Der Oberboden im Erzgebirge ist teilweise mit Arsen, Cadmium und Blei belastet. Inwieweit diese Belastung direkt auf den Menschen einwirkt, kann von der jeweiligen Resorptionsverfügbarkeit (RV) abgeleitet werden. Zur Abschätzung der RV wurden etwa 600 Datensätzen ausgewertet und dabei die Gesamtgehalte und ihre RV auf regionalspezifische Unterschiede analysiert. Erstmals konnten entsprechende Gleichungen für eine Abschätzung der RV im Vollzug abgeleitet werden. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich beispielsweise, dass die RV für Arsen in der Region Freiberg regelmäßig über der in der Region Annaberg liegt. Für Blei dagegen liegt die RV in der Region Annaberg über der RV der Region Freiberg.

Student thesis deals with soil conservation from effects of water erosion. In most territories, where land adjustment were done still, only mild erosion threat was found out and designed against {--} erosive measures were consequently minimal in these areas. There were mostly expulsion of maize from crop rotation, grassing or projection of a new rural road so as it interrupts slope. For example of such land adjustment there was complex land adjustment Vitín adduced and evaluated. Land adjustment Horní Stropnice was chosen for more detailed solution, there was a higher erosion threat found out by calculation of soil transport. The area was split in blocks, in which soiltransport was counted by means of Wischmeier-Smith equation for various values of factor R. Then soiltransport after realization of against {--} erosive measures was counted. Component against {--} erosive measures were evaluated and their execution in terrain was found out. Results show a problem with determination right value of factor R and a fact, that designed against {--} erosive measures stay mostly unimplemented.

Der Oberboden im Erzgebirge ist teilweise mit Arsen, Cadmium und Blei belastet. Inwieweit diese Belastung direkt auf den Menschen einwirkt, kann von der jeweiligen Resorptionsverfügbarkeit (RV) abgeleitet werden. Zur Abschätzung der RV wurden etwa 600 Datensätzen ausgewertet und dabei die Gesamtgehalte und ihre RV auf regionalspezifische Unterschiede analysiert. Erstmals konnten entsprechende Gleichungen für eine Abschätzung der RV im Vollzug abgeleitet werden. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich beispielsweise, dass die RV für Arsen in der Region Freiberg regelmäßig über der in der Region Annaberg liegt. Für Blei dagegen liegt die RV in der Region Annaberg über der RV der Region Freiberg.

This diploma thesis is focused on legal instruments of soil protection. Soil is one of the basic components of the environment and it is an integral part of it. Soil is a necessary prerequisite for humans and other terrestrial organisms' existence. In recent decades, however, soil is undergoing considerable degradation, mainly due to anthropogenic activity. Therefore, it is essential to ensure its protection. Law is currently probably the most effective tool to achieve this goal. This thesis contends the most important legal instruments for the protection of this component of the environment. This thesis does not mention all conceivable legal instruments for soil protection as this component of the environment represents the basis for any human activity and thus it interferes widely to many areas of branch of law. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first three chapters are focused on the general characteristics of basic and key concepts. The first chapter deals with basic concepts such as the environment and soil, then with a description of degradation factors that threaten and damage the soil. The second chapter deals with the general definition of legal instruments used to environment protection in Czech law. It includes, in particular, conceptual, administrative and economic tools....

1 Legal instruments for protection of soils Abstract Diploma thesis analyses the topic of legal instruments for soil protection. Significance of soil, as one of the components of environment, lies especially in securing livelihood for the inhabitants of our planet, water circulation and retention, and in the fact that soil provides living space for a substantial portion of living organisms. In this context the legal instruments represent means by which we can successfully protect soil from its degradation. Considering that soil degradation is rapidly increasing in the last couple of decades, the topic of this diploma thesis becomes more and more pressing, though sometimes overlooked by general public. Thesis primarily analyses legal instruments which exist in the Czech legislation and are most significant for the state of soil in the Czech Republic. The objective of this thesis is particularly to analyse individual legal instruments, to critically evaluate them and suggest possible improvements to the current state of soil protection in the Czech Republic. The first chapter highlights the enviromental importance of soil and characterizes its specificities as one of the components of environment. Subsequently current soil degradation processes are presented. In the end of the chapter the thesis summarizes...

Built up areas are dynymically evolving component of suburban landscape. Prague periphery is the area, where this evolution is fastest. This can be a problem because the very fertile soils are located in Prague fringe. Their loss is therefore connected with the law protection of agricultural soils. A set of 22 cadasters around the Prague made the area of interest of this master thesis. They were defined to cover the variability of geological substrate, climate, relief and soils and also some socioeconomic parametres (distance form highway and from Prague centre). I used a several data about built up areas to explain the trends in set: Stable cadaster, Third military mapping, aerial photos from 1950s and present orthophoto. The development of built up areas in the final set was assesed by a several parametres which contain the total area, structure, fertility of sealed land and diversity of soils. Problem of determining soil diversity was one of the goals of master thesis. Taxonomical dendrogram of soils with including taxonomical differences is the output of this part. Main trend of development were assesed by using multidimensional statistic method: classical scaling and hierarchical clustering. Results confirmed that more fertile soil are built up nowadays than in the past and also diversity of...

This diploma thesis deals with administrative and economic instruments of environmental protection, which represent the most important groups of instruments of environmental protection. Administrative and economic instruments are means and methods that affect human behavior in relation to environment. The thesis is systematically divided into two main parts and each of them is subdivided into chapters and subchapters. The first part of the thesis is focused generally and provides overview of individual types of administrative and economic instruments with regard to their attributes, functions and effects. The first chapter of the first part deals with individual groups of instruments of environmental protection in general and defines their basic division and brief characteristics. The second and the third chapter deal with more detailed analysis of administrative and economic instruments of environmental protection, their attributes and functions. The fourth chapter contains summary of previous chapters, states the advantages and disadvantages of administrative and economic instruments and shows the mutual relation between these instruments. The second part of the thesis illustrates how administrative and economic instruments work in practice on the example of soil protection. The first chapter contains a...

Introdução - A existência de áreas contaminadas representa um problema ambiental que vem sendo crescentemente detectado pelas autoridades ambientais. O gerenciamento sistemático destas áreas no Estado de São Paulo é realizado por sua agência ambiental, CETESB, que tem procurado desde o início da década de 1990 se capacitar, criar instrumentos de gestão e instituir procedimentos específicos. O Estado aprovou, também, a primeira lei específica sobre proteção da qualidade do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, Lei n° 13.577/2009, trazendo a questão para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Neste contexto, há premente necessidade de envolvimento das municipalidades, que possuem competência comum para proteger o meio ambiente e combater a poluição, competência para legislar sobre assuntos de interesse local e suplementar a legislação estadual, bem como são responsáveis pelo ordenamento do uso e ocupação do solo e pela execução do planejamento urbano. Objetivo - Construir subsídios para a formulação de políticas públicas sobre gestão de áreas contaminadas em nível municipal. Método - Por meio de pesquisa descritiva e exploratória pretende-se apresentar as competências constitucionais afetas ao tema, a evolução da atuação da agência ambiental do Estado de São Paulo e da legislação aplicável sobre poluição do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas. Como estudo de caso instrumental foi pesquisada a atuação legislativa e institucional de cinco municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (São Paulo, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, Guarulhos e Osasco). Parte da pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Alemanha, país com tradição e experiência em gestão de áreas contaminadas, visando trazer possíveis subsídios para formulação de políticas públicas no Brasil. Resultados e Conclusões - Observou-se que não há uma atuação organizada e sistemática em áreas contaminadas nos municípios brasileiros estudados, exceto em São Paulo, que tem procurado criar instrumentos por meio de legislação específica, além de promover ações concretas para atender referida legislação. Foi demonstrado que o estabelecimento de uma postura proativa pelos entes municipais constitui uma obrigatoriedade, e não mera faculdade, considerando suas atribuições constitucionais e legais. Por fim, visando uma gestão efetiva de áreas contaminadas, há necessidade de capacitação técnica, adequação da estrutura administrativa, aprovação de procedimentos específicos, assim como de articulação e cooperação com o Estado. O estudo realizado na Alemanha mostrou que diversos instrumentos, estratégias e abordagens já vêm sendo reconhecidos e adotados no Estado de São Paulo, sendo que outros podem ser ainda adaptados e aproveitados, também em nível federal / Introduction - The existence of contaminated sites represents an environmental problem which has been increasingly detected by environmental bodies. The systematical management of such areas in the State of Sao Paulo is performed by its environmental agency CETESB, which has been capacitating itself, since the beginning of the 90`s, creating management tools and instituting specific procedures. The State of Sao Paulo has also issued the first specific bill n° 13.577/2009 about soil protection and management of contaminated sites, bringing forth the issue to the knowledge of the Brazilian legal system. In this context there is the imperious requirement for the engagement of the municipalities, which have the legal duty to protect the environment and fight pollution, exclusive legislative competence on local demands matters, supplementary legislative competence, along with the State instance, and are responsible for the ordination of the land use and occupation, and for the enforcement of urban planning. Objective - To build subsidies to the formulation of public policies on management of contaminated sites on a municipal level. Methods - By means of exploratory and descriptive inquiry the research intend to present the administrative and legislative competences on environmental protection and urban management established by the Brazilian Constitution, the evolution of the role of the environmental agency of the State of Sao Paulo and the applicable law on soil pollution and the management of contaminated sites. The legislative production and institutional engagement of five municipalities of the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo (Santo Andre, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Guarulhos, Osasco and Sao Paulo itself) have been prospected as case studies. Aiming to bring up subsidies for the formulation of public policies in Brazil, part of the research has been developed in Germany, a country with tradition and deep experience on the management of contaminated sites. Results and Conclusions - It turned out that there is not an organized nor a systematical management of contaminated sites at the Brazilian municipalities encompassed by the present work , with the exception of the city of Sao Paulo, which has been seeking to create tools by the production of specific legislation, besides the promotion of effective actions for the compliance with such legislation. Considering the constitutional and legal duties of the municipalities, it has been demonstrated that the establishment of a proactive attitude by them is mandatory, and not just an option. At last, scoping an effective management of contaminated sites, there is the need for technical training, reevaluation of the administrative structure, the approval of specific procedures, as well as the articulation and cooperation between township and state. The research developed in Germany has shown that while some tools, strategies and approaches have already been recognized and adopted in the State of Sao Paulo, other ones can still be adapted and used also at the Federal level

The urban sprawl cannot be any longer perceived as a solely esthetic and socioeconomic problem. The process of shift of population and activities from city centre to its fringe has significant environmental impacts as well. Typicaly, suburban areas are spatially and therefore energetically demanding, the landscape is being fragmented by their presence and the natural environment of organisms is severely modified or destroyed. Soil sealing and impervious surfaces lead to altered heat and moist regimes, infiltration rate and runoff. Soils at city fringe - usually very productive and valuable - are endangered by total loss of all of their functions, both environmental and agricultural. That is also the case of Prague surroundings, where high quality soils, which are supposed to be protected by the law, are irreversibly degraded by urban sprawl. Logistic regression model in this work has proved that commercial urban sprawl tends to occur in areas with a good logistic position and a level terrain. The awareness of factors, which are favorable for urban sprawl, can be utilized in future to make local planning more effective and prevent sealing of high-quality agricultural soils, which are currently built on. By sprawling on an agricultural land, Czech Republic loses its natural wealth and valuable...

Introdução - A existência de áreas contaminadas representa um problema ambiental que vem sendo crescentemente detectado pelas autoridades ambientais. O gerenciamento sistemático destas áreas no Estado de São Paulo é realizado por sua agência ambiental, CETESB, que tem procurado desde o início da década de 1990 se capacitar, criar instrumentos de gestão e instituir procedimentos específicos. O Estado aprovou, também, a primeira lei específica sobre proteção da qualidade do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, Lei n° 13.577/2009, trazendo a questão para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Neste contexto, há premente necessidade de envolvimento das municipalidades, que possuem competência comum para proteger o meio ambiente e combater a poluição, competência para legislar sobre assuntos de interesse local e suplementar a legislação estadual, bem como são responsáveis pelo ordenamento do uso e ocupação do solo e pela execução do planejamento urbano. Objetivo - Construir subsídios para a formulação de políticas públicas sobre gestão de áreas contaminadas em nível municipal. Método - Por meio de pesquisa descritiva e exploratória pretende-se apresentar as competências constitucionais afetas ao tema, a evolução da atuação da agência ambiental do Estado de São Paulo e da legislação aplicável sobre poluição do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas. Como estudo de caso instrumental foi pesquisada a atuação legislativa e institucional de cinco municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (São Paulo, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, Guarulhos e Osasco). Parte da pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Alemanha, país com tradição e experiência em gestão de áreas contaminadas, visando trazer possíveis subsídios para formulação de políticas públicas no Brasil. Resultados e Conclusões - Observou-se que não há uma atuação organizada e sistemática em áreas contaminadas nos municípios brasileiros estudados, exceto em São Paulo, que tem procurado criar instrumentos por meio de legislação específica, além de promover ações concretas para atender referida legislação. Foi demonstrado que o estabelecimento de uma postura proativa pelos entes municipais constitui uma obrigatoriedade, e não mera faculdade, considerando suas atribuições constitucionais e legais. Por fim, visando uma gestão efetiva de áreas contaminadas, há necessidade de capacitação técnica, adequação da estrutura administrativa, aprovação de procedimentos específicos, assim como de articulação e cooperação com o Estado. O estudo realizado na Alemanha mostrou que diversos instrumentos, estratégias e abordagens já vêm sendo reconhecidos e adotados no Estado de São Paulo, sendo que outros podem ser ainda adaptados e aproveitados, também em nível federal / Introduction - The existence of contaminated sites represents an environmental problem which has been increasingly detected by environmental bodies. The systematical management of such areas in the State of Sao Paulo is performed by its environmental agency CETESB, which has been capacitating itself, since the beginning of the 90`s, creating management tools and instituting specific procedures. The State of Sao Paulo has also issued the first specific bill n° 13.577/2009 about soil protection and management of contaminated sites, bringing forth the issue to the knowledge of the Brazilian legal system. In this context there is the imperious requirement for the engagement of the municipalities, which have the legal duty to protect the environment and fight pollution, exclusive legislative competence on local demands matters, supplementary legislative competence, along with the State instance, and are responsible for the ordination of the land use and occupation, and for the enforcement of urban planning. Objective - To build subsidies to the formulation of public policies on management of contaminated sites on a municipal level. Methods - By means of exploratory and descriptive inquiry the research intend to present the administrative and legislative competences on environmental protection and urban management established by the Brazilian Constitution, the evolution of the role of the environmental agency of the State of Sao Paulo and the applicable law on soil pollution and the management of contaminated sites. The legislative production and institutional engagement of five municipalities of the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo (Santo Andre, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Guarulhos, Osasco and Sao Paulo itself) have been prospected as case studies. Aiming to bring up subsidies for the formulation of public policies in Brazil, part of the research has been developed in Germany, a country with tradition and deep experience on the management of contaminated sites. Results and Conclusions - It turned out that there is not an organized nor a systematical management of contaminated sites at the Brazilian municipalities encompassed by the present work , with the exception of the city of Sao Paulo, which has been seeking to create tools by the production of specific legislation, besides the promotion of effective actions for the compliance with such legislation. Considering the constitutional and legal duties of the municipalities, it has been demonstrated that the establishment of a proactive attitude by them is mandatory, and not just an option. At last, scoping an effective management of contaminated sites, there is the need for technical training, reevaluation of the administrative structure, the approval of specific procedures, as well as the articulation and cooperation between township and state. The research developed in Germany has shown that while some tools, strategies and approaches have already been recognized and adopted in the State of Sao Paulo, other ones can still be adapted and used also at the Federal level