimal MAC parameters improve the 6LoWPAN network throughput by 52-63% and reduce end-to-end delay by 54-65%. This thesis focuses on energy-efficient data extraction and dissemination in a wireless M2M sensor network based on 6LoWPAN. A new scalable and self-organised clustering technique with a smart sleep scheduler has been proposed for prolonging M2M network's lifetime and enhancing network connectivity. These solutions succeed in overcoming performance degradation and unbalanced energy consumption problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks. Simulation results show that by adopting the proposed schemes in multiple mobile sink sensory field will improve the total aggregated packets by 38-167% and extend network lifetime by 30-78%. Proof-of-concept real-time hardware testbed experiments are used to verify the effectiveness of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and cloud computing on a 6LoWPAN network. The implemented testbed is based on open standards development boards (i.e. Arduino), with one sink, which is the M2M 6LoWPAN gateway, where the network coordinator and the customised SDN controller operated. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach reduces network discovery time by 60% and extends the node lifetime by 65% in comparison with the traditional 6LoWPAN network. Finally, the thesis is concluded with an overall picture of the research conducted and some suggestions for future work.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Christiane Marie Schweitzer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia da Informação, 2014. / Os sistemas em nuvem representam uma nova solução para provedores de serviços de rede para empresas de pequeno e médio porte. Esses provedores possuem centrais de dados com grande quantidade de servidores, instalados sobre uma estrutura virtualizada e que permite a alocação dos espaços para diversas empresas que tem necessidade de hospedagem de serviços e dados e não possuem recursos financeiros para sua própria central de dados. Por meio das Redes Definidas por Software (Software Defined Networks - SDN) o plano de controle está separadodo plano de dados fazendo surgir uma nova solução de operação e gerenciamento das redes. Oplano de dados é composto por switches, roteadores e hosts, responsável pelo tráfego dainformação através de seus fluxos, enquanto o plano de controle é implementado emsoftwaree é responsável pelo roteamento de pacotes e arquitetura. Os controladores são responsáveispela manutenção dos fluxos. Atualmente os controladores disponíveis para utilização e decódigo aberto, são: NOX, POX, Maestro, Beacon e Floodlight. Assim, o uso de SDN emsistemas de computação em nuvem, permite uma flexibilização da operação e gerenciamentode centrais de dados. Neste sentido, este trabalho procurou avaliar a resistência de controladoresSDNs diante de ataques de negação de serviço, que possam interromper seu funcionamento,comprometendo a segurança da rede, por meio de testes constatou-se que o controlador NOXapresentou um comportamento bastante satisfatório, mantendo as conexões de rede ativas sobstress. Além disso, diante do problema que administradores de centrais de dados se defrontamquando precisam alocar ou aumentar as máquinas virtuais no conjunto de servidores da nuvem,nem sempre é possível alocar máquinas virtuais próximas umas das outras no mesmo servidor,interferindo na vazão da rede, foi investigada uma solução para permitir esta reorganização.Esta solução foi chamada de desfragmentador de redes e permite o deslocamento das máquinasvirtuais, fazendo com que sejam alocadas em um único conjunto físico de servidores. Estareorganização é feita sob demanda e em tempo real, e os resultados apresentados são bastante interessantes mostrando a viabilidade da solução. / Cloud systems represent a new solution for network service providers for small and mid-sized companies. These providers have datacenters with large amount of servers, installed on a virtualized structure and allowing the allocation of spaces for several companies that have needof hosting services and data and they do not have the financial resources to your own datacenter. In the Software Defined Networks (SDNs), the control plane is separated from the data plan making a new solution of networks operation and management. The data plan is composed of switches, routers and hosts, responsible for the traffic information through its streams, while the control plan is implemented in software and is responsible for the architecture and routing of packets. Controllers are responsible for the management of the streams. Currently, the available controllers, for use and open source, are: NOX, POX, Maestro, Beacon and Floodlight. Thus, the use of SDN, in cloud computing systems, allows a flexibility of operation and management of datacenters. In this sense, this work sought to evaluate the resistance of SDNs controllers in front of denial-of-service attacks that can disruptits operation, compromising network security, by testing it was found that the NOX controllerpresented a quite satisfying behavior, keeping active network connections under stress.Moreover, faced with the problem that datacenter administrators when they need to allocate orincrease the virtual machines in the cloud servers, it is not always possible to allocate virtualmachines near to each other on the same server, interfering with network flow, was investigateda solution to allow this reorganization. This solution was called the network defragmenter and allows the movement of virtual machines, which are allocated on a single set of physical servers. This reorganisation is made on demand and in real time, and the results are quite interesting, showing the viability of the solution.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-29T15:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRE PASSITO.pdf: 3822416 bytes, checksum: 4f278e2830ed590e916983c979c90872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Autonomous networking research to applies intelligent agent and multiagent systems theory to network controlling mechanisms. Deploying such autonomous and rational entities in the network can improve its behavior in the presence of very dynamic and complex control scenarios. Unfortunately, building agent-based mechanisms for networks is not an easy task. The main difficulty is to create concise knowledge representations about network domains and reasoning mechanisms to deal with them. Furthermore, the Internet makes the design of multiagent systems for network controlling a challenging activity involving the modeling of different participants with diverse beliefs and intentions. Such type of system often poses scalability problems due to the lack of incentives for cooperation between administrative domains. Finally, as the current structure of the Internet often prevents innovation, constructed autonomous networking mechanisms are not fully deployed in large scale scenarios. The Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm is in the realm of Future Internet efforts. In the SDN paradigm, packet forwarding hardware is controlled by software running as a separated control plane. Management software uses an open protocol to program the owtables in different switches and routers. This work presents a general discussion about the integration of autonomous networks and software-defined networks. Based on the knowledge offered by this discussion, it presents a framework that provides autonomy to SDN domains allowing them to act cooperatively when deployed in scenarios with distributed management. Two case studies are presented for important open issues in the Internet: (1) the problem of mitigating DDoS attacks when thousands of attackers perform malicious packet ooding and SDN domains must cooperate to cope with packet filtering at the source; (2) the problem of network traffic management when multiple domains must cooperate and modify routing primitives. / A pesquisa em redes autônomas aplica a teoria de agentes inteligentes e sistemas multiagente em mecanismos de controle de redes. Implantar esse mecanismos autônomos e racionais na rede pode melhorar seu comportamento na presença de cenários de controle muito complexos e dinâmicos. Infelizmente, a construção de mecanismos baseados em agentes para redes não é uma tarefa fácil. A principal dificuldade é criar representações concisas de conhecimento sobre os domínios de redes e mecanismos de raciocínio para lidar com elas. Além disso, a Internet faz com que o projeto de sistemas multiagente para o controle da rede seja uma atividade intrincada envolvendo a modelagem de diferentes participantes com diversas crenças e intenções. Esses tipos de sistemas geralmente apresentam problemas de escalabilidade devido à falta de incentivos para cooperação entre domínios administrativos. Finalmente, como a estrutura corrente da Internet geralmente impede inovações, mecanismos de redes autônomas construídos não são totalmente implantados em cenários de larga escala. O paradigma das redes definidas por software (SDN) está na esfera dos esforços da Internet do Futuro. No paradigma SDN, o hardware de repasse de pacotes é controlado por software sendo executado como um plano de controle separado. Softwares de gerenciamento utilizam um protocolo aberto que programa as tabelas de uxo em diferentes switches e roteadores. Este trabalho apresenta uma discussão geral sobre a integração de redes autônomas e redes definidas por software. Baseado no conhecimento oferecido por essa discussão, é apresentado um arcabouço que provê autonomia para domínios SDN, permitindo que eles atuem cooperativamente quando implantados em cenários com gerenciamento distribuído. Dois estudos de caso são apresentados para importantes questões em aberto na Internet: (1) o problema da mitigação de ataques DDoS quando milhares de atacantes realizam inundação por pacotes e os domínios SDN precisam cooperar para lidar com o filtro de pacotes na origem; (2) o problema do gerenciamento de tráfego da rede quando múltiplos domínios devem cooperar e realizar modificações nas primitivas de roteamento de redes.

A significant number of protocols and capabilities have been proposed in recent years in response to the demand for reducing the amount of energy consumed by the network infrastructure. Besides rising economic issues, there is a widespread sensitivity to ecological impacts since both energy costs and electrical demands are in a upward trend. In this scenario, the development and validation of energy saving strategies are a key point of making networks more efficient. However, there is a lack of experimental environments designed specifically to emulate and to validate such energy efficiency solutions. This work proposes an environment not only supporting the development and discussion of energy-saving solutions but also management applications considering energy-saving primitives. For this purpose, the environment is built considering the implementation of energy efficiency capabilities that are representative of each network scope (interface, device, and network) in the Mininet environment taking as a basis the Software-defined Networking (SDN) paradigm. The environment proposed was evaluated with different experiments by comparing the energy savings obtained by activating these energy-efficiency capabilities. / Um significativo número de protocolos e funcionalidades foram propostos em resposta à crescente demanda de energia por infraestruturas de rede. Além de gerar problemas econômicos, existe uma preocupação quanto aos impactos ambientais uma vez que maior a demanda por eletricidade, maior o impacto ambiental para suprir esta demanda. Neste cenário, o desenvolvimento e validação de estratégias para economizar energia são um ponto chave para tornar infraestruturas de rede mais eficiente. No entanto, há uma falta de ambientes desenvolvidos especificamente para emular e validar soluções para eficiência energética. Com este propósito este trabalho propõe um ambiente capaz de suportar não apenas o desenvolvimento de soluções para tornar redes mais eficientes energeticamente, como também o desenvolvimento de aplicações de gerenciamento que baseiam-se em primitivas de economia de energia. Para este propósito, o ambiente é construído considerando a implementação de funcionalidades orientadas à eficiência energética que são representativas para cada escopo de rede (interface, dispositivo e rede) no ambiente de emulação Mininet tomando como base o paradigma de redes definidas por software. O ambiente proposto foi validade por meio de diferentes experimentos comparando a economia de energia obtida pela ativação destas funcionalidades.

A Internet foi projetada em contexto distante da realidade atual. Novas aplicações, novas tecnologias e dispositivos definem um novo conjunto de requisitos, que, entre outros, consiste de suporte a mobilidade, segurança, QoS e multicast. Pesquisadores de todo o mundo estão engajados no projeto da Internet do Futuro. Enquanto muitos procuram evoluir a Internet atual, outros partem do princípio de que arquitetura atual deve ser ignorada afim de se conceber uma nova arquitetura. Partindo de uma visão disruptiva, este trabalho tem por objetivo definir, projetar e avaliar experimentalmente uma forma de encaminhamento onde o multicast seja um requisito central para as aplicações. Essa forma de encaminhamento é baseada em novas relações entre entidades que se comunicam e na utilização de uma identificação/endereçamento única, não ambígua e independente da topologia: seu Título. A arquitetura Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), construída sobre uma infraestrutura baseada em redes definidas por software, estabelece novas relações entre as entidades de sistemas distribuídos. A definição do Workspace, implementado neste trabalho, permite estabelecer um canal por onde múltiplas entidades se comunicam naturalmente de uma forma multicast, permitindo ainda a mobilidade dessas entidades ao longo da rede. Identificado por seu Título, o Workspace é o destino das primitivas durante a comunicação. À medida que novas entidades se ligam ou desligam, há reconfiguração do Workspace. A abordagem definida, implementada e verificada neste trabalho representa uma forma mais eficiente de comunicação se comparada aos endereços no âmbito da camada de rede (IP Multicast) ou de aplicação (Application Layer Multicast). A arquitetura ETArch leva em conta não somente os aspectos de multicast e mobilidade das entidades, como também foi construída com a visão de incorporar em um momento futuro requisitos de QoS e segurança, sendo, portanto, um ponto de convergência para o diálogo com outros grupos de pesquisa, afim de colaborar na construção da próxima geração das redes de computadores. / Internet was designed in a totally different context, far from what we have today. New applications, new technologies and devices define a new set of requirements, which among others, is to support mobility, security, QoS and multicast. Researchers around the world are engaged in the design of the Future Internet. While many seek to evolve the current Internet, others assume that current architecture should be ignored in order to design a new architecture. From a disruptive vision, this work aims to define, design and experimentally validate a form of referral where multicast be a central requirement for applications. This form of routing is based on new relationships between entities that communicate and use of an identification/addressing based on a topology independent name that unambiguously identifies an entity: its Title. The Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), built on an infrastructure based on software defined networking, establishes new relationships between entities in distributed systems. The definition of the Workspace, implemented in this work, allows establishing a channel through which multiple entities communicate naturally by using a multicast approach, while still allowing mobility of these entities over network. Identified by its title, the Workspace is the destination of the primitives during communication. As new entities attach or detach the Workspace is reconfigured. The approach defined, implemented and varied in this work is a more efficient way of communication compared to the addressing within the network layer (IP Multicast) or application (Application Layer Multicast). ETArch takes into account not only the aspects of multicast and mobility of the entities , but also was built with the vision to incorporate into a future time QoS and security , so it is a focal point for dialogue with other research groups to collaborate in building the next generation of computer networks.