Yes / In this study a method for 3D representation of active regions and sunspots that are detected from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager magnetogram and continuum images is provided. This is our first attempt to create a visual solar catalogue. Because of the difficulty of providing a full description of data in text based catalogues, it can be more accurate and effective for scientist to search 3D solar feature models and descriptions at the same time in such a visual solar catalogue. This catalogue would improve interpretation of solar images, since it would allow us to extract data embedded in various solar images and visualize it at the same time. In this work, active regions that are detected from magnetogram images and sunspots that are detected from continuum images are represented in 3D coordinates. Also their properties extracted from text based catalogues are represented at the same time in 3D environment. This is the first step for creating a 3D solar feature catalogue where automatically detected solar features will be presented visually together with their properties.

<p> A technology to produce low cost solar cells was transferred to a microelectronics institution. Appropriate processing equipment was obtained and modifications to the procedure were performed which would permit the manufacture of 100-200, 3 inch diameter silicon solar cells per day. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bentivenha_lc_me_botfca.pdf: 1314612 bytes, checksum: 253e63a1300e0c3946bf45baca1a4fba (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os coletores solares comumente utilizados no aquecimento de água, para o consumo doméstico, possuem a placa de aquecimento solar plana do tipo chapa - tubo. Devido à crescente utilização desses equipamentos, buscou-se, através deste trabalho, modificar um equipamento convencional, o qual recebeu, na placa solar, aletas de vidro, instaladas no plano vertical em relação à tampa de vidro, dividindo a mesma em diversas áreas, propiciando um aumento, tanto da reflexão dos raios infravermelhos em seu interior, quanto do efeito estufa. O objetivo do ensaio foi estudar o comportamento térmico desse equipamento, trabalhando a determinada vazão e obtendo as temperaturas com o emprego de termopares instalados em vários pontos do sistema, buscando a determinação da eficiência térmica da placa solar modificada. Para a determinação da eficiência, foram considerados o calor útil, o calor absorvido e as perdas de calor. As equações empregadas na determinação da eficiência térmica foram trabalhadas no programa Excel.Verificou-se que o equipamento apresentou um bom rendimento, atendendo as especificações definidas pelo INMETRO. A temperatura média de saída da água do equipamento apresentou valor superior a de equipamento similar, o mesmo não ocorreu com seu rendimento, embora as diferenças registradas tenham sido pequenas. A eficiência do equipamento não depende apenas dos parâmetros do projeto, mas também de outros fatores que levam a perda de energia. / The solar collectors commonly used in the water heating for domestic consumption possess the flat plate solar heating of plate type - tube. Due to increasing applications of those equipments the purpose was to modify the conventional, which received glass fins in the solar plate, installed in the vertical plan in relation to the glass cover, dividing the same in several areas, enabling reflection increase of the infrared rays in its interior as well as greenhouse effect. The thermal performance of the equipment has been studied analyzing the certain flow and obtaining the temperatures with the thermopairs installed in several points of the system and determining the thermal efficiency of the modified solar plate. The useful heat, the absorbed heat and the losses of heat were considered. The equations of the thermal efficiency were obtained in the Excel program. The equipment presented a good performance according to INMETRO specifications. The medium temperature of the water exit presented superior value when compared to a similar equipment. The same didn't occur with its performance, although the registered differences have been small. The efficiency of the equipment doesn't depend only on the parameters of the project, but also on other factors which lead to energy loss.

Orientador: José Roberto Corrêa Saglietti / Banca: Angelo Cataneo / Banca: Alessandro Torres Campos / Resumo: Os coletores solares comumente utilizados no aquecimento de água, para o consumo doméstico, possuem a placa de aquecimento solar plana do tipo chapa - tubo. Devido à crescente utilização desses equipamentos, buscou-se, através deste trabalho, modificar um equipamento convencional, o qual recebeu, na placa solar, aletas de vidro, instaladas no plano vertical em relação à tampa de vidro, dividindo a mesma em diversas áreas, propiciando um aumento, tanto da reflexão dos raios infravermelhos em seu interior, quanto do efeito estufa. O objetivo do ensaio foi estudar o comportamento térmico desse equipamento, trabalhando a determinada vazão e obtendo as temperaturas com o emprego de termopares instalados em vários pontos do sistema, buscando a determinação da eficiência térmica da placa solar modificada. Para a determinação da eficiência, foram considerados o calor útil, o calor absorvido e as perdas de calor. As equações empregadas na determinação da eficiência térmica foram trabalhadas no programa Excel.Verificou-se que o equipamento apresentou um bom rendimento, atendendo as especificações definidas pelo INMETRO. A temperatura média de saída da água do equipamento apresentou valor superior a de equipamento similar, o mesmo não ocorreu com seu rendimento, embora as diferenças registradas tenham sido pequenas. A eficiência do equipamento não depende apenas dos parâmetros do projeto, mas também de outros fatores que levam a perda de energia. / Abstract: The solar collectors commonly used in the water heating for domestic consumption possess the flat plate solar heating of plate type - tube. Due to increasing applications of those equipments the purpose was to modify the conventional, which received glass fins in the solar plate, installed in the vertical plan in relation to the glass cover, dividing the same in several areas, enabling reflection increase of the infrared rays in its interior as well as greenhouse effect. The thermal performance of the equipment has been studied analyzing the certain flow and obtaining the temperatures with the thermopairs installed in several points of the system and determining the thermal efficiency of the modified solar plate. The useful heat, the absorbed heat and the losses of heat were considered. The equations of the thermal efficiency were obtained in the Excel program. The equipment presented a good performance according to INMETRO specifications. The medium temperature of the water exit presented superior value when compared to a similar equipment. The same didn't occur with its performance, although the registered differences have been small. The efficiency of the equipment doesn't depend only on the parameters of the project, but also on other factors which lead to energy loss. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioRG.pdf: 2932384 bytes, checksum: c0cbe1b6236ae8739d451a6c914655ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / We studied the feasibility of using a system of Solar Water Heating (SAS) with low cost, for three configurations. In configurations I and II have the collector grid absorber composed of six PVC tubes placed in parallel on the tile cement. In configuration II, the PVC tubes were transparent cover made of plastic bottles. Configuration III uses a collector composed of 12 black HDPE pipes, supported on four cement tiles 2.44 m x 0.50 m, two by two overlapping and interspersed with a filling of glass wool, comprising an area exposed to the global radiation incident of 2.44 m2, with the top two tiles painted matte black. In this configuration, the HDPE pipes replace conventional PVC pipes painted black. The total cost of SAS for configuration III, the most economical, was around $ 150.00. For the configurations tested the system of operation was thermosyphon collector. The study showed that the proposed systems have good thermal efficiency, are easy to install and handle and have low cost compared to conventional. / Estudou-se a viabilidades de utiliza??o de um Sistema de Aquecimento Solar de ?gua (SAS) de baixo custo, para tr?s configura??es. Nas configura??es I e II o coletor possui grade absorvedora composta por seis tubos de PVC em paralelo colocados sobre uma telha de fibrocimento de 2,44 m x 0,50 m, perfazendo uma ?rea de 1,22 m2. Na configura??o II, os tubos de PVC receberam cobertura transparente confeccionadas em garrafas PETs. A configura??o III utiliza um coletor composto por 12 tubos de PEAD preto, apoiados sobre quatro telhas de fibrocimento de 2,44 m x 0,50 m, sobrepostas duas a duas e intercaladas por um recheio de l? de vidro, perfazendo uma ?rea exposta ? radia??o global incidente de 2,44m2, com as duas telhas de cima pintadas de preto fosco. Nessa configura??o, os tubos de PEAD substituem os convencionais tubos de PVC pintados de preto. O custo total desses SAS, para a configura??o III, a mais econ?mica, ficou em torno de R$ 150,00. Para as configura??es testadas o regime de funcionamento do coletor foi termossif?o. O estudo demonstrou que os sistemas propostos t?m boa efici?ncia t?rmica, s?o de f?cil instala??o e manuseio e, t?m baixo custo em rela??o aos convencionais

Solar flare soft x-ray emission from 0.5 Å to 8.5 Å was observed during 1967-68 by U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Bragg crystal (LiF and EDDT) spectrometers aboard the OS0-4 satellite and also by NRL broad band ionization detectors aboard the OG0-4 satellite. In this work, instrumental parameters for the LiF crystal spectrometer based on experimental values have been determined and used in the data analysis. The source continuum spectra between 1 Å and 3.8 Å have been obtained for selected flares from OS0-4 spectrometer scans. As these spectra are each affected by time variations over 14 minutes, they are compared with the thermal continuum (free-free and free-bound) spectra predicted in the following manner. The instantaneous electron kinetic temperature and emission measure (equal to the product of the square of the electron number density and the total volume) of the flare plasma are determined from the available OG0-4 broad band data. The expected continuum flux is calculated by using these parameters. The comparison shows that there is good agreement between 2 Å and 3.8 Å. Thus it has been concluded that reliable values of the average electron temperature can be determined from the OG0-4 flare data. The earlier wavelength assigrunent and line identification list published by Meekins et al (1970, Solar Physics 13, 198) has been substantially improved in this work by separately summing a large number of OS0-4 spectrometer scans of the flaring and active sun. All identified wavelengths are found to agree with the more accurate theoretical valuesto within + 0.01 Å. Identifications of several weak lines as due to hydrogen-like and helium-like ions of chlorine and phosphorus have also been suggested. The temporal behaviour of selected ion line intensities (due to Fe, Ca, Si, S, Al, and Mg) indicates that they follow the expected temperature variations during the flare. The total continuum emission in the 0.5 to 3 Å and the 1 to 8 Å broad band segments has been determined from OG0-4 data for 21 flares. In doing this, a simple and approximate method of converting the total emission based on the gray body approximation (in which the OG0-4 data are reported) to one based on the thermal continuum spectrum has been developed. This study shows that the total energy lost in the 0.5 to 8 Å soft x-ray channel is of the order of 10²⁸ to 10³⁰ ergs depending on the Hα importance of the flare (from sub- to class 2); it is also shown that this energy is comparable with that emitted in higher wave length segments estimated by other authors. / Graduate

No description available.

Energy consumption is on a permanent rise and it is becoming increasingly concentrated in cities. Hence, cities have to work on saving energy and being more efficient by finding sources with great potential to produce their own energy and implanting the correct policies. Photovoltaics is the renewable energy technology with the higher potential in the urban context and Sweden is highly committed on its investment since it is the less developed renewable source in the country. The aim of the thesis is to compare two methodologies and determine which one is better or gives more relevant information for this kind of studies in order to evaluate how good a solar map is. For doing this, the first step is to create a solar map to have a general idea about the solar potential and to know which roofs are more suitable to install PV systems. This is made with LiDAR data using ArcGIS and SEES software. After that, another study on the quantity of solar power that could be obtained from those roofs will be performed using PVsyst, where it is possible to develop an entire PV system installation and obtain more exhaust results on energy production and shadowing. Four buildings are going to be evaluated, two public ones located in Gävle city centre (Library and Concert House) and two residential ones located in Sätra. Factors such as the optimal tilt, the best azimuth angle and the distance between panel rows are dimensioned in order to reduce shading loss and improve the performance ratio of the system in PVsyst. The final system is defined with 10° tilt, south orientation (0° azimuth), 1.5meters distance between rows and modules in strings of 9 panels connected in series for the four buildings. The simulated production from the best alternative is compared with the solar map results. Since the solar map contains information about total yearly irradiation, the energy production is obtained by means of visual exploration of the results combined with simple calculations that include GCR and system efficiency. The results show that a solar map is a reliable tool to obtain a general estimation of the solar potential in buildings but it is necessary to first identify its limitations and be able to filter the results. On the other hand, PVsyst software allows making several simulations and eases to obtain a PV system in a building or structure with detailed results of the system components. It can be concluded that since the PVsyst only allows to work with specific buildings or structures, a solar map permits big amounts of data calculations. It can be said that a solar map takes part in the process of obtaining a pre-project and the PVsyst is used in the project when a real installation is sized. Nevertheless, both methods are found to be reliable and suitable for solar potential assessment works since the results obtained match.

This work investigates the response of the solar atmosphere to mechanical and thermal driving due to global solar oscillations. It was discovered that the coupling of thermal and mechanical modes was very important in reconciling theoretical predictions of the expected change in the solar limb due to solar oscillations and experimental observations of the variability in the solar limb darkening function undertaken at SCLERA (Santa Catalina Laboratory for Experimental Relativity). The coupling between the thermal and mechanical modes occur mainly due to the nonlocal nature of the radiation field. Previous theoretical calculations that used approximations for the radiative transfer that ignored the nonlocal nature of the radiation field predicted expected temperature perturbations (compared to the fluid displacement) that were much too small to be observed. Much larger ratios were found when the radiative transfer was treated properly. A particular solar oscillation can be influenced by the presence of a large number of other modes, if these modes can change the average properties of the medium. If the basic nonlinear equations are statistically averaged, the influence of the "mean field" can be investigated. This nonlinear effect can become important in the analysis for single modes in the upper photosphere.