<p dir="ltr">In Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) a critical theme is in un-<br>derstanding and delving into determining specular points, and how to optimize its solutions.<br>The implications are significant for soil moisture, Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), water stor-<br>age, and climate dynamics. For instance, the Signals of Opportunity in P-Band Investigation<br>(SNOOPI) will utilize observations in reference to the specular point to evaluate measurements<br>that could be used to determine water content, soil moisture, and SWE. The focus of this<br>study is presenting and evaluating two prominent methods for determining specular points:<br>the Minimum Path Delay (MPL) and the Unit Difference (UD). Specular point determin-<br>nation presents various challenges which include: surface roughness, temporal and spatial<br>variability, and multipath effects. All of these earth’s surface characteristics pose a challenge<br>for scientists and engineers who wish to collect terrestrial parameters. The analysis in this<br>study offers a comparative approach focusing on data from the simulator for the CubeSat<br>SNOOPI mission is to evaluate specular point determination accuracy as well as offer a real-<br>world application to determine the efficacy of the two methods. Through this evaluation,<br>the researcher aims to improve specular point determination techniques used in the GNSS-R<br>community and offer insights into future techniques and how they can support each other<br>for more precise results.<br></p>

Root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) is an important variable when forecasting plant growth, determining water availability during drought, and understanding evapotranspiration as a flux. However, current methods indirectly estimate RZSM using data assimilation, which requires time-series data to make model-based predictions. This is because direct measurement requires a lower frequency signal, typically P-band and below (<500MHz), to reach root zone depths and, in turn, necessitates a larger antenna to be deployed in space, which is often unfeasible. A new remote sensing technique known as Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) reutilizes transmitted communication signals to perform microwave remote sensing. This means that SoOp platforms need not include a transmitter, but rather rely on passive radar technology to make measurements. This thesis details the development of a UAS-based P-band SoOp receiver instrument. This platform will be used to progress the state-of-art in techniques for direct measurement of RZSM.

No description available.

Few current modeling tools are designed to predict short-term, high-risk runoff from critical source areas (CSAs) in watersheds which are significant sources of non point source (NPS) pollution. This study couples the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Variable Source Area (SWAT-VSA) model with the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) model and the Global Forecast System (GFS) model short-term weather forecast, to develop a CSA prediction tool designed to assist producers, landowners, and planners in identifying high-risk areas generating storm runoff and pollution. Short-term predictions for streamflow, runoff probability, and soil moisture levels were estimated in the South Fork of the Shenandoah river watershed in Virginia. In order to allow land managers access to the CSA predictions a free and open source software based web was developed. The forecast system consists of three primary components; (1) the model, which preprocesses the necessary hydrologic forcings, runs the watershed model, and outputs spatially distributed VSA forecasts; (2) a data management structure, which converts high resolution rasters into overlay web map tiles; and (3) the user interface component, a web page that allows the user, to interact with the processed output. The resulting framework satisfied most design requirements with free and open source software and scored better than similar tools in usability metrics. One of the potential problems is that the CSA model, utilizing physically based modeling techniques requires significant computational time to execute and process. Thus, as an alternative, a deep learning (DL) model was developed and trained on the process based model output. The DL model resulted in a 9% increase in predictive power compared to the physically based model and a ten-fold decrease in run time. Additionally, DL interpretation methods applicable beyond this study are described including hidden layer visualization and equation extractions describing a quantifiable amount of variance in hidden layer values. Finally, a large-scale analysis of soil phosphorus (P) levels was conducted in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, a current location of several short-term forecast tools. Based on Bayesian inference methodologies, 31 years of soil P history at the county scale were estimated, with the associated uncertainty for each estimate. These data will assist in the planning and implantation of short term forecast tools with P management goals. The short term modeling and communication tools developed in this work contribute to filling a gap in scientific tools aimed at improving water quality through informing land manager's decisions. / PHD

The regeneration in oak-dominated stands following five silvicultural treatments was examined on four sites in the mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. Treatments included: silvicultural clearcut, leave-tree, commercial clearcut, shelterwood, and group selection. The effects of harvesting were compared among sites and among treatments. Oak regeneration dominance, measured by the relative density of dominant and codominant oak regeneration, was the most important variable calculated from the data. Oak regeneration dominance varied by site, but did not vary by silvicultural treatment; all treatments resulted in relatively low numbers. Therefore, the silvicultural treatments used here were not enough to overcome the site specific limitations to successful oak regeneration. Oak species also seemed to be less important in the regenerating stands than in their parent stands. The biggest losses in oak importance occurred on the intermediate and high quality sites; competitive oak regeneration was relatively scarce on two of the three sites with an oak site index (base age 50) of over 70 ft. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the factors controlling oak regeneration at a smaller scale. The most important variables were those that described the oak stump sprouting potential, the understory and overstory oak component in the pre-harvest stand, post-harvest light and soil nitrogen levels. / Master of Science

This investigation has attempted to show that soil and water conservation practices do increase the amount of soil moisture in five of Denton County, Texas soils: Denton clay, Durant clay, San Saba clay, Kirvin fine sandy loam, and Tabor fine sandy loam.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A study was conducted between 2000 and 2002 in the lower Berg River catchment of the semi-arid Western Cape Province to investigate the effect of irrigation developments (wheat fields to table grapes) on the quality of the Berg River as well as the sustainability of these developments. This study was necessitated by the mineralisation of both the Breede and Berg River, probably due to irrigation together with the higher pressure on these water resources from the growing demand for fresh water from the Cape Town metropolitan area. Water and Salt balances of two dominant soil patterns (Glenrosa/Swartland and Oakleaf/Hutton soil forms) from the catchment area were monitored at two localities. Vineyard blocks of different ages in the same soil forms were used to study the effect of irrigation over time. The electrical conductivity of the soil water extracts (ECe) was measured three times over depth at the selected sites and the quality of irrigation and drainage return-flow were monitored. Soil water storing capacities of these stony (high rough fragment' fractions) soils were also characterised for more efficient drainage quantity prediction. Glenrosa/Swartland soils showed the highest ECe's (200-400 mx.m") that decreased significantly after four to five years of irrigation and distribution became more uniform over depth. These high salt concentrations were explained due to natural occurrence of salts, mineral weathering and salts from the irrigation water. Oakleaf/Hutton soils showed lower ECe's « 200 nfS.m") but they are subject to the quality of the irrigation water, which is not that constant over years. Localised salt accumulation was observed due to the irrigation method and became more prominent over years. Drainage quantities were under predicted because of the big/high rough fragment fractions and the occurrence of preferential-flow. This prohibited the accurate calculation of the soil water house holding characteristics. It also led to the under calculation of salt return-flow, but it was very evident that the most salt retumflow occurred from the Glenrosa/Swartland soils. Effective irrigation management to achieve and maintain optimal soil water levels and to reduce the negative impact of high ECe's is essential for the sustainability of these irrigation developments. At present it does not seem that the irrigation return-flow is causing dramatic mineralisation of the lower Berg River, but it is a situation that must be monitored as the developments extent and become older (come into production). It seems that irrigation return-flow only has an influence on the quality of the river at the beginning of such a development, but after about three years the influence directly correlates with the quality of irrigation water and mineral weathering. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie is gedurende die jare 2000 tot 2002 in die benede Bergrivier opvanggebied van die semi-ariede Wes-Kaap Provinsie gedoen om die effek van besproeiingsontwikkelings (koringlande na tafeldruiwe) op die kwaliteit van die Bergrivier se water, asook die volhoubaarheid van besproeiingslandbou te ondersoek. Hierdie studie was genoodsaak deur toenemende versouting van beide die Breede- en Bergrivier, waarskynlik a.g.v. besproeiing, tesarne met groter druk op hierdie waterbronne van wee die groeiende aanvraag na vars water deur die Kaapstadse metropool. Water- en soutbalanse van twee dominante grondpatrone (Glenrosa/Swartland en Oakleaf/Hutton grondvorms) binne die opvanggebied was by twee lokaliteite gemoniteer. Wingerdblokke van verskillende ouderdomme binne dieselfde grondvorms is gebruik om die effek van besproeiing oor tyd te ondersoek. Die elektriese geleiding van die grondwaterekstrak (EGe) was drie maal op verskillende dieptes by geselekteerde persele gemeet en die kwaliteit van besproeiingswater en dreineringsterugvloei was deurgaans gemoniteer. Grondwaterstoringskapasiteite van hierdie klipryke ( hoe 'growwe fragment fraksie) gronde was ook gekarakteriseer vir meer doeltreffende voorspellings van dreineringshoeveelhede. Glenrosa/Swartland gronde het die hoogste EGe's getoon (200-400 mx.m') wat na vier tot vyf jaar se besproeiing aansienlik afgeneem het en meer uniform met diepte versprei was. Die hoe soutkonsentrasies is veroorsaak deur die natuurlike voorkoms van sout in die grond, minerale verwering en sout vanuit die besproeiingswater. Oakleaf/Hutton gronde het laer EGe's getoon « 200 mS.m-I ), maar hierdie gronde se soutinhoud is ook onderhewig aan die kwaliteit van die besproeiingswater en dreinering wat oor jare nie baie konstant was en nog is nie. Gelokaliseerde soutaansarneling tussen wingerdrye is ook waargeneem a.g.v. die besproeiingsmetode en dit word meer prominent oor jare. Dreineringshoeveelhede was onder-voorspel a.g.v. die groot/hoe growwe fragment fraksies en voorkoms van voorkeurvloei, wat die akkurate modellering van grondwaterhuishouding beperk het. Dit het ook daartoe gelei dat soutterugvloei ondervoorspel was, maar dit was duidelik dat die meeste soutterugvloei vanuit die Glenrosa/Swartland gronde plaasvind. Effektiewe besproeiingsbestuur, om optimale grondwaterpeile te handhaaf en om negatiewe effekte van hoe EGe te beperk, is noodsaaklik vir die volhoubaarheid van hierdie tipe besproeiingsontwikkelings. Tans blyk dit nie of besproeiingsterugvloei drarnatiese versouting van die benede Bergrivier veroorsaak nie, maar dit is egter 'n situasie wat deeglik gemoniteer moet word soos wat ontwikkelings uitbrei en ouer word (in produksie kom). Besproeiingsterugvloei het dus net aan die begin van so 'n ontwikkelling 'n invloed op die EG van die rivier, maar na ongeveer drie jaar hou die invloed direk verband met die kwaliteit van die besproeiingswater en minerale verwenng.

Ancestral Pueblo communities of the central Mesa Verde region (CMVR) became increasingly reliant on agriculture for their subsistence needs during Basketmaker III (BMIII) through Terminal Pueblo III (TPIII) (AD 600–1300) periods. Researchers have been studying the Ancestral Pueblo people for over a century using a variety of methods to understand the relationships between climate, agriculture, population, and settlement patterns. While these methods and research have produced a well-developed cultural history of the region, studies at a smaller scale are still needed to understand the changes in farming behavior and the distribution of individual sites across the CMVR. Soil moisture is the limiting factor for crop growth in the semi-arid region of the Goodman Watershed in the CMVR. Thus, I constructed the soil moisture proxy model (SMPM) that is on a local scale and focuses on variables relevant to soil moisture – soil particle-size, soil depth, slope, and aspect. From the SMPM output, the areas of very high soil moisture are assumed to represent desirable farmland locations. I describe the relationship between very high soil moisture and site locations, then I infer the relevance of that relationship to settlement patterns and how those patterns changed over time (BMIII – TPIII). The results of the model and its application help to clarify how Ancestral Pueblo people changed as local farming communities. The results of this study indicates that farmers shifted away from use of preferred farmland during Terminal Pueblo III, which may have been caused by other cultural factors. The general outcome of this thesis is an improved understanding of human-environmental relationships on the local landscape in the CMVR.

Ce mémoire visait à déterminer les pratiques et les facteurs favorables au succès des réintroductions du carex faux-lupulina (Carex lupuliformis), une espèce vivace menacée poussant dans divers types de milieux humides ouverts du nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des expériences de germination en serres ont été réalisées, et la survie, la vigueur et le microhabitat de chaque plant de carex faux-lupulina connu au Québec (sauvage ou réintroduit) ont été mesurés. Nos résultats montrent que le carex faux-lupulina est une espèce facile à propager ex situ. Une stratification froide (4°C) des semences dans du sable humide pendant un mois induit des taux de germination élevés. Nos résultats montrent également que des pucerons exotiques, ainsi qu’une transplantation dans des habitats inadaptés aux besoins de l’espèce en termes d’humidité du sol et de lumière disponible, ont causé la mort prématurée d’un grand nombre de transplants. Notre programme de réintroduction a permis d’établir une nouvelle population de l’espèce au Québec, et a potentiellement permis de sextupler la taille des populations de la province. Globalement, cette étude a permis de mieux comprendre l’écologie du carex faux-lupulina, et ainsi de faciliter la restauration de ses populations. / This study aimed to determine the practices and factors influencing the success of the reintroductions of false hop sedge, an endangered perennial species growing in North American open wetlands. To do so, germination experiments were performed, and the survival, vigour and microhabitat of each false hop sedge plant known in Québec (wild or reintroduced) were measured. Our results show that false hop sedge is easy to propagate ex situ. A cold stratification (4°C) of seeds in wet sand for one month induced higher germination rates. Our results also show that exotic aphids, as well as a transplantation in habitats that did not meet the false hop sedge requirements in terms of soil moisture and available light, caused the premature death of many transplants. Our reintroduction program allowed the establishment of at least one new false hop sedge population in Québec, and potentially contributed to sextupling the size of the provincial population. Overall, this study allowed us to better understand the ecology of false hop sedge, and thus facilitate the restoration of its populations.

Le climat du bassin méditerranéen est caractérise par un fort impact du déficit hydrique sur la croissance de la végétation. Dans ces régions fréquemment affectées par les sècheresses, l'humidité des sols est un facteur essentiel des processus hydrologiques et de la croissance de la végétation. Des études climatiques récentes ont montré qu'il est probable que le changement climatique accroitra encore l'impact des sècheresses et la pression sur les ressources en eau. Le bassin méditerranéen peut donc être qualifié de "point chaud" du changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, il est important de construire des synergies entre les systèmes d'observation satellitaire et in situ des surfaces continentales et les plateformes de modélisation. Cette thèse a été réalisée en lien avec le programme international HyMEX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment), consacré à l'étude du cycle de l'eau et de la prévisibilité des risques hydro- étéorologiques en Méditerranée, notamment des sècheresses. Une climatologie des variables biogéophysiques (humidité du sol, indice foliaire de la végétation ou LAI -Leaf Area Index-) et des débits des cours d'eau a été construite sur la période 1991-2008, sur une zone couvrant l'Europe, le Moyen-Orient et l'Afrique du Nord. Pour cela, des simulations du modèle du système sol-plante ISBA-A-gs et du modèle hydrologique TRIP ont été réalisées. ISBA-A-gs simule la photosynthèse et son lien avec la conductance stomatique, ainsi que le cycle annuel de la biomasse foliaire. ISBA-A-gs a été pilote par les variables atmosphériques de surface de la réanalyse ERA-Interim du CEPMMT. Le ruissellement et le drainage simules par ISBA-A-gs ont été convertis en débits des rivières par TRIP. Dans un premier temps, la qualité des forçages ERA-Interim a été évaluée sur la France a l'aide de mesures in situ du rayonnement solaire incident et de la réanalyse SAFRAN, qui fournit des précipitations fondées sur un réseau dense de mesures in situ. Des biais ont été mis en évidence sur les deux variables : ERA-Interim sous-estime les précipitations (-27%) et surestime le rayonnement solaire incident (+7%). A l'échelle de l'Europe et du bassin méditerranéen, les biais des précipitations ERA-Interim ont été corriges sur une base mensuelle à partir des précipitations du GPCC. L'impact du biais des précipitations sur la simulation des débits par TRIP a été étudié, ainsi que l'impact des différences des variables biophysiques produites par plusieurs versions du modèle ISBA (dont ISBA-A-gs). L'utilisation d'ISBA-A-gs permet une meilleure représentation des débits d'étiage et l'emploi de données satellitaires pour contraindre le LAI améliore les débits au printemps. Le volume et les variations inter annuelles des débits d'eau douce vers la Méditerranée sont en accord avec les estimations pré-existantes. Enfin, les simulations d'humidité du sol et du LAI ont été comparées aux données in situ et satellitaires disponibles durant la période 1991-2008 sur l'Europe et le bassin méditerranéen, ainsi qu'au modèle ORCHIDEE de l'IPSL. Un bon accord est observe entre (1) l'humidité superficielle du sol simulée par ISBA-A-gs et tirée des observations satellitaires micro-ondes par le projet ESA-CCI Soil Moisture, et (2) la variabilité inter annuelle du LAI simule et le LAI produit par le projet GEOLAND2. Les variations inter annuelles de l'humidité du sol et du LAI sont corrélées lors de périodes clés, mais sur des zones plus étendues avec le modèle qu'avec les observations satellitaires. / The climate of the Mediterranean basin is characterized by marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. In these areas, frequently affected by droughts, soil moisture is a key variable for understanding the hydrological processes and the vegetation growth. Recent climatic studies have shown that climate change will probably increase the impact of droughts together with the demand for water resources in this area. As such, the Mediterranean basin is recognized as a "hot spot" of the climate change. In this context, it is important to build synergies between in situ and satellite remote sensing observing systems of the continental areas and modeling platforms. This PhD thesis was performed in the framework of the international HyMEX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment) project, which is focused on the water cycle and on the prediction of hydrometeorological hazards (and particularly droughts) over the Mediterranean basin. A climatology of the biophysical variables (soil moisture, vegetation biomass or LAI –Leaf Area Index-) and river discharges was built for the 1991-2008 period over Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In particular, simulations were performed by the ISBA-A-gs land surface model and by the TRIP hydrological model. ISBA-A-gs simulates photosynthesis and its link with the stomatal conductance, together with the leaf biomass annual cycle. ISBA-A-gs was driven by surface atmospheric variables derived from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Unoff and deep drainage simulated by ISBAA- gs were converted into river discharges by the TRIP model. First, the ERA-Interim forcing was evaluated over the France domain. This evaluation was performed using in situ measurements of the incoming solar radiation (ISR) and with the SAFRAN reanalysis, which provides precipitation data based on a dense network of in situ observations. Biases were evidenced for the two variables: ERA-Interim underestimates precipitation (-27%) and overestimates ISR (+7%). At the scale of Europe and of the Mediterranean basin, ERA-Interim precipitation biases were rescaled on a monthly basis using the GPCC precipitation data. The impact of precipitation biases on the river discharges simulated by TRIP was assessed, as well as the impact of the differences in biophysical variables values generated by several versions of ISBA (including ISBA-A- s). It was shown that the use of ISBA-A-gs permits a better representation of the river discharges at low water levels. The use of satellite-derived product to force the LAI improves river discharge simulations at springtime. The river freshwater inputs (volume and interannual variability) to the Mediterranean Sea are close to pre-existent estimates. Finally, the soil moisture and LAI simulations were compared to in situ and satellite observations, available over the 1991- 2008 period over Europe and the Mediterranean basin, as well as to the IPSL ORCHIDEE model. A good agreement is observed between (1) the surface soil moisture simulated by ISBA-A-gs and derived from satellite microwave observations by the ESA-CCI Soil Moisture project, and (2) the interannual variability of the simulated LAI and of the LAI produced by the GEOLAND2 project. The interannual soil moisture and LAI variations are correlated during key period, but over larger areas with the model than with the remote sensing data