Renewable power production is becoming a necessity to improve society and overcome the challenges of climate change. In Sweden, large-scale solar PV power is growing year-on-year and today comprises 1 percent of electricity production. Solar power, however, is an intermittent form of electricity production which, whilst being renewable, contributes to increasing grid instability. For the grid to stay in balance, at grid frequency 50 Hz, electricity must be consumed at the time of production. If there is a surplus of production or a sudden decrease in consumption, the frequency will deviate from the nominal value. When introducing larger quantities of intermittent power production, the power system inertia decreases, and the frequency becomes prone to deviate. To combat this, the Swedish TSO Svenska Kraftnät procures ancillary services which aid the grid when needed. For solar PV power to be able to contribute to these marketplaces, a battery storage solution system (BESS) is utilized. This thesis aimed to investigate the economic feasibility of co-locating a solar photovoltaic (PV) park with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and to determine the optimal size of the BESS. The study utilized a linear optimization model to simulate the operation of a 14 MW solar PV park with different sizes of BESS ranging from 1 MWh to 14 MWh. The analysis considered the revenue generated by providing different services to the electricity grid, such as energy arbitrage and frequency regulation. The results indicate that co-locating a solar PV park with a BESS increases revenue, and the optimal BESS size for a 14 MW solar PV park is between 1 and 8 MWh. Above this range, the revenue recedes due to the limitations of the grid connection, which restricts the BESS from participating in the ancillary service markets. The analysis considers the running costs associated with power discharge to the grid and initial BESS investment. The study did not account for ancillary market bids that are not accepted, which could have a significant impact on the revenue generated. The ongoing trend of lowering battery prices could further boost the economic assessment and increase interest in all battery sizes, resulting in larger battery system installations in general.

Solar PV-based distributed generation has increased significantly over the last few years, and the rapid growth is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. As the penetration levels of distributed generation increase, power systems will become increasingly decentralized with bi-directional flow of electricity between the transmission and distribution networks. To manage such decentralized power systems, planners and operators need models that accurately reflect the structure of, and interactions between the transmission and distribution networks. Moreover, algorithms that can simulate the steady state and dynamics of power systems using these models are also needed. In this context, integrated transmission and distribution system modeling and simulation has become an important research area in recent years, and the primary focus so far has been on studying the steady state response of power systems using integrated transmission and distribution system models. The primary objective of this dissertation is to develop an analysis approach and a program that can simulate the dynamics of three phase, integrated transmission and distribution system models, and use the program to demonstrate the advantages of evaluating the impact of solar PV-based distributed generation on power systems dynamics using such models. To realize this objective, a new dynamic simulation analysis approach is presented, the implementation of the approach in a program is discussed, and verification studies are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the program. A new dynamic model for small solar PV-based distributed generation is also investigated. This model can interface with unbalanced networks and change its real power output according to the incident solar irradiation. Finally, application of the dynamic simulation program for evaluating the impact of solar PV units using an integrated transmission and distribution system model is discussed. The dissertation presents a new approach for studying the impact of solar PV-based distributed generation on power systems dynamics, and demonstrates that the solar PV impact studies performed using the program and integrated transmission and distribution system models provide insights about the dynamic response of power systems that cannot be obtained using traditional dynamic simulation approaches that rely on transmission only models. / Ph. D.

No description available.

As a response to the increasing demand for renewable power, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market is growing fast. In addition to PV systems, the energy from solar radiation can be converted intoheat energy in solar thermal (ST) systems. This study uses a method that identifies solar energy systems using aerial imagery and deep machine learning to create and evaluate an inventory of solar energy systems in three Swedish municipalities together with socioeconomic and demographic data, to understand the relation between different variables and PV and ST adoption. The variables are age, sex, birth region, education, unemployment, average income and economic standard. Information about the locations also include owner, time at residence, tax value, purpose of property and purpose of building. The relation is analyzed through a correlation and regression analysis at three different granularity levels: households, demographic statistical areas and municipalities. Out of 692 inventoried PV systems and 399 ST systems, the majority was installed in rural or regional center areas. The most common buildings were residential and complementary. Most of the properties were owned by individuals, and the tax value of properties was in general lower for ST systems, indicating that it is more common for companies to install PV systems and at larger properties. The average income, age and percentage of males are higher for households that have adopted PV and/or ST systems compared to the municipalities average. However, the difference is clearer for PV systems than for ST systems. The analysis concludes that share of the population in age group 45-64 years, share of males, share born in Sweden and high average income have a positive correlation to PV adoption. Share of the population within age group 25-44 years, unemployment and low economic standard isfound to have a negative correlation to PV deployment. Positive correlation to ST adoption is found for a share of the population within age group 45-64 years and born in Sweden. Share of population in age group 24-44 years and unemployment was found to have a negative correlation to ST deployment.

No description available.

This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.

Solar cell production has served as the most important link in solar photovoltaic¡]PV¡^ supply chain from upstream silicon raw material and wafer supply to downstream module and system installation. The PV industry enjoyed a miraculously rapid growth in recent years with Taiwan ranking No. 4 in global solar cell production in 2008. However, in the wake of the financial storm, the industry has gone through some unprecedented changes in the market due to the severe global demand shrinkage. Looking ahead, challenges also lie in product assimilation and profit erosion. Difficulty will increase with market concentration and global operation; while the low yield of capital investment in R & D in the new industry adds on the pressure, too. This thesis proposes a four-step global development strategy for Taiwan solar cell industry after a SWOT analysis. Producers are advised to exert current strengths in developing tolling business in the short term for elevating uptime and capacity, while, in the long run, they should coordinate more efforts in brand-building and innovation for differentiation. Efforts should also be persisted to strengthen linkage within the supply chain and to extend ties with the government, end market, or other industries to create better synergy. Meanwhile, the government is expected to provide incentives for strategic research, to assist in cross-business alliance with Taiwan leading IT technologies and to bridge between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits for enhanced cooperation in solar PV industry, to ensure Taiwan¡¦s firm grip in the rising industry of global alternative energy.

Rural areas continue to be home to the majority of the population in Africa. The importance of providing modern energy to rural areas cannot, therefore, be overemphasized.  No wonder that at presently the major energy resource in Mozambique is fuel wood biomass. Total population is estimated to be 25 million and more than 80% of the energy consumed in the country comes from fuel wood biomass. The energy from the main grid covers about 45.3% of Mozambican population which 26.8% comes from the National Grid and the remaining 18.5% from renewables and other sources. People outside the grid are mainly those living in rural and suburban areas. For most rural households in the region, biomass fuels continue to be the dominant fuel of choice. The present document suggests possible options that could have greater impact on rural clean energy development. Such options could be Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal energy, Wind and Micro- hydropower for pumping water or electricity generator and Biofuels. These energy options are receiving adequate attention from policy makers and are improving rural life. These are useful Renewable Energy sources available in the rural areas since they can supply reliable, relatively cost-effective electricity for basic needs in developing countries. They can be used to improve the lives of people in many ways, including supplying clean electricity to light homes, hospitals, schools, small shops, and other infrastructures, pumping water, etc. For example, using the natural resource of wind, sunlight, rivers and Jatropha plants can improve the lives of many people in general and those in rural areas in particular. This paper aims to describe and discuss the present status of renewable energy technologies in developing countries (case of Mozambique), to define the plausible ways for expanding rural electrification and improving the life conditions for the rural population.

Rapporten redogör för en solcellsanläggnings generering av reaktiv effekt samt för de växelriktarbaserade kontrollmetoderna P(U), Konstant Q, Konstant Cosφ, Cosφ(P), Q(P) samt Q(U) för reaktiv effektkontroll. Rapporten redogör även för möjligheterna till att utnyttja solcellsanläggningen till reaktiv effektkompensation för spänningsreglering för det lokala elnätet. Rapportens syfte är att specificera en eller flera kontrollmetoder som möter både solcellsanläggningens och det lokala elnätets reglerbehov.Rapporten behandlar relevanta elektriska storheter, ger en kort introduktion till Sveriges elnät, elområden samt metoder för frekvens- och spänningsreglering. Solinstrålningens variation samt vanligt förekommande komponenter i en solcellsanläggning kartläggs och rapporten diskuterar även vilka effekter en hög andel solel kan ha på ett elnät.Utgångspunkt för rapporten är HSBs solcellsanläggning i Strängnäs samt Strängnäs lokalnät. Efter samtal med Strängnäs lokalnät konstateras att elnätet inte är i behov av ökad reglerkapacitet för spänningsreglering, dock visar insamlat data att det finns ett reglerbehov för kapacitiv reaktiv effekt. Enligt insamlat data över HSBs solcellsanläggning konstateras att så även är fallet för solcellsanläggningen.Det är därmed fördelaktigt för både HSBs solcellsanläggning och Strängnäs lokalnät med reaktiv effektkompensation med induktiv reaktiv effekt. Eftersom solcellsanläggningen inte behöver ta hänsyn till lokalnätets spänning kan anläggningen välja att styra genereringen av reaktiv effekt med kontrollmetoderna Konstant Q, Konstant Cosφ, Cosφ(P) samt Q(P). Här har kontrollmetoderna Cosφ(P) samt Q(P) fördelen att genereringen av reaktiv effekt baseras på solcellsanläggningens produktion av aktiv effekt och kan därmed implementeras utan risk för att strypa produktionen av aktiv effekt.

With environmental concerns and energy needs increasing, many regions in the world are promoting renewable energy technologies making use of various policy instruments. Although today the PV systems price is decreasing, which gives it a competitive edge; we see the technology still being dependent on policy instruments for its dissemination.   The aim of this study is to research on whether or not a solar PV system is economically viable under certain circumstances. The study analyzes this by performing a cost beneficial analysis for the lifetime of the solar PV system making use of a discounted savings model. The systems being considered in this study are from California and Germany as these regions are leading in solar PV dissemination in their respective regions. The policies that are aiding the deployment of solar PV technologies are varied and thus this study compares benefits from different policy instrument for a residential customer investing in a solar PV system.   The research objectives in this study are pursued making use of major concepts such as Grid Parity, Levelized Cost of Electricity and financial methods such as discounting.  Further, to understand how the different independent variables such as retail electricity prices, PV system pricing, WACC, self-consumption rate and storage availability are having an impact and how the results change with variation in these variables, a sensitivity analysis is conducted.   The results obtained in this study show that a solar PV system installed in California and Germany both make net benefits over their lifetime. When compared, the Californian solar PV system under the Net Energy Metering policy is making more net economic benefits in the range of $ 40,351 in Eureka and $53,510 in San Francisco; when compared to the German solar PV systems under the Feed in Tariff ranging $4,465 in Berlin and $11,769 in Munich. Furthermore the Californian solar PV systems still prove to be more beneficial even when compared to the German solar PV systems under the self-consumption law of the Feed in Tariff ranging $ 6,443 in Berlin and $ 13,141 in Munich.  But when the self-consumption rate is increased in the German case, it is noted that the associated benefits increase.   The study at hand thus results in the California Net Energy Meter policy instrument proving to be more beneficial to a residential customer than the German Feed in tariff with and without self-consumption. Another important finding made in this study is that despite the German solar PV system making lesser benefits than the Californian ones, they attain Grid Parity before the ones in California.