El presente trabajo de tesis desarrolla el diseño, construcción y evaluación de un sistema de concentración solar del tipo Cilíndrico Parabólico, el cual fue realizado en los ambientes del Centro de Energías Renovables de Tacna – CERT de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann. Para el diseño se utilizaron dos software tales como el Microsoft Excel y el AutoCAD. Para la construcción se emplearon materiales que son fácilmente accesibles en el mercado nacional y local, parte de estos incluso son material reciclado, por ejemplo el cobertor de vidrio del tubo absorbente se tomó de tubos rotos de termas solares de tubos al vacío. El factor de concentración del sistema es de 26,44 soles, con esto podemos alcanzar temperaturas superiores a los 100°C en el tubo absorbente en condiciones normales de temperatura y radiación (radiación directa). Al evaluarse el concentrador se encontraron los valores de la eficiencia óptica para el caso de un CCP sin cobertor de vidrio es de 0,35, y la del CCP con cobertor de vidrio es de 0,71, y el coeficiente global de pérdidas para el CCP sin cobertor de vidrio es de 50,97 Wm-2°C-1, y para el CCP con cobertor de vidrio es de 5,10 Wm-2°C-1. Se generó vapor de agua a 128 °C, casi inmediatamente, con un caudal de 0.0083 ls-1, También se encontró que la velocidad de calentamiento del agua en un tanque con 500 litros de agua potable empleando el CCP es de 0,14 °C por minuto.

Water has been heated with the sun has almost as long as there have been humans, but itis not until recently that more advanced and effective solar water heating systems havebecome common, and they are still gaining ground. Through the years new systems andnew solar collectors have been developed. In Kosovo, however, not much attention hasbeen paid to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources and solar water heatingsystems is a new concept.The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Kosovo is working on a projecton sustainable development in Dragash Municipality in southern Kosovo. A solar waterheating system has recently been installed at the hospital in Dragash, as part of the UNDPproject. The system is a pilot project, to see how well solar energy can be used in thisarea.The existing solar water heating system at the hospital in Dragash was examined andevaluated. The possibilities of using the fundamental principle of the solar water heatingsystem at the hospital on residential houses in Dragash were looked into. Six prototypesof average residential houses in the village of Brod and Dragash Town were created. Thesolar collector size and storage needed to meet the demands for the six house prototypeswere calculated. Information on the incoming solar irradiation for each hour of a year wasobtained from the online service SoDa Solar Radiation Data. The total annual incomingsolar radiation for one square meter was calculated.The environmental, social and economic effects of solar water heating in Dragash wereconsidered and discussed. Rough economic calculations were made on the effects ofinstallation of solar water heating systems.The solar water heating system at the hospital in Dragash is a good pilot project, and islikely to work satisfyingly. The annual output effect of the system is approximately 7 400kWh. The fundamental principle needs to be altered to work on residential houses. Thesolar collector needs to be of a cheaper kind, and the collector and storage tank can be ofsmaller dimensions.Solar water heating can contribute to Kosovo’s work toward sustainable environmental,social and economic development focusing on hot water supply. Kosovo has sufficientsolar radiation for solar water heating systems to work in a satisfactory way. The outputeffect for a solar water heating system in Dragash is around 390 kWh/(m2∙year) with atotal efficiency for the system of 30%. If the solar water heating system replaces heatingby electricity the annual savings can be 31 €/m2 solar collector. The biggest obstacles forthe use of solar energy are the public’s lack of knowledge on solar water heating andenvironmental problems connected to energy, as well as economy.The work done in this thesis is a good foundation for future research on solar energy inKosovo. It can be extended and elaborated with more thorough economic calculations,since economy is an important factor in the future for solar energy. Only roughcalculations were made in this thesis, since it has a technical approach. More extensiveresearch could also be done to evaluate the possibilities of using solar water heating forspace heating. / Varmvatten har värmts med hjälp av solen nästan så länge det funnits människor, men detär inte förrän nyligen som mer avancerade och effektivare solvärmesystem har blivitvanliga, och de blir allt vanligare. Genom åren har nya system och nya solfångareutvecklats. I Kosovo däremot har inte mycket uppmärksamhet ägnats åt att ersätta fossilabränslen med förnyelsebara energikällor, och solvärme är ett nytt koncept.FN:s utvecklingsprogram (UNDP) i Kosovo arbetar med ett projekt med målet hållbarutveckling i Dragash kommun i södra Kosovo. Ett solvärmesystem har nyligeninstallerats på sjukhuset i Dragash, som en del av UNDP:s projekt. Systemet är ettpilotprojekt för att se hur bra solenergi fungerar i det här området.Det befintliga solvärmesystemet på sjukhuset i Dragash undersöktes och utvärderades.Möjligheterna att använda grundprincipen för solvärmesystemet på sjukhuset påbostadshus i Dragash undersöktes. Sex prototyper för genomsnittliga hus i byn Brod och iDragash centrum togs fram. Solfångararean och ackumulatortanksvolymen som krävs föratt klara behoven för de sex husprototyperna beräknades. Information om solinstrålningenför varje hus erhölls från SoDa Solar Radiation Data. Den totala solinstrålningen på enkvadratmeter beräknades.De miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska effekterna av solvärme i Dragash diskuterades.Ekonomiska överslagsberäkningar gjordes på effekterna av installation av solvärme.Solvärmesystemet på sjukhuset i Dragash är ett bra pilotprojekt, och är sannolikt attfungera tillfredsställande. Den årliga energi som systemet kan ge kommer att vara ungefär7 400 kWh. Grundprincipen behöver ändras för att fungera på bostadshus. Solfångarnabehöver vara av en billigare typ, och storleken på solfångare och ackumulatortankbehöver vara mindre.Solvärme kan bidra till Kosovos arbete mot hållbar miljömässig, social och ekonomiskutveckling med fokus på varmvattenbehov. Kosovo har tillräcklig solinstrålning för attsolvärmesystem ska fungera tillfredsställande. Med en totalverkningsgrad på 30 % för ettsolvärmesystem kan systemet ge ungefär 390 kWh/(m2∙year). Om systemet ersätteruppvärmning med el kan de årliga besparingarna bli ungefär 31 €/m2 solfångare. Destörsta hindren för användning av solenergi är allmänhetens brist på kunskap om solvärmeoch miljöproblem kopplade till energi, samt ekonomi.Arbetet i detta examensarbete är en bra grund för fortsatta studier om solenergi i Kosovo.Arbetet kan vidgas och utvecklas med mer ingående ekonomiska beräkningar, eftersomekonomi är en viktig faktor i framtiden för solenergi. Endast överslagsberäkningar gjordesi detta examensarbete, eftersom det har ett tekniskt förhållningssätt. Mer omfattandestudier kan också göras för att utvärdera möjligheterna ätt använda solvärme föruppvärmning av bostäder.

Abstract There is much rich solar energy in Taiwan situated at the subtropics;Therefore it¡¦s suitable for solar energy is utilized as the driving energy for absorption cooling system. Simultaneously the use of solar energyreduces our dependence on fossil fuel ,and reaches the goal of energy conservation and reduction of carbon footprint deeply.After establishing absorption cooling system in TRNSYS.16 platform, climate data TMY2 form for several cities of Taiwan are input to the simulation program. As a result of Taiwan climate variation, summer is getting more and more longer ; winter is getting shorter gradually .Hence we simulated program from March to October .Then system operating the parameters of solar collector area and the volume of the storage tank are varied to research those effects on the system performance. The research focuses on the simulation data for monthly solar fraction(f),seasonal solar fraction(F) as well as how much solar energy saved could transform carbon dioxide content for single effect and double effect absorption cooling system operated under the climate of the major cities in Taiwan .Those data could provide the design needs.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1933. / "Reprinted from the Journal of the Optical society of America, vol. 22, no. 10 ... October, 1932."

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A solar thermal energy system is being rebuilt at University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Physics. A similar system is also being built in the University Eduardo Mondlane – Maputo Mozambique, in a team development work. The system is composed mainly of the following subsystems: (i) An Energy capture subsystem: paraboloidal dish concentrator with a heat receiver, mounted on a dual axis polar mount sun tracking assembly; (ii) An Energy storage subsystem: rock-bed thermal energy storage (TES) system; (iii) An Energy utilization subsystem: any user heat utilization (like a cooking or water boiling appliance); and (iv) A monitoring and control subsystem. The subsystem (iv) for performing a controlled charging of the Thermal Energy Storage from a hot plate simulated solar heat, was formerly developed and it was based on 2 conventional data loggers (HP/Agilent) and programs running on 2 PCs. The present work is aimed at performing the same plus additional monitoring and control tasks, based on a low cost microcontroller design. The monitoring and control subsystem based on the Atmel ATmega 32 MCU has been designed and built, capable of performing data acquisition, data logging and control of relevant system variables such as, hour and declination angles of the tracking concentrator; to cite some of the main variables. Besides a huge work of designing, building, programming and testing the microcontroller system itself, a special focus was given to the monitoring and control of the solar heat concentrator, to perform a dual axis sun tracking, so as to get as much as possible of the available solar radiation. Measurements of various system parameters such as, the sun tracking actual hour and declination angles, the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the heat receiver and the rock bed heat storage, etc., for the system under consideration have been carried out. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.

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