L’interaction dynamique entre le sol et les structures (IDSS) a fait l’objet de nombreuses études sous l’hypothèse de l’élasticité linéaire, bien que les effets de l’IDSS puissent être différents entre un système élastique et un système inélastique. De fait, les méthodologies usuelles développées à partir des études élastiques peuvent ne pas être adaptées aux bâtiments conçus pour dissiper de l’énergie par de l’endommagement lors de séismes sévères. De plus, il est bien connu que la limite d’élasticité du sol est normalement atteinte même pour de séismes relativement faibles. En conséquence, si les effets inélastiques de l’IDSS sont négligés, les études d’endommagement sismique des bâtiments peuvent être très inexactes. L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une stratégie générale pour l’étude du problème de l’IDSS non-linéaire dans le contexte de l’analyse de la vulnérabilité sismique des bâtiments. Ainsi, des modèles d’éléments finis réalistes sont développées et appliquées à des problèmes d’IDSS non-linéaires. Les modèles couvrent une large gamme des conditions pour le sol et des typologies de bâtiments soumis à plusieurs bases de données sismiques. Une stratégie de modélisation a été développée et validée afin de réduire significativement le coût numérique. Pour cela, un modèle 2D équivalent a été développé, implanté dans GEFDyn et utilisé pour effectuer une importante étude paramétrique. De nombreux indicateurs de comportement non-linéaire de la structure et du sol ont été proposés pour synthétiser leur fonctionnement lors du chargement sismique. De surcroît, une stratégie d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sismique basée sur l’information apportée par une base des données sismiques a été développée. De façon, générale, les résultats ont mis en évidence une réduction de la demande sismique lorsque les effets inélastiques de l’IDSS sont pris en compte. Cette réduction est liée fondamentalement à deux phénomènes : l’amortissement par radiation et l’amortissement hystérétique du sol. Ces deux effets ont lieu simultanément pendant le mouvement sismique. Il est alors très difficile d’isoler l’influence de ces deux phénomènes. En effet, le mouvement effectif transmis à la structure n’est pas le même que celui en champs libre du aux effets d’interaction, ainsi qu’à la modification locale du comportement du sol fortement lié aux poids du bâtiment. Une série de mesures de sévérité sismique et des mécanismes de dissipation d’énergie au niveau du sol et du bâtiment a été introduite dans le but d’analyser ces effets. Cependant, ces résultats sont en général très irréguliers et leur généralisation a été très difficile. Néanmoins, ces résultats mettent en évidence l’importance de la prise en compte des effets du comportement inélastique du sol. La plupart des cas étudiés ont montré un effet favorable de l’IDSS non-linéaire. Mais, en général, l’IDSS peut augmenter ou diminuer la demande sismique en fonction de la typologie de la structure, des caractéristiques du mouvement sismique et des propriétés du sol. Tout de même, il y a une justification économique pour étudier les effets du comportement non-linéaire du sol sur la réponse sismique. / The dynamic interaction of the soil with a superstructure (DSSI) has been the subject of numerous investigations assuming elasticity of both, superstructure and soil foundation behavior. Nevertheless, the effect of DSSI may differ between elastic and inelastic systems. Thus, the current interaction methodologies based on elastic response studies could not be directly applicable to structures expected to behave inelastically during severe earthquakes. Additionally, the soil is known to exhibit inelastic behavior even for relatively weak to moderate ground motions. Consequently, ignoring these characteristics in studying DSSI could lead to erroneous predictions of structural damage. The main purpose of this work is to develop a general strategy to address the full DSSI problem in the context of the seismic vulnerability analysis of structures. Thus, realistic Finite Elements models are constructed and applied in a practical way to deal with these issues. These models cover a large range of soil conditions and structural typologies under several earthquake databases. Some modelling strategies are introduced and validated in order to reduce the computational cost. Therefore, an equivalent 2D model is developed, implemented in GEFDyn and used in the large parametric study conducted. Several indicators for both structural and soil responses are developed in order to synthesize their behavior under seismic loading. Additionally, a vulnerability assessment strategy is presented in terms of measures of information provided by a ground motion selection. According to the investigation conducted in this work, there is in general a reduction of seismic demand or structural damage when non-linear DSSI phenomenon is included. This reduction can be associated fundamentally to two phenomena: radiative damping and hysteretic damping due to non-linear soil behavior. Both effects take place simultaneously during the dynamic load and it is extremely difficult to separate the contribution of each part in reducing seismic demand. Indeed, effective motion transmitted to the superstructure does not correspond to the free field motion because of the geometrical and inertial interactions as well as the local modification of soil behavior, specially due to the supplementary confinement imposed by the superstructure’s weight. A series of strong-motion severity measures, structural damage measures and energy dissipation indicators have been introduced and studied for this purpose. Nevertheless, results are erratic and consequently, generalization was extremely difficult. Despite these difficulties, the results illustrate the importance of accounting for the inelastic soil behavior. The major part of the studied cases show beneficial effects such as the decrease of the maximum seismic structural demand. However, the non-linear DSSI could increase or decrease the expected structural damage depending on the type of the structure, the input motion, and the dynamic soil properties. Furthermore, there is an economic justification to take into account the modification effects due to inelastic soil behavior.

Ce document propose une modélisation indirecte par sous-structuration des vibrations d'origine ferroviaire transmises aux bâtiments par le sol. La méthodologie globale est empruntée à la méthode des mobilités dans laquelle chaque sous-structure est caractérisée par sa mobilité. L'excitation est représentée par une force ponctuelle en surface du sol ou par une ligne de forces décorréllées. Elle est néanmoins calibrée sur des résultats expérimentaux. Une attention particulière a été portée à la caractérisation des comportements vibratoires des éléments du problème. La plupart des représentations de l'ensemble sol-fondations est effectuée à l'aide d'un code FEM-BEM en 2 et 2.5 dimensions. Le bâtiment est modélisé par différentes techniques : FEM, BEM, SEA et ondulatoire. Une approche probabiliste permet d'évaluer l'impact de la variabilité des sols environnent sur la mobilité des fondations. Les impédances stochastiques qui en découlent sont intégrées aux modèles de propagation. Leurs impacts sur les vibrations du bâtiment sont alors accessibles. La méthodologie permet d'obtenir les niveaux vibratoires des composantes du bâtiment / This document proposes an approach by sub-structuralization of the problem of the vibrations of railroad origin passed on in buildings by the soil. The global methodology is borrowed from the method of the mobilities, every sub-structure is characterized by its mobility. The excitement is represented by an on-surface punctual strength of the ground or by a line of uncorrelated forces. Nevertheless it can be calibrated on experimental results. A particular attention was carried in the characterization of the vibratory behavior of the elements of the problem. A major left the representations of the group soil-foundation is made by a FEM-BEM code. The building is modelled by various techniques: FEM, BEM, SEA and waves approach. A probability approach allows to estimate the impact of the variability of soil close to foundations in the model of soil-structure interaction. The stochastic impedances which ensues from it are integrated into the models of propagation. Their impacts on the vibrations of the building are also accessible. The methodology allows to obtain the vibratory levels of the components of the building

La fin des activités industrielles liées au charbon et à son exploitation a laissé de nombreux sites et sols pollués en France et particulièrement dans le Nord-est de la France. Une terre issue d'une friche industrielle de cokerie (Neuves-Maisons, Lorraine, France) est étudiée en couplant les outils de la science du sol et de la géochimie organique afin de comprendre l'évolution à long terme de la dynamique des contaminants. Une première étape de caractérisation de la terre et de sa pollution montre que la fraction limon fin (2-20 µm) est la fraction la plus réactive avec la plus forte concentration en HAP extractible et occlus et la plus faible disponibilité, mettant en évidence des processus de préservation spécifique au sein de cette fraction. Des extractions sélectives de la MO anthropique au solvant, confirmées par des observations au MEB, montrent que la MO anthropique, contrairement à la MO naturelle, n'a pas un rôle de liant entre les particules de la terre. L'apport de MO naturelle, (i) en conditions contrôlées par incubation de débris végétaux pendant 15 mois ou (ii) in situ en parcelles lysimétriques plantées avec de la luzerne pendant 6 ans, conduit à une structuration de la terre, une activité microbienne accrue et à l'incorporation et au stockage de la matière organique fraîche végétale dans les limons fins. En revanche, la pollution n'est pas affectée par l'apport de matière organique fraîche. Ainsi, la concentration et la disponibilité des HAP présentent une tendance à la diminution au cours du temps, que la terre soit cultivée ou non. Ainsi, la matière organique fraîche n'apparaît pas comme un agent de mobilisation de la pollution à long terme pour ce type de terre historiquement contaminée / The end of industrial activities associated to coal exploitation left many huge areas of wastelands especially in the Northeast of France. A former coking plant soil was studied with a combination of soil science and organic geochemistry tools in order to understand the evolution of the contaminants dynamic. In a first step, the soil and its pollution were characterized. The results showed that the fine silt fraction (2-20 µm) was the most reactive with the highest PAH concentration (extractable or occluded) and the lowest PAH availability. This fraction played a protective role toward the pollution. Moreover, solvent extractions of the anthropogenic organic matter showed that the anthropogenic organic matter was not a structuring agent between the particles in the soil. These observations were confirmed by SEM observations. In a vegetation growth context, (i) under controlled conditions with incubation of organic residue during 15 months and (ii) in situ in lysimetric plots planted with alfalfa during 6 years, the soil structure and the microbial biomass were promoted and the fresh organic matter was preferentially incorporated and stored in the fine silts. However, the pollution was not affected by the fresh organic matter addition. Both PAH concentration and availability showed a trend to decrease with the time of experiment. Thus, the fresh organic matter did not appear as a mobilizing agent for the pollution and would most probably contribute to pollution stabilization on the long term

Esta investigación busca evaluar la Interacción entre el Suelo y la Estructura (ISE) en reservorios elevados tipo INTZE de tres diferentes capacidades, cimentados en diferentes tipos de suelos, ubicados en la zona con más peligro sísmico en el Perú. Para esto se planteó realizar una muestra de 27 configuraciones estructurales, con variaciones de altura y diámetro del fuste, y diámetro de losa de cimentación, las cuales están cimentadas en cuatro tipos de suelos de acuerdo con la norma Sismorresistente E.030-16. Se evaluará la influencia de la carga sísmica, mediante un análisis dinámico espectral definido por los lineamientos de las normas nacionales E.030-16 y complementariamente por códigos y estándares internacionales como el ACI 350.3-06. Para el dimensionamiento de los reservorios se aplicó el criterio de Otto Intze, análisis estático de esfuerzos y criterios del código ACI 350.3-06 y ACI 307-48. Estos reservorios fueron modelados en el software SAP2000, contando con 216 simulaciones en total. Se aplicó el modelo de Housner (1963) para la Interacción Fluido-Estructura y para la ISE se aplicó el modelo recomendado por el código FEMA P-750. Para analizar los resultados de interés, como las fuerzas internas en el fuste, la cortante basal, momento de volteo, desplazamientos y periodos, se aplicó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro Wilk para la variación porcentual que se genera al evaluar la ISE, con el fin de determinar intervalos de variación con una probabilidad del 95%. Además, se aplicó la prueba de independencia Chi-Cuadrado para determinar cuantitativamente si la ISE influye en la reducción de las respuestas de interés. Se concluye de la prueba de independencia que, para un nivel de significancia de 15% la ISE influye en la reducción de la fuerza cortante basal y momento de volteo. Así mismo, para un nivel de significancia de 5% la ISE influye en la reducción de las fuerzas internas locales de fuste. / This research seeks to evaluate the soil structure interaction (SSI) in elevated water tanks of three different capacities, founded on different types of soil, all located in the most seismic hazard zone in Peru. Twenty-seven models were evaluated, all with different structural adjustments, including variations in the capacity, height, and diameter of the foundation slab, which are founded on four types of soil, according to the Peruvian Code for Earthquake Resistant Design E.030-16. We are going to analyze the seismic load influence through a spectral dynamic analysis, according to the Peruvian Code E.030-16, and the ACI 350.3-06 code for elevated tanks. For the sizing of the elevated tanks, the Otto Intze criterion, the static stress analysis, the ACI 350.3-06 and the ACI 307-48 code were applied. These elevated water tanks were modeled in the SAP2000 software, with 216 simulations. The Housner model (1963) was applied for the Fluid Structure Interaction, and for the Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI), we applied the model recommended by the FEMA P-750 code. To analyze the results of interest, such as internal forces in the shaft, base shear, rocking moment, displacements and periods, we applied the Shapiro Wilk normality test for the percentage variation that is generated when we evaluate the SSI, in order to determinate variations intervals with a probability of 95%. Also, we applied the Chi-Square test of independence to determinate, quantitatively, if the results are influenced by the SSI. We concluded, from the independence test that, for a significance level of 15%, the SSI influences the reduction of the basal shear force and the rocking moment. Likewise, for a significance of 5%, the SSI influences the reduction of the internal shaft forces. / Tesis

La capacité opérationnelle axiale en service de pieux battus reste une zone d'incertitude, en particulier pour les structures offshore. La recherche sur le terrain a montré que le frottement latéral peut augmenter au cours des mois ou des années après le battage. Si des tendances similaires se retrouvent dans des ouvrages offshore, les avantages en terme d'ingénierie de réalisation peuvent être très importants. D'autre part, les fondations sur pieux de plates-formes de gaz, de pétrole sont soumises à des chargements cycliques à long terme qui peuvent influencer leur capacité à l'arrachement. Les pieux battus en eau profonde connaissent un grand nombre de cycles complets de charge-décharge pouvant contribuer à la dégradation du frottement latéral lors de l'installation. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les principaux résultats obtenus avec des pieux réels en sable siliceux, par le biais d'une recherche à échelle de laboratoire sous conditions environnementales contrôlées. Ce travail fait partie d'un programme de recherche commun entre le Laboratoire 3SR de Grenoble, l'Imperial College London, et le projet français de recherche ANR- SOLCYP. La réponse de l'interface sol-pieu lors de l'installation ainsi que les périodes de vieillissement et de chargements cycliques axiaux ont été étudiés au laboratoire en utilisant des pieux-modèles installés dans la chambre d'étalonnage de Grenoble. Plusieurs essais avec le pieu modèle Mini-ICP (instrumenté avec des capteurs de tension totale à la surface du pieu (SST) pour les mesures de contraintes radiales de cisaillement à 3 sections) ont permis l'analyse de chemin de contrainte locale à l'interface du pieu. Des capteurs miniatures ont en outre été installés dans le massif de sable pour une mesure de contrainte lors de l'installation du pieu et son chargement ultérieur. Les effets des méthodes d'installation, de la taille des particules de sable, ou de la saturation du sable et du chargement de l'environnement, ont été pris en compte pour le vieillissement de la capacité. Les évolutions locales de l'interface radiale et du cisaillement sont en accord avec les prédictions des méthodes de conception modernes basées sur le CPT. Des preuves d'effets d'échelle soulignent l'importance des conditions aux limites appliquées à la modélisation physique. Des séries d'essais non-alternés purement en traction, ainsi que des essais alternés ont été réalisés sous contrôle en charge ou en déplacement. Les mesures locales effectuées dans les chemins de contraintes effectives montrent une contraction radiale de la masse de sable au voisinage du pieu. Les incréments de l'amplitude de charge et du déplacement imposé accélèrent les taux de dégradation cyclique. Un nouveau diagramme de stabilité cyclique a été réalisé, en résumant les essais de chargement cycliques axiaux pour les pieux foncés et battus dans du sable siliceux moyennement dense. Des mécanismes complexes comme la rupture des grains et des changements de densité locale à l'interface du pieu peuvent affecter la réponse des pieux. La cinématique derrière leur installation et l'interaction avec le sol environnant reste encore très limitée. Comprendre comment un matériau granulaire interagit avec le pieu est important pour étudier la réponse globale du pieu. Les observations globales du comportement des pieux dans la chambre d'étalonnage ont été modélisées à une échelle micro en utilisant la tomographie aux rayons X du Laboratoire 3SR à Grenoble. Le programme expérimental comprenait des essais sur une chambre d'étalonnage modèle afin d'analyser le champ de déplacement lors de l'installation d'un pieu modèle, à l'aide des techniques de corrélation d'images (DIC) en trois dimensions. Des analyses micromécaniques d'échantillons «intacts» récupérés post mortem à l'interface du pieu ont été également effectuées pour mettre en évidence de possibles changements radiaux de densité ainsi que la rupture des grains. / The operational in-service axial capacity of driven piles remains an area of uncertainty, especially for offshore structures. Field research has demonstrated that axial shaft capacities may increase over the months or years after driving. If similar trends apply offshore, the realisable engineering benefits are very significant. On the other hand, the piled foundations of oil/gas platforms and wind/water turbines are subject to long term environmental and in service cyclic loading due for example to waves, vibrations and storms that may also affect their shaft capacity. Deep driven piles experience large numbers of full load-unload cycles that contribute to shaft capacity degradation during installation. This thesis aims to improve understanding of the main results obtained with full-scale piles in silica sand through a laboratory scale investigation performed under controlled environmental conditions. This work was part of a joint research programme between the Grenoble Laboratory 3SR and Imperial College London, and the French National SOLCYP research project. The response of the soil-pile interface during installation, ageing periods and cyclic loading tests have been studied using laboratory model piles installed in the large Grenoble Calibration Chamber. Several tests with the Mini-ICP pile allow the analyses of local stress path at the pile's interface. This model pile is instrumented with surface stress transducers (SST) for local measurements of total and radial shear stresses at 3 different sections along the pile's shaft. In addition, miniature soil stress transducers were installed into the sand mass for total stress measurements during pile installation and loading. Possible ageing effects as installation methods, sand particle size, sand saturation and environmental loading were studied. Local evolution of interface radial and shear stresses agree with predictions from modern CPT based design methods. Evidence of possible scale effects remark the importance of the boundary conditions applied in physical modelling. Series of one-way purely tensile and two-way axial cyclic loading tests were performed under load and displacement control. Local measurements made of the effective stress paths shows radial contraction of the sand mass in the vicinity of the pile. Increments in loading amplitude and imposed displacements accelerate cyclic degradation rates. A new interactive shaft stability chart was produced as a summary of axial cyclic loading tests for both jacked and driven piles in medium dense silica sand. Laboratory tests confirm findings from field tests where one-way low amplitude cycles lead to beneficial increases in tensile pile capacity of up to 20%. Complex mechanisms as grain breakage and local density changes at the pile's interface. The kinematics behind the installation of piles and its interaction with the surrounding soil is still limited. Understanding how granular material interacts with the pile may reveal important to understand the global pile response. The global observations of the pile behaviour from calibration chamber tests were modelled at a micro scale using Micro Computed Tomography at the Grenoble Laboratory 3SR. The experimental campaign included tests on a model calibration chamber devoted to the displacement field analyses during the installation of a model piles using three dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC). Micromechanical analysis of « intact » post-mortem samples recovered at the pille's interface were also conducted for evidences of radial density gradient and grain breakage.

As galerias enterradas são amplamente utilizadas em obras de arte corrente (OAC) na infraestrutura de rodovias e ferrovias. Visando disponibilizar mais alternativas na produção de galerias de concreto pré-moldado, a pesquisa apresenta uma análise comparativa de custos para seções transversais não usuais, direcionado a grandes profundidades de instalação. A primeira seção proposta é denominada modificada e é composta por uma base retangular com uma cobertura em arco e a segunda seção proposta é definida por três arcos com uma base plana. Essas seções além de possuir formato de geometria favorável à distribuição dos esforços solicitantes, mantêm o benefício de possibilitar uma compactação adequada do solo na lateral da galeria, como acontece em galerias retangulares convencionais, e isso garante o confinamento do solo e a redistribuição de pressões, graças à mobilização do efeito de arqueamento. Para considerar a interação solo-estrutura foram realizadas análises via elementos finitos com o pacote computacional GeoStudio® próprio para análises geotécnicas. Os resultados comprovaram a interferência do formato das geometrias no comportamento da interação solo-galeria e também evidenciaram que a redução da espessura das paredes da galeria mobiliza em maior intensidade a capacidade resistente do solo e isso reduz os esforços na estrutura. Quanto à análise dos dimensionamentos, com base na comparação dos custos evidenciou-se que, para as galerias modificadas a redução das taxas de armadura está relacionada com flecha do arco da cobertura, sendo que a economia verificada no custo total de materiais das seções estudadas variou de 4 a 29% comparado à galeria retangular. Para a galeria definida por três arcos, confirmou-se que quanto mais alongado for o seu formato, melhor é o comportamento à grandes profundidades de instalação, sendo que a economia verificada no custo total da galeria mais elíptica (DTA I-b) chegou a 50% em relação à galeria retangular e demais geometrias estudadas tiveram economia entre 17 e 42%. / Box culverts are often used in current drainage in the infrastructure of highways and railways. In order to provide more production\'s alternatives of precast concrete culvert, the research presents the comparative cost analysis for unusual cross sections, directed to large depths of installation. The first proposed cross section called modified culvert is composed of a rectangular base with an arc roof. The second is defined by three arcs with a flat base. These cross sections have geometric shapes favorable to the distribution of bending moment and shear forces. It maintains the benefit of adequate compaction of the backfill at the side of the culvert, as well as in conventional box culvert, which ensures ground confinement and pressure redistribution due to the mobilization of the arching effect. In order to consider the soil-structure interaction, finite element analyzes were performed using GeoStudio® software, which is a computational package specific for geotechnical analysis. The results showed that the geometries have influence on the behavior of the soil-culvert interaction, and that the reduction of the thickness of the culvert walls mobilizes the soil resistant capacity, reducing the stresses in the structure. Regarding the structural design, considering the comparison of costs, it was evidenced a reduction of steel reinforcements for the modified culvert, which is related to the arrow of the arc of the cover. The materials saving verified in the total cost of the studied sections ranged from 4% to 29% compared to the box culvert. For the culvert defined by three arches, it was evidenced that the more elongated its geometry, better the behavior for the great depths of installation. The highest materials saving was verified in the total cost of the most elliptical culvert (DTA I-b), which reached a value of 50%. Compared to the box culvert, the others geometries studied had savings between 17-42%.

Apresenta-se neste trabalho, uma formulação de cascas laminadas anisotrópicas enrijecidas ou não, considerando-se não-linearidade física com lei de fluxo não-associativa e acoplamento com meio contínuo tridimensional viscoelástico. Para tanto, são desenvolvidos elementos finitos triangulares planos com aproximação cúbica de variáveis para modelagem das cascas e elementos de barra de mesma aproximação para os elementos de barra geral (enrijecedores). A cinemática de laminados, ou Reissner geral, é utilizada para ambos possibilitando a representação de estruturas enrijecidas excentricamente e consideração de elementos compostos de camadas com diferentes propriedades físicas e espessuras, tornando-se assim a formulação aplicável a um grande número de problemas. Com relação à plasticidade na casca, adota-se o critério de Tsai-Wu para materiais anisotrópicos gerais, obtendo-se expressões fechadas para o multiplicador plástico com fluxo não-associativo. Nas barras, critérios uniaxiais são considerados, desprezando-se a contribuição do cisalhamento na plastificação. Para estes elementos, permite-se a utilização de diagrama multilinear para a relação tensão x deformação. A modelagem do meio contínuo viscoelástico é realizada utilizando-se elementos de contorno triangulares com aproximação linear de variáveis. As soluções fundamentais de Kelvin e de Mindlin são apresentadas e implementadas. O acoplamento foi realizado utilizando-se técnica de matriz de rigidez equivalente, proporcionando uma contribuição direta das matrizes do MEC na matriz de rigidez do MEF. Exemplos gerais são resolvidos para a verificação e validação da formulação proposta e implementada / This work presents an anisotropic laminated stiffened shell formulation, considering physical non-linearity with non-associative law, coupled to viscoelastic three-dimensional continuum medium. Plane triangular finite elements with cubic approximation for nodal variables are developed to model the shell. Bar elements with the same approximation are derived for the general bar element. Laminated kinematics is used for both elements, making possible the representation of eccentrically stiffened structures and the consideration of composed elements with different properties and thickness for each layer. Therefore, the formulation is applicable for a large number of problems. In order to model plasticity in shell, the Tsai-Wu criterion for general anisotropic materials is adopted. Closed expression for the plastic multiplier using non-associative law is founded. For bars, uniaxial criterion is considered, and shear contribution for plasticity is neglected. For these elements, the use of multilinear stress x strain relation is developed. The viscoelastic continuum is modeled by triangular boundary elements with linear approximation of variables. The fundamental solutions of Kelvin and Mindlin are presented and implemented. The coupling is made by the equivalent stiffness matrix method, making possible a direct contribution of the BEM matrix on the FEM stiffness matrix. General examples are presented to verify and validate the proposed formulation

Nos últimos anos o interesse pelo estudo da Terra Preta de Índio (TPI) tem aumentado em razão das suas características únicas em relação aos solos normalmente encontrados na região, como sua maior fertilidade natural. Diversos estudos relatam que a presença do chamado carbono pirogênico na composição das TPIs é a responsável por esta superioridade, entretanto ainda não se sabe se este afeta as propriedades físicas dos solos de TPI. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar o comportamento de propriedades físico-hídricas de solos antrópicos (Terra Preta de Índio) com um solo adjacente por meio da determinação de suas propriedades físicas, e verificar a distribuição do carbono pirogênico entre os diferentes compartimentos da matéria orgânica em solos de TPI e adjacentes. Para este estudo foram coletadas amostras indeformadas em anéis volumétricos e blocos em uma área de TPI e adjacente. As áreas estão localizadas na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, estado do Pará. As propriedades físicas analisadas foram textura, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, curva de retenção da água no solo, condutividade hidráulica saturada, permeabilidade do solo ao ar e estabilidade de agregados. Para verificar o comportamento da matéria orgânica foi realizado o fracionamento físico, onde foram analisados a distribuição do carbono total e pirogênico nas diferentes frações da matéria orgânica. Verificou-se diferença nas duas áreas quanto às propriedades físicas porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, condutividade hidráulica do solo (Ksat), permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Ka), e retenção de água no solo, entretanto não foi possível verificar diferenças na estabilidade de agregados entre as duas áreas. A distribuição da matéria orgânica nas diferentes frações do solo foi distinta nas duas áreas, onde verificou-se que na área de TPI o C no solo foi predominante na fração macroagregados, enquanto que na área adjacente o carbono se localizou em maior quantidade na fração microagregados. Os valores de carbono pirogênico foram maiores na área de TPI do que na área adjacente, demostrando que a matéria orgânica das TPIs apresenta uma composição diferenciada, modificando o comportamento das propriedades físicas dos solos. / In recent years the interest in the study of Terra Preta de Indio or Amazonian Dark Earths (TPI) has increased, especially because of its unique characteristics when related to typical soils of the region, as its higher natural fertility. Several studies have reported that the presence of so-called pyrogenic carbon in its composition is responsible for this superiority, however it is not known if it affects the physical properties of TPI soils. This research aims to compare the behavior of physical and hydraulic properties of anthropic soils (Terra Preta de Indio) to an adjacent soil by determining its physical properties, and evaluating the distribution of the pyrogenic carbon between the different compartments of organic matter for both soils. For this study, undisturbed soil samples were collected in volumetric cylinders and blocks from a TPI and adjacent area. The areas are located in Caxiuanã National Forest, state of Pará, Brazil. The analyzed physical properties were texture, porosity, macro and microporosity, soil water retention curve, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil permeability to air and aggregate stability. A physical fractionation was performed to verify the behavior of organic matter, which analyzed the distribution of the total and pyrogenic carbon in the different fractions of organic matter. There were difference in the two areas regarding the physical properties as total porosity, macro and microporosity, soil hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), air permeability to soil (Ka), and soil water retention, however it was not possible to see differences in stability aggregates between the two areas. The distribution of organic matter in different soil fractions was different in the two areas, where it was found that in the TPI area, soil carbon was prevalent in the macroaggregates fraction, while the adjacent area had larger amounts in the microaggregates fraction. The values for pyrogenic carbon were higher in the TPI area, showing that the organic matter of TPIs has a different composition which modifies the behavior of physical properties in the soil.

Esta tese apresenta os princípios e a formulação de um modelo não-linear de atrito estático em interface de concreto areia. A hipótese básica para desenvolvimento das equações consiste na ocorrência do atrito de deslizamento (atrito verdadeiro), do atrito de rolamento (rearranjo das partículas) e da dilatância (variação de volume durante o cisalhamento). A solução analítica do modelo considera o efeito da rugosidade da superfície de contato, da curva granulométrica da areia e do seu estado de compacidade inicial. Foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento direto com carga normal constante em interface de contato entre concreto e areia com seção de 500 mm x 500 mm com o objetivo de permitir a calibração do modelo proposto. É discutida e sugerida a incorporação da equação constitutiva desse modelo em análises de interação solo-estrutura via método dos elementos finitos. Sua aplicabilidade é demonstrada através da análise 1D e 2D de estacas de atrito executadas em areia e submetidas a carregamentos de compressão / This thesis presents the principles and formulation underlying a concrete-sand interface nonlinear static friction model. The basic hypothesis employed in the development of the model equation takes into account the interface sliding friction (true friction), a rolling friction (particle rearrangement) and dilatancy(volume variation during shear). The model analytical solution considers the effect of roughness of the contact surface, the grain size distribution and its initial state of compactness of the sand. To calibrate the proposed model, a direct shear stress test under constant load was carried out along a 500mm x 500mm section concrete-sand interface. Furthermore, a discussion and suggestion of the inclusion of the model constitutive equation applied to the analysis of soil-structure interaction using the finite element method are presented. The applicability of the proposed model is proven through the analysis of 1-D and 2-D skin friction piles made of sand mass subjected to compression load

O objetivo central deste trabalho é o estudo da interação do solo com a estrutura. Para tanto, são introduzidos mais recursos na ferramenta numérica desenvolvida no trabalho de Almeida (2003a). O solo é modelado pelo método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) tridimensional, aplicando a solução fundamental de Kelvin. É possível analisar problemas nos quais o solo é composto por camadas de diferentes características físicas, apoiadas em uma superfície de deslocamento nulo e enrijecidas por elementos de fundação, também modelados pelo MEC tridimensional. A superestrutura tridimensional, diferentemente do modelo utilizado em Almeida (2003a), é simulada pelo método dos elementos finitos (MEF), sendo composta por elementos planos e reticulares com seis graus de liberdade por nó. Também é introduzido no programa o recurso de simular um número qualquer de blocos, modelados pelo MEC tridimensional, apoiados sobre o solo. Estes blocos podem ser utilizados como elementos de fundação para o edifício, permitindo estudar a interação do solo em conjunto com os blocos e o edifício. São analisados alguns exemplos, nos quais é validada a formulação empregada e é demonstrada a necessidade de se considerar a interação do solo com a estrutura em problemas práticos de engenharia / The main objective of this work is to study the soil structure interaction problem. For such, more resources in the numerical tool developed in Almeida (2003a) are introduced. The soil is simulated by the three-dimensional boundary element method (BEM), applying Kelvin’s fundamental solution. It is possible to analyze problems in which the soil is composed by layers of different physical characteristics, supported by a rigid and adhesive interface and reinforced by foundation elements, also simulated by the three-dimensional BEM. The three-dimensional superstructure is simulated using the finite element method (FEM), with shell and frame elements with six degrees of freedom by node. This model is different of the one used in Almeida (2003a). It is also introduced in the program the resource to consider blocks, simulated by the three-dimensional BEM and supported by the soil. These blocks can be used as foundation elements for the building, coupling the non-homogeneous soil-foundation-blocks-superstructure system as a whole. Some examples are analyzed, in order to validate the theory employed and demonstrate the necessity of considering the soil structure interaction in practical problems of engineering